Chakma people - Knowledge (XXG)

896:. They raided the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the neighbouring tracts in 1847, 1848, 1859, and 1860. As a consequence, with a view to paying attention to the areas experiencing repeated raids and to protecting the people from the aggression of the independent tribes living further east but primarily to occupy the Chakma land, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal recommended the removal of the hill tracts from the regulation district and the appointment of a superintendent over the tribes. Both of these recommendations were adopted by Act XXII in 1860, which came into effect on 18 August of that year. The Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong district, a superintendent was appointed for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, and its headquarters were established at 1082:

Bangladesh was raised in 1995. The hill tribes' conflict with Bangladesh caused the exodus of 50,000 Chakmas to India from the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A 1992 deal between India and Bangladesh arranged that Bangladesh would take them back. A March 1997 agreement between Chakma leaders and Bangladesh provided for the repatriation to Bangladesh of Chakma refugees in Tripura. Both East Pakistan's partition and Bangladesh's independence caused an influx into India of Chakma refugees. In the 1960s, hundreds of Muslim families from other parts of East Pakistan were resettled in the Matamuhuri Valley region of Alikadam, Feni Valley regions of Belchari and Tulanchari, and the regions of Lama, Bandarban, and Ramgarh.

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since 1900 in order to prevent mainlanders from acquiring ownership of the tribal land. The CHT underwent a significant change when the Pakistani armed forces overthrew the government in 1958 and renamed the protected area "Tribal Area." Finally, the 1962 Constitution was amended in 1963 to repeal the earlier designation, making the CHT accessible to all non-tribals. As a result, Chakmas' jhum cultivation was hampered, and numerous unauthorised settlers invaded this territory. The

1601:, is a game played throughout the Chakma region. Two teams stand on either side of a central line. They take turns sending a player into opposing territory to touch as many people as they can during the space of one breath, while at the same time saying "Ha-do-do." If the player runs out of breath or is caught by their opponents, they are out. On the other hand, if the player successfully returns to their own territory, the players they have tagged must leave the game. 1067:, to provide electricity for much of East Pakistan. The project flooded forty per cent of the farmland in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and displaced nearly 100,000 Chakmas. About sixty per cent were resettled, and forty per cent fled to India. Chakmas made up 90% of the 10,000 people whose 54,000 acres of farmland were flooded in 1962 by the Karnafuli power plant and Kaptai Dam. Inept relocation and insufficient compensation were offered to the Chakmas. India used 5252: 263: 471: 102: 229: 1504: 1323: 824: 1128:(Peace Force) was founded as the military army of PCJSS. In an effort to win independence for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the Shanti Bahini launched guerrilla attacks against the government. Jumma guerrillas made up of Shanti Bahini forces. The party heads of PCJSS are mostly Chakma because of their 59% literacy rate, which is more than other CHT tribes, so they control the PCJSS. 780:, naming it Rajanagar. After Jan Baksh's death in 1800, his son Tabbar Khan became king but died shortly after. In 1802, Tabbar Khan's younger brother Jabbar Khan became king and ruled for ten years. After his death, his son Dharam Baksh Khan became king in 1812 and ruled until his death in 1832. Without any male heir, the government appointed Suklal Dewan as manager. 120: 1170:

successive Bangladesh governments, despite culture and ethnicity being used as an argument against Pakistan by Bengalis during the war. A 1997 peace agreement ended the over the twenty-year-long war on autonomy between Bangladesh and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma inhabitants. The Chittagong Hill Tracts showed that only Bengalis were to be beneficiaries of

50: 1403:, Cambodia, Laos, India, Bangladesh, Sinhalese New Year and a few other Asian countries. Houses are decorated with flowers, young children pay special attention to the elderly to win their blessings, visiting Buddhist monasteries, and preparing festive and traditional Chakma dishes for guests are some of the important things. 657:, defeated the Arakanese, conquered Chittagong, and renamed it Islamabad. Mughal rule, however, was confined to the plain areas of Chittagong early on, leaving the Chakmas largely unaffected. The Mughals eventually demanded tribute from the Chakmas after a trade dispute developed between the two groups. 931:

immigrants and headed by another ruler of Arakanese extraction. The division occurred because the British government was not in favour of the power of the Chakma chief, who controlled the hill tribes. Further, the government was increasingly concerned about the political and administrative affairs of

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The frontier situation put pressure on the Chakma chief to shift his capital, and in 1874, he did so, from Rajanagar to Rangamati. At that time, cotton was grown in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and was important to the British for their mills, so effective control of the Chittagong Hill Tracts was also

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while serving as Raja of the Chakma. The Awami League candidate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman lost the election to Roy. Roy was in Southeast Asia when Bangladesh came under Indian army control in December 1971. Bhutto assigned the position of Minorities Affairs Minister to Roy and he helped lobby the United

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assigned a south-east Asian diplomatic post to Tridiv Roy during the war as a reward for his collaboration. Roy chose the Pakistani side, fearing that an independent Bangladesh would likely have democratic rule and he might lose his feudal interests. Pakistan retained his support and allegiance, Roy

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on 17 August 1947. The decision by Radcliffe to draw this boundary paved the way for future war, violence, and conflict. The 1956 Pakistani Constitution, which designated the CHT as an "excluded area," kept things as they were. It was the fact that the CHT was governed under a different set of rules

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In British India, there was a measure of security and protection afforded to the non-Muslim and non-Bengali Chittagong Hill Tract Chakmas and other tribal people. Bengal and Assam did not govern the CHT during this period. Rather the CHT was a distinct administrative unit that enjoyed a large degree

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in 1857, the British government assumed direct control of the administration of India, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which were not yet formally separated from Chittagong, from the East India Company. The territorial jurisdiction of the Chakma Raja, however, was fixed by a proclamation dated

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The relationships between Chakmas and their neighbours are complex. On one hand, many Chakmas are well-integrated in mainstream middle-class Bangladeshi and Indian society and are particularly notable for their service as officers and ambassadors in Bangladesh's military and diplomatic corps. Chakma

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involves the performances of different socio-religious activities. In the context of its nature, some say that Bizu is a festival, which revolves around agricultural activities because it is celebrated in mid-April when the earth is just drenched with the first rain and the zhum sowing is taken up.

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As in India's Tripura State, the Chakmas lived in Bangladesh before it gained its independence. Recent migrations of ethnic Bengalis into traditionally Chakma regions of Bangladesh have raised tensions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Successive governments have dealt forcefully with Chakma uprisings

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but the state of Arunachal Pradesh had reservations. Chakmas were thus allowed to be rehabilitated. The Election Commission of India framed guidelines to enable Chakmas to have the right to vote by having their names enrolled in the electoral rolls of the constituency where they have been settled.

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requested autonomy in 1970. Tripura state had to deal with the issue of Chakma families. Agriculture, employment, and education are dominated by Chakmas compared to Arunachal natives because they are more skilled and have a higher literacy rate. The issue of returning Chakma refugees from India to

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and Tripura were destinations of Buddhist Chakma refugees fleeing from the war started by plains-dwelling Muslim Bangladeshis settling the CHT, as well as the government of Bangladesh implementing a military police force to expel Chittagong Hill Tracts natives. "The Muslim World" complained about

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The hill tribes were not British subjects but merely tributaries and we recognized no right on our part to interfere with their internal arrangements. The near neighborhood of a powerful and stable government naturally brought the chiefs by degree under control and every leading chief paid to the

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The rights of CHT natives were ignored when the Rangmati Kaptai Dam was built. Because the CHT Jummas were apathetic towards Bangladeshi independence, the Bengali majority regarded them as disloyal. No autonomy was awarded to the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the Bangladesh Constitution of 1972. The

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were stripped of their property by the XLVI Vested and Non-President Property Act by Bangladesh and affected by the 1964 Enemy Property Ordinance. Lands in CHT were taken by Bengali colonists; the hill peoples of the CHT were not afforded any cultural or ethnic recognition, and sympathy from

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In 1713, the conflict was resolved, and a stable relationship developed between the Chakmas and the Mughals; the latter never demanded complete subjugation of the former. The Mughals also rewarded the Chakma king Shukdev Roy; he established a new capital in his name in an area still known as

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and its "liberalism", which was aimed against the hegemony of Pakistan. Even the "pro-minority" and participant of the CHT peace agreement, the Awami League, refused to grant the status of Adibashi, declaring that according to the constitution, Bengali is the nationality and Bangladeshi is

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politicians have served as ministers in the national ministry of Bangladesh and the state ministry of Tripura. However, the persecution of the indigenous tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, of which the Chakma are the predominant ethnicity, has been described as genocidal, but since the

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The three-day festival known as Biju/Bizu or Chakma New Year, celebrated with much enthusiasm. This Chakma New Year followed the same Indian calendar that shares the same date of the New Year. This Biju is also celebrated on the same date by various Buddhist countries such as Myanmar

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and the Chakmas from 1777 to 1787. The East India Company launched four offensives against the Chakmas in 1770, 1780, 1782 and 1785. In 1785, the Company started peace negotiations with the Chakma king Jan Baksh Khan, son of Sher Doulat Khan. In 1787 a peace treaty was signed in

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The Chittagong Hill Tracts Chakma population was estimated at 250,000 in 1964. The CHT was described as being hilly, forested, a verdant green landscape filled with fountains of water. A deputy commissioner administered the Chittagong Hill Tracts Division under Pakistani rule.

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On this and other festival days, Chakmas put on their best clothes and visit the temple. There, they offer flowers to the image of Buddha, light candles, and listen to sermons from the priests. Alms (offerings) are given to the poor, and feasts are held for the priests.

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India's ... concession to Bangladesh over the sharing of the Ganga waters (12 December 1996) was reciprocated by the latter in signing an agreement with Chakma leaders (9 March 1997). It provided for the return of the Chakma refugees sheltered in Tripura to

1453:. They also enjoy specially made vegetable curry known as "Paa Zawn Tawn", different homemade sweets like Bawraa-pyi-de, Tsaan-yei pyi-de, Khaw Ga Pyi-de, and Beng Pyi-de; and take part in different traditional sports. The day ends with the Bizu dance. 3304:

Bangladesh government allocated funds to thousands of Bengali families to settle in the tracts, arguing that the area was less crowded than the rest of densely populated Bangladesh. By 1981 Bengali migrants constituted a third of the population of the

784:, the widow of Dharam Baksh Khan, applied to the government to allow her to run state affairs. The government accepted her application and in 1844 issued an order to that effect. In 1846, the annual revenue payable to the company was reset to 11,803.00 1485:

lead the devotees for the chanting of verses composed in Pali in praise of the holy triple gem: the Buddha, the Dharma (his teachings), and the Sangha (his disciples). Apart from this, other practices such as lighting thousands of lamps and releasing

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In September 2015, the Supreme Court of India passed a judgment directing the government of India and of Arunachal Pradesh to grant Indian citizenship rights to all of the Chakmas, holding that they cannot be discriminated against any other Indian.

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Other pastimes include Nadeng Hara, played with a spinning top; and various wrestling games. Pawti hara is a complex traditional game that is played by two teams. Due to how sophisticated its rules are, it is becoming less and less common.

927:. The Chakma circle was centrally located and inhabited mainly by the Chakmas, the Bohmong circle was under the rule of a Bohmong chief of Arakanese extraction, and the Mong circle was also inhabited by Arakanese speaking clans with some 1048:. This force and the construction of Kaptai Dam by the then-Pakistan government in Chakma areas which submerged cultivable lands and displaced thousands resulted in the migration during 1964–1969 of a large population of Chakmas into 772:

Chittagong collector a certain tribute or yearly gifts. These sums were at first fluctuating in amount but gradually were brought to a specific and fixed limit, eventually taking the shape not of tribute but of revenue to the state.

1031:. Native Chakmas made up most of the officials except for some British during British India rule. Pakistan received the CHT from Radcliffe after the issue of Punjab districts and the CHT revised boundaries were pushed onto him by 1175:

citizenship and refused to acknowledge that Bangladesh had indigenous people. Bengali nationalism is part of the BNP's ideology. Jumma nationalism was spawned from Bengali nationalism due to the hegemony exerted by the Bengalis.

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Some typical Chakma dishes include fish, vegetables, and spices stuffed into a length of bamboo and cooked in a low fire; foods wrapped in banana leaves and placed beside a fire; and eggs that are aged until they get fermented.

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Local tribes demanded an independent state for the Chittagong Hill Tract because Bengalis and the tribals did not share a religion, language, or ethnicity, and they asked for their own independent area in the 1930s when the

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Religious persecution, ethnic violence which had its roots in economic reasons forced the Chakmas to enter India en masse ... 50,000 Chakma refugees entered Tripura in April 1986 ... by July 1989 their number rose to

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Nations (UN) for Pakistan after the war. The post of ambassador and tourism was also awarded to Roy. Roy represented Pakistan when it protested at the UN over Bangladesh. Pakistan retained the allegiance of only

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The indigenous Jumma peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) consisting of Chakmas, Marmas, Tripuras, Khiyangs, Lushais, Khumis, Chaks, Murungs, Bowms and Pankoos, are not recognised by the Constitution of

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and Tridiv Roy among their East Pakistan MPs. Roy refused to join Bangladesh because the hill tracts were not granted autonomy and stayed on Pakistan's side despite Mujib trying to urge Tridiv to quit Pakistan.

1124:(PCJSS; Chittagong Hill Tracts Peoples Solidarity Association), which was founded by Chakmas, demanded a halt to Bengali settlement, settlers returning lands to CHT natives, and autonomy. On 7 January 1973, 900:. The hills in his charge were henceforth known as the Hill Tracts of the Chittagong. For the next few years, attention focused on preserving peace on the frontier. In 1869, the headquarters were shifted to 1461:

And it is believed that with the objective of getting a rich harvest, worship of the earth was arranged, which later on took the form of a festival. However, of late it has lost its agricultural character.

1011:, to retain Chakma loyalty in the face of Japanese advances, local British officials guaranteed the tribals that the Chittagong Hill Tracts would be split of separately in the event of Indian independence. 1135:

enrolled some. In 1971, the Pakistan army enrolled CHT hill men. After the war, Tridev Roy maintained his allegiance to Pakistan, which he supported in the war. In 1970, he served as independent in the

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In February 1972, the Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh issued a joint statement by virtue of which the government of India decided to confer citizenship on the Chakmas under Section 5(1)(a) of

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made occasional raids in the Hill Tracts between 1865 and 1888 and killed many people, including Lt. Steward and his survey party. In 1872, 1,890 military offensives were launched simultaneously into

4006: 2146: 904:. The official designation of the post of superintendent was changed to Deputy Commissioner and full control of matters about revenue and justice throughout the Hill Tracts was vested in his office. 4289: 2228:

Bijak of the Chakmas we can easily take into our considerations that the Chakmas went to Burma from India in far ancient times. As the Chakmas regard them as the desendents from the shakya clan.

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Autonomous police forces were created by the Hill Tract tribes in 1881. Tribals complained to Britain after the Hill Tracts experienced attempts at penetration by lowlander Bengali Muslims.

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Chakma conflict is both a religious and ethnic problem in Bangladesh. The Chittagong Hill Tracts saw tribal Chakma leave the area due to religious and ethnic strife caused by Bangladesh's

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See 'Chakma'. Since Chakma are not recorded as an ethnicity in all states where they live (such as Arunachal Pradesh) language is the best method to estimate their population in India.

3498: 2101: 4700: 2055: 6388: 1697:. Chakma is written in an alphabet that allows for its cursive form, and is almost identical to the Khmer and the Lanna (Chiangmai) characters, which was formerly in use in 1582:. The vegetables include yams, pumpkins, melons, and cucumbers. Vegetables and fruit gathered from the forest may be added to the diet. Fish, poultry, and meat are eaten. 528:

The modern linguistic study suggests that the term "Chakma" originates from two constituent words: "Tsak" and "Ma". In this context, "Tsak" is believed to be derived from "

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After the partition of India in 1947, many Bengali Buddhists have migrated from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) ... including the migration of the tribal Chakma Buddhists.

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The Chakma script shows similarities to Brahmi script, indicating cultural links. There's a theory suggesting Chakmas may descend from the Shakya lineage of ancient India.

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and Bangladeshi Muslims. The label "genocidal" has been used to describe actions by the Bangladeshi government upon the non-Islamic Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma natives.

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Later, the British through the Deputy Commissioner took over absolute control of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (including the Chakma circle) after the implementation of the

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a lush green country of wooded hills, jumping fountains and quick-flowing streams ... the quarter of a million strong Chakma tribe of the idyllic Chittagong Hill Tracts.

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seeds are found and grown in wild forests of hills and are similar to bean seeds but bigger in size. When the time comes, the large beans dry out and the seeds known as

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texts. As employees of the king, the Chakmas wielded power in the Burmese court that was disproportionate to their number. The Burmese people still refer to Chakmas as

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tree. The language was very similar to present-day Kachin and Burmese languages. But at present days, their language shares many common words or loan words from the

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Mohammad Reza Khan, but the Chakma king Sher Doulat Khan, who was practically independent though nominally paid tribute to the Mughals, did not accept the

630:. After their defeat by the Arakanese, the Chakmas migrated to the present Chittagong Hill Tracts and founded their capital city Alekyangdong (present-day 2675:

Kallol Debnath; Kunal Debnath (2020). "Chakma Refugees in Arunachal Pradesh: Their Inclusion and Setback". In Das, Sourav Kumar; Chowdhary, Nidhi (eds.).

1430:. On this day, household items, clothes are cleaned and washed, food items are collected to give the house a new look with the veil of different flowers. 6747: 3402:

In 1973, the Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) began to stage violent attacks against the government to try to win independence for the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

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The Chakma tend to mainly cook over an open fire. They eat many types of food (including meats) with rice being a staple, but they usually avoid beef.

6712: 4693: 3213: 6742: 6702: 6697: 3562: 6752: 6737: 6727: 6381: 5127: 1121: 4160: 1379:. It is also known as Buddha Birthday worldwide. This is the anniversary of three important events in Buddha's life—his birth, his attainment of 4259: 6762: 6732: 6692: 4636: 4457: 4193: 3946: 3880: 3843: 3802: 3763: 3724: 3531: 3425: 3395: 3358: 3285: 3246: 3177: 3150: 3113: 3080: 3043: 2947: 2888: 2846: 2785: 2725: 2692: 2647: 2580: 2536: 2456: 2386: 1059:(now Bangladesh) to India. Projects for infrastructure development negatively impacted CHT tribals starting in the 1950s. These included the 3490: 6767: 6717: 6707: 4686: 2093: 4463: 3730: 3431: 3183: 3119: 3049: 2894: 2852: 2653: 2586: 2542: 1989: 1105:'s offer to stand as the Awami League candidate. Autonomy was refused to the CHT tribals. CHT hills people were enrolled as Mujahids and 4838: 459: 6374: 1835: 1216: 972:

On 1 April 1900, the South and the North Lushai Hills (then a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) were merged to form the district of

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Shukbilash. Ruins of the royal palace and other historic buildings still exist. Subsequently, the capital was shifted to Rajanagar,

923:. Each circle was headed by a chief. Chakma circle was headed by a Chakma, Bohmong circle by a Bohmong and the Burmese circle by a 4673: 3977:

Transcending Boundaries: Perspectives on Faith, Social Action & Solidarity: a Festschrift in Honour of Bishop A. George Ninan

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languages, due to long years of influence of Bengal sultanate. Many linguists now consider the modern Chakma language (known as

4221: 1783: 1729:, Southeast Asia and East Asia. According to a genetic study on the population of Bangladesh in 2019, Chakma carried 52.59% Y 1285:) as their main occupation. However, many Chakmas today have adopted plow cultivation and some have taken up poultry farming. 6682: 5150: 3792: 1525: 1521: 1344: 1340: 932:

the tracts. Hence, they wished to lay the foundation of administration in a restricted manner with the following objectives:

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continued to collaborate with Pakistani forces and declined to join the freedom movement of Bangladesh. Pakistani president

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used to make frequent raids on British subjects because their hunting ground was converted to tea gardens by the British in

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British troops would remain in the Chakma territory, not to terrify the Chakmas but to protect the land from hostile tribes

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clan. They gradually migrated to Arakan and extended their territory to the nearby hills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

4401: 1658: 4796: 4709: 1263:(𑄦𑄘𑄨) are colourfully handwoven with various designs. The design is first embroidered on a piece of cloth known as 2251: 806:

After Rani Kalindi's death in 1873, her grandson Harish Chandra became the Chakma Raja and was vested with the title

6757: 5014: 1068: 1037: 4485: 4062: 3936: 3897: 3657: 3521: 1514: 1333: 834: 3975: 3626: 1437:. This day starts with the bath in the river. People wear new clothes and make rounds of the village. Women wear 1380: 1110: 736:. Raja Jan Baksh Khan pledged loyalty to the British in exchange for autonomy in administering Chakma territory. 680:

and cotton crops in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), the Chakma's independence from the Mughals was recognised.

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van Schendel, Willem (2002). "Bengalis, Bangladeshis, and Others: Chakma Visions of a Pluralist Bangladesh". In

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Chakmas celebrate various Buddhist festivals. The most important is Buddha Purnima or internationally known as

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Prithvi Ram Mudiam (2001). "Security in South Asia: Need for a New Definition". In Sudhir Jacob George (ed.).

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Gyilhei hara is a game that can be played between two teams or two individuals. A special type of seed called

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Despite the CHT being 97.2–98.5% non-Muslim, it was given to Pakistan by the Boundary Commission Chairman Sir

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It is celebrated on the full moon day in the month of Vaisakha. It encompasses the birth, enlightenment (

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which means powerful and great. The name was given to the Chakmas by one of the Burmese kings during the

5103: 4939: 4812: 4036: 1988:. Vol. I (13th ed.). Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress. 1990. p. 709. 1864: 1102: 409: 318: 1097:. Roy believed Bangladesh would not award autonomy to CHT and the Chakmas and earned the enmity of the 757:

The British government would preserve tribal autonomy and migration from the plains would be restricted

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Sustainable development: environmental security, disarmament, and development interface in South Asia

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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent

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To preserve peace in the frontier areas so cotton could be grown and made available for British mills

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agreed on 25 March, and in exchange British artillery would refrain from shelling the CHT capital,

643: 350: 314: 2324: 1632:, a religion that they have practised for centuries. A minority of Chakmas practice Christianity. 1063:

hydro-electric project, built-in 1959–1963 by the Pakistan government, with the assistance of the

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king attacked Northern Arakan Roma and occupied the Arakanese-controlled Chacomas of the Northern

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to settle in the tracts. By 1981, a third of the population of the tracts were Bengali migrants.

1106: 1028: 728: 669: 413: 326: 266: 5251: 2747:"Open letter: Dear Rajnath Singh, the 'limited citizenship' for Chakmas is too little, too late" 1689:) part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan language group. Changma Bhaz is written in its own script, the 1490:(an auspicious lamp made of paper in the form of a balloon) are also done as and when possible. 995:. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (Lushai Hills) were again designated an "Excluded Area" under the 727:

Encroachments on the Chittagong Hill Tracts by the British led to a protracted war between the

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Genetic Diversity Among Bangali and Seven Ethnic Groups of Bangladesh Based on Y-chromosome

2221: 2184: 1422:. The festival lasts for three days and begins one day before the last day of the month of 6667: 6305: 6220: 6170: 6100: 5732: 5667: 5594: 5518: 4725: 2508: 1831: 1726: 1648: 1267:. Chakma men wear Siluhm (𑄥𑄨𑄣𑄪𑄟𑄴) & Dudi(𑄘𑄪𑄘𑄨) as their traditional outfit. 1228: 1024: 954:(Lushai) threat to the Chittagong Hill Tracts and other adjoining areas did not stop. The 740: 677: 662: 428: 405: 374: 278: 249: 4654: 3592: 4557: 2291: 6646: 6471: 6340: 6320: 6290: 6250: 6215: 6150: 6130: 6006: 5976: 5848: 5742: 5717: 5692: 5662: 5652: 5647: 5617: 5574: 5430: 5255: 5024: 4901: 4859: 4576: 4541: 3320:

Myron Weiner (21 August 1993). "Rejected Peoples and Unwanted Migrants in South Asia".

2320: 1943: 1919: 1746: 1276: 973: 916: 893: 781: 639: 588: 537: 420: 397: 286: 2684: 1251:

Traditional clothing is a significant part of almost every culture. Chakma women wear

470: 6661: 6631: 6606: 6576: 6546: 6496: 6481: 6456: 6441: 6431: 6421: 6280: 6245: 6195: 6185: 6119: 6062: 6023: 5986: 5972: 5886: 5876: 5843: 5813: 5737: 5682: 5632: 5627: 5589: 5579: 5549: 5514: 5505: 5468: 5450: 5435: 5334: 5324: 5181: 5171: 5063: 5002: 4987: 4977: 4919: 4864: 4854: 4658: 4424: 2702: 1960: 1813: 1789: 1690: 1654: 1579: 1224: 1125: 1056: 912: 650: 553: 491: 479: 417: 393: 354: 342: 2201: 1243:

The Chakmas are people with their own culture, folklore, literature and traditions.

412:, predominant near the areas in which they live. Most modern Chakma people practice 6591: 6556: 6551: 6536: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6491: 6461: 6315: 6295: 6270: 6260: 6255: 6240: 6210: 6190: 6180: 6114: 6028: 5980: 5968: 5931: 5896: 5828: 5803: 5727: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5677: 5642: 5622: 5612: 5569: 5559: 5544: 5538: 5482: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5425: 5384: 5344: 5291: 5226: 5191: 5108: 4997: 4982: 4929: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4777: 4762: 4730: 4624: 1925: 1876: 1825: 1564: 1556: 1180: 1132: 1008: 981: 959: 924: 897: 654: 346: 290: 6300: 4540:

N. N. Gazi; R. Tamang; V. K. Singh; A. Ferdous; A. K. Pathak; et al. (2013).

3523:

Subjects, citizens, and refugees: tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947-1998

3350:

Subjects, citizens, and refugees: tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947-1998

2379:

Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World

1635:

According to a 2011 census report, there are 93,411 people who follow Buddhism in

509:. Burmese kings hired Chakmas as ministers, advisers, and translators of Buddhist 5119: 4566: 4367: 4311: 4183: 3685: 3454: 3348: 3275: 3236: 3004: 2968: 2917: 2810: 2608: 6641: 6636: 6621: 6611: 6601: 6581: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6541: 6501: 6486: 6446: 6426: 6416: 6411: 6345: 6335: 6325: 6310: 6285: 6230: 6205: 6155: 6140: 5996: 5946: 5936: 5926: 5916: 5910: 5900: 5891: 5881: 5818: 5808: 5793: 5788: 5770: 5747: 5687: 5637: 5564: 5554: 5510: 5494: 5486: 5478: 5402: 5389: 5379: 5369: 5363: 5358: 5348: 5339: 5329: 5296: 5286: 5276: 5241: 5231: 5221: 5211: 5205: 5195: 5186: 5176: 5075: 5056: 5051: 5039: 5034: 4972: 4959: 4896: 4767: 2077: 1779: 1503: 1474: 1419: 1322: 1220: 1166: 1159: 955: 951: 940: 920: 823: 807: 803:

to the Sangoo and from Nizampur Road in Chittagong to the hills of Kooki Raja".

701: 623: 447: 443: 190: 262: 6586: 6531: 6330: 6235: 6225: 6175: 6165: 5941: 5823: 5752: 5530: 5490: 5440: 5420: 5394: 5236: 5044: 4755: 4678: 4519: 4341: 4282:"Buddha Purnima 2021: Festival marks birth anniversary of founder of Buddhism" 2123:

Sharon O'Brien (2004). "The Chittagong Hill Tracts". In Shelton, Dinah (ed.).

1956: 1870: 1568: 1252: 1142: 1089: 1085: 1060: 800: 616: 612: 362: 107: 84: 4514: 2189:. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Govt. of Tripura. pp. 38–39. 876:

After the war with the British, the Chakmas became very weak militarily. The

6506: 6366: 6275: 6265: 5584: 5306: 5029: 4772: 4750: 4393: 3464: 2978: 2426: 1306: 1154: 1094: 796: 693: 676:

of the Chakma, in 1715. While the Mughals controlled significant amounts of

506: 203: 4585: 3169:

The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy

2243: 2226:. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Govt. of Tripura. p. 38. 1477:) of Buddha. On the day of the worship, devotees go to the monastery with 5268: 4782: 4745: 3563:"Chittagong's former Chakma raja who left Bangladesh to live in Pakistan" 2838:

Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World

2139:"Hidden Bangladesh: Violence and Brutality in the Chittagong Hill Tracts" 1706: 1698: 1670: 1400: 1384: 1117: 885: 777: 760:

Jan Baksh Khan was bound by the treaty to maintain peace in his territory

733: 721: 709: 498: 216: 1414:

is the most important socio-religious festival of the Chakma. Bizu is a

936:

To supervise the rule of the Chakma chief and curtail some of his powers

754:

It was agreed that revenue collection was the responsibility of the Raja

446:, whose status as a tribal head has been historically recognised by the 49: 6596: 6160: 5798: 5762: 5604: 5158: 4924: 4787: 4070: 3690:. Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress. 1994. p. 142. 3333: 1639:, India. 7.3% are Christians, or followers of other religious beliefs. 1636: 1598: 1571:

are their traditional ingredients for cooking, these are called sidol.

1528: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1423: 1396: 1347: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1184: 985: 966:

and Burma, and the whole of the CHT was brought under British control.

928: 889: 848: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 717: 705: 574: 483: 424: 382: 370: 303: 234: 151: 138: 92: 17: 3794:

SAGE Series in Human Rights Audits of Peace Processes: Five-Volume Set

1116:

The Bangladesh government provided financial support for thousands of

634:). From Alekyangdong, they continued north and settled in present-day 6616: 6526: 6476: 6436: 5964: 5956: 5833: 5775: 5007: 4992: 4849: 4608:(Ph.D. thesis). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka University. pp. 100–05. 2613:. Society for Environment & Human Development. 1998. p. 12. 1575: 1383:, and his death. It is observed on the full moon day of the month of 1302: 977: 950:

After the creation of a separate district and the three circles, the

881: 877: 592: 541: 533: 529: 4425:"Theravada Buddhism in North-East India: a study of the Tai-Khamtis" 1922:, Indian politician, (member, National commission of Schedule Tribe) 4486:"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe population by religious community - Mizoram" 2677:

Refugee Crises and Third-World Economies: Policies and Perspectives

1131:

During the war, most of the Pahadis remained passive, although the

1040:

does not refer to any group (inclusive of Bengalis) as indigenous.

776:

Jan Baksh Khan shifted his capital to a new place near present-day

767:

In 1829, Halhed, then Commissioner of Chittagong, reaffirmed that:

619:, suggesting that the Chakmas inhabited this area during the time. 400:

in the past to consolidate power among the tribes, they adopted an

6626: 6400: 5863: 5853: 5838: 5445: 4801: 4740: 3755:

Regionalism and Regional Security in South Asia: The Role of SAARC

2811:"Insurgency in the Bangladesh Hills: Chakmas' Search for Autonomy" 2679:(1st ed.). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. p. 142. 1710: 1662: 1411: 1376: 1049: 963: 697: 469: 431:

and are one of the 135 officially recognised ethnic groups there.

386: 308: 297: 177: 125: 88: 552:

Bijak of the Chakmas says that the Chakmas were part of Buddha's

478:

on the Eastern bank of the river Karnaphuli and Arracan (present

1702: 1666: 1418:

and public holiday in Tripura. This festival gave birth to the

1281: 911:

In 1881, the government divided the Chittagong Hill Tracts into

673: 510: 435: 6370: 5123: 4682: 3526:. Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration. p. 37. 3353:. Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration. p. 42. 1559:

are a traditional dish for the Chakma people, and they call it

1497: 1316: 1158:

alleged immigration from Bangladesh to Arakan by Buddhists of

817: 785: 4040: 1183:

policy. The Chittagong Hill Tracts was colonised by Northern

4449:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

4185:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

3417:

The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia

2639:

The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia

1873:, Bangladeshi aristocrat, litterateur, diplomat and minister 799:

1170M.S (1763 CE) by the company as "All the hills from the

214: 201: 188: 175: 162: 149: 136: 3836:

Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II

1426:, falling in the month of April. The first day is known as 739:

The main provisions of the treaty between Governor-General

2804: 2802: 2800: 2238: 2236: 1959:, Pakistani politician, diplomat, writer and 50th raja of 416:, due to 19th-century reforms and institutionalisation by 1653:

The Chakmas originally spoke a language belonging to the

373:, India. Significant Chakma populations are found in the 3143:

Genesis of Chakma Movement in the Chittagong Hill Tracts

1574:

The staple food of the Chakmas is rice, supplemented by

544:

suggesting Chakmas may descend from the Shakya lineage.

3719:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 206–. 1219:

in India, the legitimacy of which is questioned by the

1215:. The only seat of political power and identity is the 3716:

They Ask If We Eat Frogs: Garo Ethnicity in Bangladesh

3557: 3555: 3238:

State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia

2094:"The mystery behind creation of Chakma speech variety" 1946:, Indian politician, minister in government of Tripura 2017:. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2021. p. 33. 1293:

Traditional temporary homes of the Chakma are called

317:

in Bangladesh, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts (

3873:

Genesis of Chakma Movement in Chittagong Hill Tracts

2718:

Globalization: Spaces, Identities and (In)securities

2125:

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity

6139: 5995: 5955: 5862: 5761: 5603: 5411: 5305: 5267: 5157: 5086: 4950: 4910: 4837: 4716: 3620: 3618: 3491:"Remove name of Chakma king Tridib from structures" 2942:. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House. p. 42. 2172:. Australian National University Press. p. 14. 724:of the company and its demand for increased taxes. 704:, rewarded the East India Company with Chittagong, 540:languages. The Chakma script shows similarities to 302:Map showing the percentage of Chakma population by 272: 255: 243: 225: 212: 199: 186: 173: 160: 147: 134: 116: 98: 78: 68: 40: 4001: 3999: 2720:. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers. p. 239. 2451:. Gian Publishing House. pp. 35–36, 50, 190. 2421:. Chittagong: Suniti Bhushan Qanungo. p. 52. 2052:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 1065:United States Agency for International Development 329:) on the easternmost border to India and Myanmar. 2419:Chakma Resistance to British Domination 1772–1798 1628:The vast majority of the Chakma are followers of 462:, violence in the area has been greatly reduced. 4663:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh 3938:Culture, Democracy And Development in South Asia 3659:Religious Fundamentalism and Secularism in India 3390:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). UXL. p. 158. 2841:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 171–172. 2571:. In Ali Riaz; Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman (eds.). 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2404:The District Gazetteer of Chittagong Hill Tracts 2127:. Macmillan Library Reference. pp. 176–177. 1213:Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council 4067:Tripura Tribal Area Autonomous District Council 3388:Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2044:"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: India" 1616:are ready to be collected for use in the game. 769: 392:The Chakma possess strong ethnic affinities to 3315: 3313: 3108:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. p. 240. 3038:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 366–. 2562: 2560: 2381:. Vol. II. Greenwood Press. p. 847. 2087: 2085: 2012:"Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex" 6382: 5135: 4694: 4222:"Chakmas celebrate Bizhu festival in Tripura" 4092: 4090: 4088: 3386:Timothy L. Gall; Susan B. Gall, eds. (2012). 3073:Intra and inter-state conflicts in South Asia 2573:Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh 2520: 2518: 2078:https://portal.moea.gov.mm/ethnicity/C-0004/7 943:(the name given to the Lushai by the British) 8: 4631:. Dhaka: University Press. pp. 65–106. 1071:as a resettlement area for Chakma refugees. 712:. On 5 January 1761, company representative 577:was fighting a battle with the Burmese, the 35: 3172:. Yale University Press. pp. 280–281. 2307:Parbattya Chattagramer Upajati O Sangskriti 2092:ABM Razaul Karim Faquire (4 January 2019). 1203:The Chakmas now have representation in the 521:which are shortened and corrupted forms of 357:. They are the largest ethnic group of the 6389: 6375: 6367: 5142: 5128: 5120: 4701: 4687: 4679: 3145:. Progressive Publishers. pp. 37–38. 3106:Developmental Issues in Contemporary India 2353:Ethnic Cleansing in Chittagong Hill Tracts 1978: 1976: 474:Portuguese map of Chittagong Hill Tracts. 57: 48: 34: 4575: 4565: 3625:Nirupama Subramanian (16 December 2009). 3035:Asian Yearbook of International Law: 1992 2716:Jyrki Käkönen; Sanjay Chaturvedi (2005). 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 1544:Learn how and when to remove this message 1363:Learn how and when to remove this message 864:Learn how and when to remove this message 665:, Rangunia Upazila, Chittagong District. 27:Ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent 5250: 4429:International Journal of Social Research 4127:"Buddha Purnima celebrated in Rangamati" 2778:Religion in Socio-Economic Life of India 396:groups in Northeast India. Because of a 3875:. Progressive Publishers. p. 114. 3834:. In Karl DeRouen, Jr.; Uk Heo (eds.). 2973:. South Asian Publishers. p. 265. 1972: 1122:Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti 573:. In 1546 CE, while the Arakanese king 5967:(including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa, 4466:from the original on 21 September 2023 4232:from the original on 27 September 2021 4202:from the original on 21 September 2023 3984:from the original on 21 September 2023 3955:from the original on 21 September 2023 3916:from the original on 21 September 2023 3811:from the original on 21 September 2023 3772:from the original on 21 September 2023 3733:from the original on 21 September 2023 3694:from the original on 21 September 2023 3666:from the original on 21 September 2023 3573:from the original on 21 September 2017 3540:from the original on 21 September 2023 3501:from the original on 21 September 2017 3471:from the original on 21 September 2023 3459:. South Asian Publishers. p. 85. 3434:from the original on 21 September 2023 3367:from the original on 21 September 2023 3294:from the original on 21 September 2023 3255:from the original on 21 September 2023 3186:from the original on 21 September 2023 3122:from the original on 21 September 2023 3075:. South Asian Publishers. p. 54. 3052:from the original on 21 September 2023 3013:from the original on 21 September 2023 2985:from the original on 21 September 2023 2897:from the original on 21 September 2023 2855:from the original on 21 September 2023 2656:from the original on 21 September 2023 2617:from the original on 21 September 2023 2589:from the original on 21 September 2023 2545:from the original on 21 September 2023 2504: 2493: 1992:from the original on 21 September 2023 1597:Gudu hara, or Ha-do-do, also known as 1223:. There are another 80,000 Chakmas in 892:, and other neighbouring tracts under 3838:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO. p. 35. 3637:from the original on 29 February 2020 3603:from the original on 23 December 2016 2809:Behera, Ajay Darshan (October 1996). 2780:. Chatterjee Publisher. p. 107. 2757:from the original on 11 December 2019 2745:Mahendra Chakma (21 September 2017). 2206:. University Of Calcutta. p. 1. 2104:from the original on 18 February 2022 939:To protect British subjects from the 743:and the Chakma king were as follows: 607:in 1615. The map shows an area named 349:from the eastern-most regions of the 313:Colour-coded map of the districts of 7: 4404:from the original on 16 October 2022 4368:"Bangalore Chakma Society - Culture" 4262:from the original on 22 January 2021 3980:. Vikas Adhyan Kendra. p. 303. 3662:. Suryasensa Prakasani. p. 43. 3277:International Migration and Security 3206:"The Raja who gave away his kingdom" 2880:India's Foreign Relations, 1947-2007 2149:from the original on 18 October 2018 1985:Library of Congress Subject Headings 1526:adding citations to reliable sources 1345:adding citations to reliable sources 1275:In the past, most Chakmas practised 1055:Many Buddhist Chakmas migrated from 1044:and finally ended the conflict with 846:adding citations to reliable sources 79:Regions with significant populations 63:Chakma lady in traditional attire . 4629:Bangladesh: Promise and Performance 4342:"Part 3 The Triple Gem (Ti-ratana)" 4013:. 17 September 2015. Archived from 3941:. Shipra Publications. p. 63. 3852:from the original on 31 August 2023 2254:from the original on 3 October 2016 2223:The Chakmas Of Tripura, 2nd Edition 2186:The Chakmas Of Tripura, 2nd Edition 1879:, Bangladeshi politician and lawyer 1721:The Chakma are strongly related to 460:Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord 6688:Buddhist communities of Bangladesh 4157:"Biju Festival in Tripura in 2022" 4099:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide 3797:. SAGE Publications. pp. 4–. 3456:Ethnicity and polity in South Asia 3216:from the original on 11 March 2020 2970:Ethnicity and polity in South Asia 2024:from the original on 15 March 2023 1217:Chakma Autonomous District Council 747:The East India Company recognised 536:clan, and "Ma" signifies "man" in 486:) can be seen on the extreme right 408:, which is closely related to the 367:Chakma Autonomous District Council 25: 6748:People from Khagrachhari District 6358:List of Scheduled Tribes in India 4374:from the original on 14 June 2021 4292:from the original on 14 June 2021 4163:from the original on 14 June 2021 4137:from the original on 14 June 2021 2685:10.1108/978-1-83982-190-520201015 2292:"Descripção do Reino de Bengalla" 668:The Mughals signed a treaty with 442:. The community is headed by the 6713:Ethnic groups in Northeast India 4525: 4496:from the original on 13 May 2021 4348:from the original on 18 May 2021 3871:Chandrika Basu Majumdar (2003). 3241:. A&C Black. pp. 232–. 3141:Chandrika Basu Majumdar (2003). 2642:. Anthem Press. pp. 48–49. 2058:from the original on 4 June 2022 1843:, Bangladeshi professional boxer 1578:, corn (maize), vegetables, and 1502: 1456:The last day, which is known as 1321: 1309:, and supported on wooden logs. 1109:by the Pakistan army during the 822: 434:The Chakmas are divided into 31 261: 227: 118: 100: 6743:People from Chittagong Division 6703:Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 6698:Buddhist communities of Myanmar 4322:from the original on 3 May 2021 3902:. Macmillan India. p. 68. 3420:. Anthem Press. pp. 269–. 3280:. Westview Press. p. 159. 2569:"The CHT and the Peace Process" 2417:Suniti Bhushan Qanungo (1998). 2279:. Trübner & Co. p. 79. 1784:University of Western Australia 1513:needs additional citations for 1332:needs additional citations for 833:needs additional citations for 716:took charge of Chittagong from 597:Descripção do Reino de Bengalla 532:" which is associated with the 6753:People from Rangamati District 6738:People from Bandarban District 6728:History of Chittagong Division 5151:Hill tribes of Northeast India 4674:Interview with the Chakma King 3006:Selections from National Press 2938:Dipannita Chakraborty (2004). 2922:Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan 2916:Anwar Hussain (14 June 1964). 2449:The Chakmas, Life and Struggle 1940:, Indian singer and politician 1849:, American-Bangladeshi scholar 1792:, former Bangladeshi cricketer 1: 6763:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya 6733:People from Arunachal Pradesh 6693:Buddhist communities of India 4667:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 4653:van Schendel, Willem (2012). 3322:Economic and Political Weekly 2200:Sumana Bhattacharyya (2004). 1847:Chandra Kalindi Roy Henriksen 1836:Bangladesh interim government 1657:family, which belongs to the 993:Chittagong Hill Tracts manual 427:, Chakma people are known as 4567:10.1371/journal.pone.0075064 4423:Chow Chandra Manche (2019). 4097:Robert Winston, ed. (2004). 3414:Willem van Schendel (2005). 2924:. Vol. 16. p. 18. 2636:Willem van Schendel (2005). 2273:Sir Arthur P.Phayre (1883). 2203:A linguistic study of Chakma 1853:Jyotirindra Bodhipriya Larma 1227:, Myanmar, who are known as 1209:Tripura Legislative Assembly 1205:Mizoram Legislative Assembly 997:Government of India Act 1935 6768:Scheduled Tribes of Mizoram 6718:Ethnic groups in South Asia 6708:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh 4736:Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis 4710:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh 4256:Central Govt Employees News 3752:Zahid Shahab Ahmed (2012). 3520:Saradindu Mukherji (2000). 3347:Saradindu Mukherji (2000). 2918:"The Origin of the Chakmas" 2776:Satchidananda Dhar (1989). 1867:, Bangladeshi Buddhist monk 1433:The second day is known as 611:on the eastern bank of the 603:(Fourth decade of Asia) by 563:referred to the Chakmas as 448:government of British India 6784: 5248: 4661:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). 4599:Mahmud H (November 2019). 2883:. Routledge. p. 363. 2575:. Routledge. p. 306. 2531:. Routledge. p. 245. 2402:Government of Bangladesh. 2351:Saradindu Shekhar Chakma. 2220:Pannalal Majumdar (2013). 2183:Pannalal Majumdar (2013). 1646: 1608:is used to play the game. 751:as the Raja of the Chakmas 74:≈ 800,000 (2011–2022) 6407: 6354: 4452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 112. 4188:. ABC-CLIO. p. 113. 3758:. Routledge. p. 16. 1782:, vice-chancellor of the 1192:the Citizenship Act, 1955 1111:Bangladesh Liberation War 595:, which was published as 365:, and the largest in the 277: 260: 248: 83: 73: 56: 47: 41: 6723:Ethnic groups in Tripura 2940:Land question in Tripura 2567:Bhumitra Chakma (2016). 2143:Amnesty International UK 1861:, Bangladeshi politician 1859:Manabendra Narayan Larma 1855:, Bangladeshi politician 1828:, Bangladeshi footballer 1822:, Bangladeshi footballer 1816:, Bangladeshi footballer 1804:, Bangladeshi politician 1798:, Bangladeshi politician 1079:Manabendra Narayan Larma 1038:Bangladeshi Constitution 1005:Indian national movement 646:of Chittagong District. 628:Filipe de Brito e Nicote 452:government of Bangladesh 6059:Khawathlang, Khothalong 4398:Encyclopædia Britannica 4316:Encyclopædia Britannica 4063:"Profile of CEM and EM" 3791:Rita Manchanda (2015). 3166:Salil Tripathi (2016). 3104:. In M. R. Biju (ed.). 2447:S. P. Talukder (1988). 2248:Encyclopædia Britannica 1259:(𑄛𑄨𑄚𑄮𑄚𑄴) and the 1162:and Chakma background. 361:region of southeastern 345::𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦), are an 5261: 4446:James Minahan (2012). 4394:"Kabaddi | sport" 4182:James Minahan (2012). 4037:"Tripura State Portal" 3627:"A Chakma in Pakistan" 3593:"Raja Tridiv Roy dies" 3235:Ishtiaq Ahmed (1998). 3100:Chunnu Prasad (2010). 2474:Chakma Jatir Itibritto 2373:James Minahan (2002). 2244:"Chakma | people" 2168:Pamela Gutman (1976). 2048:www.censusindia.gov.in 1786:, Canadian-Bangladeshi 1709:and southern parts of 1458:Gawz che Pawz che dyin 1138:Parliament of Pakistan 774: 688:Three years after the 684:The East India Company 487: 359:Chittagong Hill Tracts 330: 306: 6683:Bangladeshi Buddhists 5901:Khasi Synteng or Pnar 5349:Khasi Synteng or Pnar 5254: 4797:Bishnupriya Manipuris 3974:George Ninan (1995). 3896:D. D. Khanna (1997). 3830:Paul Bellamy (2007). 3599:. 17 September 2012. 3569:. 19 September 2017. 3453:Girin Phukon (2002). 3274:Myron Weiner (1993). 3212:. 18 September 2012. 2967:Girin Phukon (2002). 2525:Burjor Avari (2012). 2098:The Financial Express 1865:Prajnananda Mahathera 1473:), and passing away ( 1199:Indian representation 1103:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1052:, Arunachal Pradesh. 1046:the 1997 peace treaty 1007:was launched. During 976:with headquarters at 814:British colonial rule 617:Chittagong Bangladesh 601:Quarta decada da Asia 473: 410:Chittagonian language 312: 301: 273:Related ethnic groups 6049:Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol 5927:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 5688:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 5380:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 5222:Mizo (Lushai) tribes 4829:Urdu-speaking people 4017:on 26 September 2015 3935:N. N. Vohra (2001). 3656:Amalendu De (1996). 1916:, Indian politician, 1810:, Bangladeshi artist 1522:improve this article 1341:improve this article 1301:is constructed with 908:important for them. 842:improve this article 653:Governor of Bengal, 6398:Scheduled tribes of 4665:(Second ed.). 4558:2013PLoSO...875064G 3210:The Express Tribune 2472:Biraj Mohan Dewan. 1934:, Indian politician 1928:, Indian politician 1910:, Indian politician 1904:, Indian politician 1902:Kristo Mohan Chakma 1898:, Indian politician 1892:, Indian politician 1841:Suro Krishna Chakma 1808:Kanak Chanpa Chakma 1796:Charu Bikash Chakma 1479:Shíyong or Qi Yawng 1172:Bengali nationalism 644:Fatikchari Upazilas 351:Indian subcontinent 327:Bandarban districts 315:Chittagong Division 37: 5922:Man (Tai speaking) 5375:Man (Tai speaking) 5262: 5217:Man (Tai speaking) 4103:Dorling Kindersley 4043:on 7 December 2018 3713:Ellen Bal (2007). 3567:The Indian Express 2815:Strategic Analysis 2145:. 21 August 2015. 1932:Rasik Mohan Chakma 1914:Nihar Kanti Chakma 1896:Buddha Dhan Chakma 1802:Kalparanjan Chakma 1695:Awzhapath/Awjhapat 1630:Theravada Buddhism 1387:(usually in May). 1247:Traditional attire 1015:After independence 729:East India Company 488: 414:Theravada Buddhism 331: 307: 267:Theravada Buddhism 6758:Refugees in India 6655: 6654: 6364: 6363: 5897:Khasi and Jaintia 5413:Arunachal Pradesh 5345:Khasi and Jaintia 5192:Khasi and Jaintia 5117: 5116: 4638:978-984-05-1542-4 4523:(25th ed., 2022) 4459:978-1-59884-659-1 4400:. 28 April 2023. 4228:. 14 April 2008. 4195:978-1-59884-659-1 3948:978-81-7541-070-1 3882:978-81-8064-052-0 3845:978-1-85109-919-1 3832:"Asian Conflicts" 3804:978-93-5150-213-5 3765:978-1-4094-6769-4 3726:978-981-230-446-9 3533:978-81-85990-61-3 3427:978-1-84331-145-4 3397:978-1-4144-8671-0 3360:978-81-85990-61-3 3328:(34): 1737–1746. 3287:978-0-8133-8774-1 3248:978-1-85567-578-0 3179:978-0-300-22102-2 3152:978-81-8064-052-0 3115:978-81-8069-714-2 3082:978-81-7003-249-6 3045:978-0-7923-2239-9 3032:Swan Sik (1994). 2949:978-81-87606-57-4 2890:978-0-415-59742-5 2875:Jayanta Kumar Ray 2848:978-0-521-70681-0 2833:Christian Gerlach 2787:978-81-85089-00-3 2727:978-81-7003-284-7 2694:978-1-83982-191-2 2649:978-1-84331-145-4 2582:978-1-317-30877-5 2538:978-1-136-21226-0 2503:Missing or empty 2458:978-81-212-0212-1 2388:978-0-313-07696-1 2355:. pp. 23–35. 2326:The Mughul Empire 2309:. pp. 19–20. 1938:Sambhu Lal Chakma 1890:Amit Kumar Chakma 1834:, Adviser to the 1820:Ritu Porna Chakma 1554: 1553: 1546: 1416:Buddhist festival 1373: 1372: 1365: 1289:Traditional house 874: 873: 866: 690:Battle of Plassey 591:created a map of 497:derives from the 379:Arunachal Pradesh 296: 295: 165:Arunachal Pradesh 16:(Redirected from 6775: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6368: 5877:Dimasa (Kachari) 5648:Koirao (Thangal) 5506:Singpho (Jingpo) 5325:Dimasa (Kachari) 5172:Dimasa (Kachari) 5144: 5137: 5130: 5121: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4670: 4642: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4569: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4094: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4069:. 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India. 869: 862: 858: 855: 849: 826: 818: 790:After the great 622:The Arakan king 613:Karnaphuli River 583:Arakan Mountains 561:Arakanese people 375:northeast Indian 265: 233: 231: 230: 215: 202: 189: 176: 163: 150: 137: 124: 122: 121: 106: 104: 103: 69:Total population 61: 52: 38: 21: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6403: 6395: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6143: 6135: 5999: 5991: 5951: 5903:, War, Bhoi or 5858: 5757: 5599: 5407: 5351:, War, Bhoi or 5301: 5263: 5257: 5246: 5198:, War, Bhoi or 5196:Synteng or Pnar 5153: 5148: 5118: 5113: 5082: 4946: 4906: 4833: 4712: 4707: 4652: 4649: 4639: 4622: 4619: 4617:Further reading 4614: 4613: 4605: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4460: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4318:. 6 June 2023. 4312:"Pāli language" 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4288:. 26 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549: 546: 538:Tibeto-Burmese 467: 464: 398:language shift 294: 293: 275: 274: 270: 269: 258: 257: 253: 252: 246: 245: 241: 240: 237: 223: 222: 219: 210: 209: 206: 197: 196: 193: 184: 183: 180: 171: 170: 167: 158: 157: 154: 145: 144: 141: 132: 131: 130:228,281 (2011) 128: 114: 113: 110: 96: 95: 81: 80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 45: 44: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6780: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Chakma people 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 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6058: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Mikir (Karbi) 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Lakher (Mara) 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:Lushai (Mizo) 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5728:Suhte (Paite) 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Mikir (Karbi) 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5446:Khowa (Bugun) 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Mikir (Karbi) 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Lakher (Mara) 5368: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Mikir (Karbi) 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227:Mikir (Karbi) 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4952:Tibeto-Burman 4949: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625:Jahan, Rounaq 4621: 4620: 4616: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4515:Chakma people 4511: 4508: 4495: 4491: 4490:census.gov.in 4487: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4112:0-7566-0520-2 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4016: 4012: 4011:1, Law Street 4008: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3967: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3928: 3915: 3911: 3909:9780333930465 3905: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3745: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3709: 3706: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3652: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3267: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2821:(7): 988–989. 2820: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2629: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2497: 2490:. 9 May 1995. 2489: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2406:. p. 35. 2405: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2266: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1962: 1961:Chakma Circle 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814:Monika Chakma 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1790:Champa Chakma 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Tibeto-Burman 1716: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Chakma script 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:Tibeto-Burman 1650: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Bhaz-chuu-ryì 1558: 1557:Bamboo shoots 1548: 1545: 1537: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1511:This section 1509: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1488:Phanuch Batti 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381:enlightenment 1378: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1330:This section 1328: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1279:cultivation ( 1278: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1225:Rakhine state 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1165:In 1974, the 1163: 1161: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126:Shanti Bahini 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101:by rejecting 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:East Pakistan 1053: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1027:in 1947 upon 1026: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 987: 984:were now the 983: 979: 975: 970: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 945: 942: 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Chakma Circle 909: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 868: 865: 857: 847: 843: 837: 836: 831:This section 829: 825: 820: 819: 813: 811: 809: 804: 802: 798: 793: 788: 787: 783: 779: 773: 768: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 746: 745: 744: 742: 737: 735: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 714:Harry Verelst 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 683: 681: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 658: 656: 652: 649:In 1666, the 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 569: 566: 562: 557: 555: 547: 545: 543: 542:Brahmi script 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493: 492:Pamela Gutman 490:According to 485: 481: 480:Rakhine State 477: 472: 465: 463: 461: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 419: 418:Queen regnant 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:Tibeto-Burman 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335:Chakma people 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 305: 300: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 268: 264: 259: 254: 251: 247: 242: 238: 236: 224: 220: 218: 211: 207: 205: 198: 194: 192: 185: 181: 179: 172: 168: 166: 159: 155: 153: 146: 142: 140: 133: 129: 127: 115: 112:529,271(2022) 111: 109: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 72: 67: 60: 55: 51: 46: 39: 30: 19: 6466: 6452:Bodo-Kachari 6201:Khiamniungan 5871: 5783: 5319: 5315:Bodo-Kachari 5282:Bodo-Kachari 5194:(inc. Khasi 5166: 4964: 4920:Kurukh/Oraon 4897:Pnar/Jaintia 4778:Shershabadia 4662: 4628: 4601: 4594: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4518: 4510: 4498:. Retrieved 4489: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4448: 4441: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4397: 4388: 4376:. Retrieved 4362: 4350:. Retrieved 4336: 4324:. Retrieved 4315: 4306: 4294:. Retrieved 4285: 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4255: 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4225: 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4184: 4177: 4165:. Retrieved 4151: 4139:. Retrieved 4130: 4121: 4101:. New York: 4098: 4075:. Retrieved 4071:the original 4066: 4057: 4045:. Retrieved 4041:the original 4031: 4021:25 September 4019:. Retrieved 4015:the original 4010: 3986:. Retrieved 3976: 3969: 3957:. Retrieved 3937: 3930: 3918:. Retrieved 3898: 3891: 3872: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3835: 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3793: 3786: 3774:. Retrieved 3754: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3715: 3708: 3696:. Retrieved 3686: 3680: 3668:. Retrieved 3658: 3651: 3639:. Retrieved 3630: 3605:. Retrieved 3596: 3587: 3577:21 September 3575:. 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Retrieved 2142: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2106:. Retrieved 2097: 2073: 2060:. Retrieved 2047: 2038: 2026:. Retrieved 2006: 1994:. Retrieved 1984: 1926:Prova Chakma 1877:Devasish Roy 1826:Rupna Chakma 1763:Haplogroup N 1759:Haplogroup E 1755:Haplogroup G 1751:Haplogroup H 1743:haplogroup I 1739:Haplogroup J 1735:haplogroup Q 1731:Haplogroup L 1720: 1694: 1686: 1683:Changma Bhaz 1682: 1659:Jingpo-Luish 1652: 1634: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1573: 1565:Shrimp paste 1560: 1555: 1540: 1531: 1520:Please help 1515:verification 1512: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1410: 1393: 1389: 1374: 1359: 1350: 1339:Please help 1334:verification 1331: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1280: 1274: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1242: 1233: 1202: 1189: 1181:Islamisation 1177: 1164: 1153: 1133:Mukti Bahini 1130: 1115: 1099:Awami League 1084: 1077: 1073: 1054: 1042: 1029:independence 1022: 1018: 1009:World War II 1001: 990: 982:Lushai hills 971: 968: 960:Lushai Hills 949: 910: 906: 898:Chandraghona 894:Rani Kalindi 875: 860: 851: 840:Please help 835:verification 832: 805: 792:Sepoy Mutiny 789: 782:Rani Kalindi 775: 770: 766: 738: 726: 687: 667: 659: 655:Shaista Khan 648: 621: 608: 600: 599:in the book 596: 587: 578: 570: 567: 564: 558: 551: 527: 522: 518: 514: 502: 494: 489: 475: 456: 439: 433: 421:Rani Kalindi 391: 347:ethnic group 338: 334: 332: 319:Khagrachhari 42:𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 32:Ethnic group 29: 6141:Naga tribes 5997:Kuki tribes 5979:, Tromopa, 5937:Naga tribes 5913:(see below) 5911:Kuki Tribes 5829:Munda, Kaur 5511:Tai peoples 5479:Naga tribes 5455:Miju Mishmi 5426:Aka (Hruso) 5421:Abor (Galo) 5390:Naga tribes 5366:(see below) 5364:Kuki Tribes 5232:Naga tribes 5208:(see below) 5206:Kuki Tribes 4935:Mal Paharia 4718:Indo-Aryans 4435:(1): 28–37. 3988:23 December 3959:23 December 3920:23 December 3737:23 December 3698:23 December 3670:23 December 3641:23 December 3633:(Opinion). 3607:23 December 3544:23 December 3475:23 December 3438:23 December 3371:23 December 3298:23 December 3259:23 December 3220:23 December 3190:23 December 3126:23 December 3088:Bangladesh. 3056:23 December 3017:23 December 2989:23 December 2733:Bangladesh. 2660:23 December 2621:23 December 2610:Earth Touch 2593:23 December 2549:23 December 2108:18 February 2028:22 November 1996:23 December 1780:Amit Chakma 1774:Bangladeshi 1673:, English, 1475:Parinirvāna 1399:, Thailand 1221:Mizo people 1167:Garo people 921:Mong Circle 808:Roy Bahadur 702:Murshidabad 670:Jallal Khan 624:Min Razagyi 444:Chakma Raja 191:West Bengal 6662:Categories 6171:Chakhesang 6144:including: 6000:including: 5942:Pawi (Lai) 5501:Sherdukpen 5399:Raba, Rava 5395:Pawi (Lai) 5237:Pawi (Lai) 5020:Tanchangya 4821:Rajbongshi 4756:Mahifarash 4520:Ethnologue 4500:9 February 2761:5 February 1967:References 1957:Tridev Roy 1871:Benita Roy 1761:and 1.72% 1725:groups in 1569:fish paste 1534:April 2022 1428:Phool Bizu 1420:Bizu dance 1353:April 2022 1253:Pinon hadi 1143:Nurul Amin 1090:Yahya Khan 1086:Tridev Roy 1061:Kaptai Dam 854:April 2022 801:Feni River 696:, the new 571:or Thaikhs 503:śaktimāna, 402:Indo-Aryan 377:states of 363:Bangladesh 283:Tanchangya 108:Bangladesh 85:Bangladesh 6356:See also 6341:Yimkhiung 6124:Thangngeu 6076:Lengthang 6056:Khawchung 5307:Meghalaya 5256:Yimkhiung 5094:Armenians 5069:Hrangkhol 4912:Dravidian 4773:Rohingyas 4751:Dhakaiyas 4286:Firstpost 4266:2 January 4236:2 January 4077:19 August 4047:19 August 3856:31 August 3815:2 October 3776:2 October 3631:The Hindu 2751:Scroll.in 2703:219929406 2496:cite news 2062:15 August 1951:Pakistani 1737:, 10.34% 1733:, 13.79% 1435:Mhul Bizu 1299:mawnógawr 1295:mawnógawr 1155:Meghalaya 1113:of 1971. 1095:Rangamati 902:Rangamati 797:Shraavana 694:Mir Qasim 523:śaktimāna 517:(သက်) or 507:Bagan Era 466:Etymology 404:language 323:Rangamati 244:Languages 204:Meghalaya 6306:Tangkhul 6221:Liangmai 6045:Hongsung 6020:Gamalhou 6014:Chongloi 6011:Changsan 5905:Lyngngam 5733:Tangkhul 5668:Liangmai 5595:Zekhring 5519:Khamyang 5353:Lyngngam 5269:Nagaland 5200:Lyngngam 4925:Mushahar 4825:Ranjoarh 4783:Sylhetis 4746:Bengalis 4726:Assamese 4586:24130682 4546:PLOS ONE 4494:Archived 4464:Archived 4402:Archived 4372:Archived 4346:Archived 4320:Archived 4290:Archived 4260:Archived 4230:Archived 4226:Oneindia 4200:Archived 4161:Archived 4135:Archived 3982:Archived 3953:Archived 3914:Archived 3850:Archived 3809:Archived 3770:Archived 3731:Archived 3692:Archived 3664:Archived 3635:Archived 3601:Archived 3571:Archived 3538:Archived 3499:Archived 3469:Archived 3465:50712718 3432:Archived 3365:Archived 3292:Archived 3253:Archived 3214:Archived 3184:Archived 3120:Archived 3050:Archived 3011:Archived 2983:Archived 2979:50712718 2895:Archived 2877:(2010). 2853:Archived 2835:(2010). 2755:Archived 2654:Archived 2615:Archived 2587:Archived 2543:Archived 2427:54822598 2375:"Jummas" 2252:Archived 2147:Archived 2102:Archived 2056:Archived 2019:Archived 1990:Archived 1757:, 1.72% 1753:, 3.45% 1749:, 4.31% 1745:, 4.31% 1741:, 6.03% 1717:Genetics 1707:Thailand 1699:Cambodia 1675:Assamese 1671:Sanskrit 1643:Language 1624:Religion 1606:gyi-lhei 1401:Songkran 1385:Vaisakha 1313:Festival 1118:Bengalis 1107:Razakars 886:Noakhali 778:Rangunia 734:Calcutta 722:hegemony 710:Midnapur 663:Ranirhat 636:Rangunia 632:Alikadam 609:Chacomas 499:Sanskrit 476:Chacomas 450:and the 429:Daingnet 279:Daingnet 256:Religion 217:Nagaland 6678:Adivasi 6647:Tripuri 6597:Mudugar 6577:Mishing 6472:Chenchu 6321:Thangal 6296:Sangtam 6291:Rongmei 6271:Pochury 6251:Monsang 6216:Lamkang 6211:Lainong 6131:Vaiphei 6111:Sitlhou 6108:Singson 6101:Sairhem 6091:Mangjel 6088:Lupheng 6085:Lhouvun 6082:Lhoujem 6079:Lhangum 6067:Kholhou 6033:Hanneng 6017:Doungel 5977:Tibetan 5969:Kagatey 5899:(inc. 5849:Tripuri 5799:Jamatia 5780:Chaimal 5763:Tripura 5743:Vaiphei 5718:Rongmei 5693:Monsang 5663:Lamkang 5653:Koireng 5605:Manipur 5575:Minyong 5515:Khampti 5469:Lishipa 5431:Apatani 5347:(inc. 5159:Mizoram 5104:Indians 5099:Chinese 5025:Tripuri 5015:Rakhine 4902:Santals 4813:Nepalis 4788:Mahimal 4627:(ed.). 4577:3794028 4554:Bibcode 4470:25 June 4408:14 June 4378:14 June 4352:14 June 4326:14 June 4296:14 June 4206:25 June 4167:14 June 4141:14 June 4131:New Age 3334:4400049 3305:tracts. 2955:67,000. 2859:24 June 2258:14 June 1679:Bengali 1637:Mizoram 1614:gyilhei 1610:Gyilhei 1599:kabaddi 1580:mustard 1471:nirvāna 1424:Chaitra 1397:Sangrai 1239:Culture 1185:Burmese 986:Mizoram 956:Shendus 929:Tripura 890:Comilla 718:Subedar 706:Burdwan 575:Min Bin 548:History 484:Myanmar 425:Myanmar 383:Tripura 371:Mizoram 304:Upazila 287:Rakhine 235:Myanmar 152:Tripura 139:Mizoram 93:Myanmar 18:Chakmas 6668:Chakma 6632:Santal 6617:Rabari 6547:Lepcha 6527:Khonds 6512:Irulas 6497:Hajong 6482:Dimasa 6477:Dhanka 6467:Chakma 6442:Birhor 6437:Bhutia 6432:Bhumij 6422:Bharia 6336:Wancho 6326:Tikhir 6311:Tangsa 6286:Rengma 6281:Poumai 6246:Maring 6231:Makury 6206:Konyak 6196:Kharam 6186:Chothe 6156:Angami 6105:Selnam 6070:Kipgen 6063:Khelma 6053:Jongbe 6042:Hengna 6039:Haolai 6024:Gangte 5987:Lepcha 5973:Sherpa 5965:Bhutia 5957:Sikkim 5887:Hajong 5872:Chakma 5844:Santal 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The 980:. The 978:Aizawl 919:, and 882:Cachar 878:Lushai 651:Mughal 642:, and 640:Raozan 593:Bengal 568:Theks, 534:Shakya 495:Chakma 406:Chakma 343:Chakma 325:, and 250:Chakma 239:43,100 232: 169:47,073 156:84,269 143:92,850 123: 105: 36:Chakma 6627:Reang 6622:Rabha 6607:Oraon 6592:Munda 6562:Mahli 6557:Lodha 6552:Limbu 6537:Korwa 6522:Khasi 6517:Karbi 6492:Gondi 6462:Bonda 6457:Boksa 6417:Baiga 6401:India 6331:Tutsa 6316:Tarao 6266:Para 6261:Nocte 6256:Moyon 6241:Maram 6226:Lotha 6191:Inpui 6181:Chiru 6176:Chirr 6166:Chang 6127:Uibuh 6120:Thado 6115:Sukte 6097:Riang 6094:Misao 6029:Guite 6007:Biate 5981:Yolmo 5864:Assam 5854:Uchoi 5839:Riang 5794:Halam 5789:Garoo 5723:Simte 5713:Ralte 5708:Purum 5703:Paite 5698:Moyon 5678:Maram 5643:Inpui 5623:Chiru 5613:Aimol 5560:Memba 5545:Deori 5539:Padam 5523:Phake 5491:Tutsa 5483:Nocte 5473:Takpa 5461:Momba 5260:woman 5057:Halam 4998:Marma 4983:Khumi 4930:Malto 4890:Sabar 4880:Munda 4875:Mahle 4870:Khasi 4850:Bauri 4817:Polia 4802:Bonaz 4763:Kahar 4741:Beens 4731:Barua 4657:. In 4606:(PDF) 3330:JSTOR 2699:S2CID 2022:(PDF) 2015:(PDF) 1711:Burma 1663:Hindi 1447:silum 1439:pinon 1377:Vesak 1257:pinon 1050:Diyun 964:Assam 698:Nawab 565:Saks, 554:Sakya 519:Thet, 501:word 440:gozas 436:clans 423:. In 387:Assam 291:Bamar 182:3,166 178:Assam 126:India 89:India 6642:Toda 6637:Sora 6612:Pnar 6602:Naga 6582:Mizo 6572:Mech 6567:Mara 6542:Kuki 6502:Hmar 6487:Garo 6447:Bodo 6427:Bhil 6412:Asur 6346:Zeme 6301:Sumi 6276:Phom 6151:Anāl 6073:Kuki 5892:Hmar 5882:Garo 5809:Kuki 5771:Bhil 5748:Zeme 5638:Hmar 5618:Anal 5565:Miji 5555:Lisu 5535:Bori 5359:Koch 5340:Hmar 5330:Garo 5297:Naga 5287:Kuki 5277:Garo 5258:Naga 5212:Mara 5187:Hmar 5177:Garo 5076:Mizo 5052:Kuki 5040:Chin 5035:Bawm 4973:Garo 4969:Dalu 4960:Chak 4885:Kora 4846:Aowe 4809:Koch 4806:Keot 4633:ISBN 4582:PMID 4502:2020 4472:2020 4454:ISBN 4410:2021 4380:2021 4354:2021 4328:2021 4298:2021 4268:2021 4238:2021 4208:2020 4190:ISBN 4169:2021 4143:2021 4107:ISBN 4079:2010 4049:2010 4023:2015 3990:2016 3961:2016 3943:ISBN 3922:2016 3904:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3858:2023 3840:ISBN 3817:2020 3799:ISBN 3778:2020 3760:ISBN 3739:2016 3721:ISBN 3700:2016 3672:2016 3643:2016 3609:2016 3597:Dawn 3579:2017 3546:2016 3528:ISBN 3507:2017 3477:2016 3461:OCLC 3440:2016 3422:ISBN 3392:ISBN 3373:2016 3355:ISBN 3300:2016 3282:ISBN 3261:2016 3243:ISBN 3222:2016 3192:2016 3174:ISBN 3147:ISBN 3128:2016 3110:ISBN 3077:ISBN 3058:2016 3040:ISBN 3019:2016 2991:2016 2975:OCLC 2944:ISBN 2903:2022 2885:ISBN 2861:2019 2843:ISBN 2782:ISBN 2763:2020 2722:ISBN 2689:ISBN 2662:2016 2644:ISBN 2623:2016 2595:2016 2577:ISBN 2551:2016 2533:ISBN 2509:help 2453:ISBN 2423:OCLC 2383:ISBN 2260:2021 2155:2021 2110:2022 2064:2022 2030:2022 1998:2016 1703:Laos 1677:and 1667:Pali 1567:and 1451:dudi 1449:and 1443:hadi 1441:and 1412:Bizu 1407:Bizu 1305:and 1297:. 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