65:
708:
1486:
Choi, Jongtae (1994), "The
Aramaic of Daniel: Its Date, Place of Composition and Linguistic Comparison with Extra-Biblical Texts," Ph. D. dissertation (Deerfield, IL: Trinity Evangelical Divinity School)
391:
905:
Biblical Hebrew is the main language of the Hebrew Bible. Aramaic accounts for only 269 verses out of a total of over 23,000. Biblical
Aramaic is closely related to Hebrew, as both are in the
2811:
2816:
369:
416:
2012:
736:
532:
438:
897:
takes an agnostic position and states that the
Aramaic of the Book of Daniel is compatible with any period from the 5th to early 2nd century BC.
2187:
1349:
was consequently abandoned, when further research showed conclusively that the
Aramaic dialect used in the Hebrew Bible was not related to the
338:
219:
214:
2806:
2162:
206:
2177:
2172:
890:
467:
1909:
242:
237:
2723:
1980:
1895:
1808:
1733:
1522:
874:. In 1929, Harold Rowley argued that its origin must be later than the 6th century BC and that the language was more similar to the
385:
250:
661:
142:
2577:
2237:
1217:
701:
571:
333:
2005:
1230:
4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26 – quotations of documents from the 5th century BCE on the restoration of the
410:
2762:
537:
2592:
2182:
2167:
1711:
A Hebrew & Chaldee
Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography
1488:
976:
functions as a conjunction and is often used instead of the construct to indicate the genitive/possessive relationship.
917:
Hebrew and
Aramaic have simplified the inflections of the noun, adjective and verb. These are more highly inflected in
820:
of the western half of his empire in 500 BC, and it is that
Imperial Aramaic that forms the basis of Biblical Aramaic.
2756:
2277:
906:
729:
576:
1466:
The
Aramaic of the Old Testament: A Grammatical and Lexical Study of Its Relations with Other Early Aramaic Dialects
1281:'s claim (cited in William F. Albright' JBL 63 (1944), p. 213, n.28) that it is an Aramaic word meaning "dust".
2801:
2242:
2147:
1691:
2141:
2136:
1998:
1783:
656:
64:
38:
30:
This article is about the
Aramaic portions of the Hebrew Bible. For the use of Aramaic in the New Testament, see
867:
with even the oldest stages of
Biblical Hebrew, the main language of the Hebrew Bible, is easily accounted for.
2455:
2423:
1341:(d. 420), Biblical Aramaic was misnamed as "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee). That label remained common in early
1213:
601:
422:
380:
224:
1824:
Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen: Mit einer Kritischen Erörterung der aramäischen Wörter im Neuen Testament
2569:
2470:
2318:
2123:
1868:
1832:
1818:
626:
611:
561:
396:
196:
184:
165:
1221:
722:
685:
677:
621:
591:
428:
401:
129:
2766:
2752:
2299:
2252:
2232:
2225:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2029:
958:
805:
797:
616:
606:
505:
2713:
2664:
2496:
831:
781:
556:
542:
457:
364:
291:
2703:
2257:
2247:
1278:
1231:
954:
839:
586:
581:
566:
547:
482:
477:
270:
1418:
Saul Shaked, "Aramaic" Encyclopedia Iranica 2 (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), p. 251
2638:
2630:
2558:
2490:
2365:
2327:
2293:
2220:
1954:
1856:
1767:
1743:
1719:
1305:
885:, and so is a good representative of typical Imperial Aramaic, including Jongtae Choi's doctoral
882:
690:
672:
631:
447:
266:
160:
150:
2530:
1938:
784:
of the Jews, which began around 600 BC, the language spoken by the Jews started to change from
2733:
2719:
2685:
2544:
1976:
1891:
1804:
1729:
1665:
1518:
1469:
1381:
1350:
1338:
939:
922:
864:
860:
817:
801:
523:
462:
229:
2693:
2650:
2645:
2634:
2613:
2602:
2551:
2375:
2340:
2303:
2154:
2084:
2021:
1848:
1779:
1759:
1677:
1376:
1371:
1199:
1185:
918:
850:
813:
809:
793:
433:
374:
352:
281:
201:
155:
31:
17:
1920:
1182:
31:47 – translation of a Hebrew placename, Jegar-Sahadutha (Strong's #H3026)
2709:
2699:
2689:
2476:
2394:
2355:
2109:
2104:
2089:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2038:
1966:
1905:
1366:
1342:
1274:
1266:
1244:
1179:
894:
827:
823:
785:
1705:
2782:
2513:
2503:
2464:
2399:
2099:
2094:
1297:
1209:
871:
843:
757:
596:
472:
286:
77:
48:
2795:
2744:
2660:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2483:
2413:
2386:
2288:
2283:
2215:
2068:
1771:
855:
120:
115:
1287:
2537:
1227:
765:
761:
712:
328:
323:
312:
134:
89:
1970:
1883:
1872:
1822:
1798:
1787:
1723:
1709:
1695:
870:
Biblical Aramaic's relative chronology has been debated mostly in the context of
2729:
2523:
2405:
1284:
835:
881:
Others have argued that the language most closely resembles the 5th-century BC
808:
in 539 BC, Aramaic became the main language of public life and administration.
2656:
1763:
651:
301:
99:
1409:
Moshe Beer, "Judaism (Babylonian)" Anchor Bible Dictionary 3 (1996), p. 1080.
909:
language family. Some obvious similarities and differences are listed below:
863:
from the second half of the 8th century BC to the end of the 4th century BC,
772:– Aramaic paraphrases, explanations and expansions of the Hebrew scriptures.
2582:
2431:
2380:
2360:
1682:
1473:
1697:
A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament
2436:
2273:
1800:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
1515:
Basics of Biblical Aramaic: Complete Grammar, Lexicon, and Annotated Text
1346:
1203:
926:
306:
1958:
1942:
2508:
2441:
2370:
2336:
1666:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)"
1354:
1325:
1317:
1294:, in his commentary on the verse, states that the phrase is in Aramaic.
789:
753:
518:
318:
104:
1860:
1836:
1789:
Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
1324: ("purity") and translate the phrase as "embrace purity." See
947:
943:
886:
875:
769:
513:
296:
1747:
1725:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
1308:) to be the Aramaic word for "son" and renders the phrase נשקו-בר (
1990:
1852:
37:"Chaldaic language (misnomer)" redirects here. For other uses, see
2345:
1313:
1291:
1252:
973:
94:
56:
1316:. Jewish sources and some Christian sources (including Jerome's
1255:(I:88b), the word is Aramaic, as the usual Hebrew word would be
1994:
878:
than to the Imperial Aramaic documents available at his time.
1345:, and persisted up to the nineteenth century. The "Chaldean"
830:
and a language of theological learning, and the Jews of the
1541:(Berrien Springs: Andrews University Press, 1972), pp. 5-7.
946:-ā (א) in Aramaic (an emphatic or determined state), but a
834:
that started in 516 BC would have spoken a western form of
1884:"Vir Quadrilinguis? Syriac in Jerome and Jerome in Syriac"
1586:
1304:) is interpreted by some Christian sources (including the
1975:(7th expanded ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
1537:
The following information is taken from: Alger F. Johns,
1290:("כַּתַּר־ לִ֣י זְ֭עֵיר וַאֲחַוֶּ֑ךָּ") –
1947:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
1919:. London: Tyndale Press. pp. 31–79. Archived from
842:
from the 3rd century BC and the eventual emergence of
1517:(2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. pp. x.
1212:
2:4b–7:28 – five stories about
1202:
10:11 – a single sentence denouncing
2743:
2678:
2623:
2568:
2454:
2422:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2266:
2196:
2122:
2077:
2046:
2037:
2028:
1273:, usually translated as "stock" or "fourth part").
1890:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 209–223.
1888:Jerome of Stridon: His Life, Writings and Legacy
1943:"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache"
1337:For many centuries, from at least the time of
2006:
730:
8:
1917:Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel
1874:Die Aramaismen im Alten Testament untersucht
1748:"Why did Jerome Translate Tobit and Judith?"
27:Variety of Aramaic used in the Hebrew Bible
2812:Languages attested from the 5th century BC
2332:
2323:
2043:
2034:
2013:
1999:
1991:
1328:for further discussion of the controversy.
737:
723:
357:
43:
1681:
1646:
1634:
1574:
1562:
1277:, in his commentary on this verse, cites
826:was gradually reduced to the status of a
1188:31:2 – the Aramaic word
984:
1622:
1500:
1393:
446:
55:
1610:
1587:Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859
1451:
1427:
1247:15:1 – the word במחזה (
1206:occurs in the middle of a Hebrew text.
1598:
1269:23:10 – the word רבע (
768:. It should not be confused with the
7:
2817:Languages extinct in the 3rd century
1550:
1312:) as "kiss the Son," a reference to
1192:is used instead of the usual Hebrew
1539:A Short Grammar of Biblical Aramaic
1468:. London: Oxford University Press.
1439:
1300:2:12 – the word בר (
1251:, "in a vision"). According to the
891:Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
25:
1714:. London: Williams & Norgate.
706:
63:
1320:) follow the Hebrew reading of
702:Outline of Bible-related topics
957:and so did not experience the
411:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
2763:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
1972:A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic
1670:Journal of Universal Language
1464:Rowley, Harold Henry (1929).
756:that is used in the books of
538:Historical-grammatical method
2807:Language of the Hebrew Bible
972:In Aramaic, the preposition
18:Chaldaic language (misnomer)
1239:Other suggested occurrences
2833:
2148:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
1784:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel
1752:Harvard Theological Review
1513:Van Pelt, Miles V (2011).
1400:and Gen. 31:47, Jer. 10:11
533:Allegorical interpretation
36:
29:
2776:
2593:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
1764:10.1017/S0017816015000231
1321:
1256:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1002:
872:dating the Book of Daniel
39:Chaldean (disambiguation)
1882:King, Daniel H. (2009).
1803:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
1728:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
423:Novum Testamentum Graece
225:Composition of the Torah
2724:Portuguese-based Creole
1910:"The Aramaic of Daniel"
1797:Gzella, Holger (2015).
1683:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1
1664:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004).
846:in the 3rd century BC.
1837:"The Aramaic Language"
1174:Undisputed occurrences
686:Criticism of the Bible
429:Documentary hypothesis
2767:village sign language
2753:Israeli Sign Language
959:Canaanite vowel shift
806:Neo-Babylonian Empire
798:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
794:Aramaic square script
439:NT textual categories
2603:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
2243:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
1196:, both meaning "son"
838:until their partial
832:Second Temple period
782:Babylonian captivity
386:Internal consistency
292:Samaritan Pentateuch
1906:Kitchen, Kenneth A.
1744:Gallagher, Edmon L.
1720:Gallagher, Edmon L.
1279:Friedrich Delitzsch
1232:Temple in Jerusalem
1169:In the Hebrew Bible
828:liturgical language
220:New Testament canon
215:Old Testament canon
143:Chapters and verses
2631:Jewish Koine Greek
2491:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2238:Judaeo-Palestinian
2078:Reading traditions
1877:. Halle: Niemeyer.
1792:. London: Bagster.
1649:, p. 110-113.
1625:, p. 113-131.
1577:, p. 356-375.
1565:, p. 123-141.
1553:, p. 216-217.
1454:, p. 104-211.
1306:King James Version
955:Canaanite language
901:Aramaic and Hebrew
883:Elephantine papyri
865:linguistic contact
691:Biblical authority
572:Capital punishment
448:Biblical criticism
417:Rahlfs' Septuagint
121:New Testament (NT)
116:Old Testament (OT)
2802:Aramaic languages
2789:
2788:
2783:extinct languages
2720:Judaeo-Papiamento
2674:
2673:
2614:Judaeo-Golpaygani
2545:Judaeo-Portuguese
2450:
2449:
2313:
2312:
2118:
2117:
1869:Kautzsch, Emil F.
1833:Kautzsch, Emil F.
1827:. Leipzig: Vogel.
1819:Kautzsch, Emil F.
1780:Gesenius, Wilhelm
1382:Language of Jesus
1351:ancient Chaldeans
1339:Jerome of Stridon
1333:Chaldean misnomer
1166:
1165:
953:Aramaic is not a
950:h- (ה) in Hebrew.
907:Northwest Semitic
861:Ancient Near East
818:official language
802:Achaemenid Empire
747:
746:
562:Conspiracy theory
491:
490:
230:Mosaic authorship
16:(Redirected from
2824:
2700:Judaeo-Malayalam
2552:Judaeo-Aragonese
2531:Judaeo-Provençal
2477:Judaeo-Livornese
2333:
2324:
2044:
2035:
2022:Jewish languages
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1967:Rosenthal, Franz
1962:
1953:(1–2): 113–131.
1939:Nöldeke, Theodor
1934:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1901:
1878:
1864:
1828:
1814:
1793:
1775:
1739:
1715:
1701:
1700:. London: Asher.
1692:Davies, Benjamin
1687:
1685:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:, p. 17-21.
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1504:
1503:, p. 31–79.
1498:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1377:Israelian Hebrew
1372:Biblical studies
1323:
1258:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
985:
940:definite article
919:classical Arabic
853:had served as a
851:Imperial Aramaic
814:Imperial Aramaic
810:Darius the Great
750:Biblical Aramaic
739:
732:
725:
713:Bible portal
711:
710:
709:
434:Synoptic problem
358:
353:Biblical studies
282:Dead Sea scrolls
243:Petrine epistles
238:Pauline epistles
67:
44:
32:Aramaic of Jesus
21:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2772:
2739:
2710:Judaeo-Georgian
2670:
2619:
2564:
2446:
2418:
2400:Judaeo-Alsatian
2309:
2262:
2253:Judaeo-Tunisian
2233:Judaeo-Moroccan
2226:Judaeo-Baghdadi
2211:Judaeo-Egyptian
2206:Judaeo-Algerian
2192:
2183:Lishanid Noshan
2114:
2073:
2024:
2019:
1989:
1983:
1965:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1881:
1867:
1847:(1–2): 98–115.
1831:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1778:
1742:
1736:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:, p. 1–20.
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1367:Aramaic studies
1363:
1343:Aramaic studies
1335:
1275:Joseph H. Hertz
1241:
1176:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
1003:
983:
935:
915:
903:
895:Kenneth Kitchen
859:throughout the
824:Biblical Hebrew
778:
752:is the form of
743:
707:
705:
704:
696:
695:
682:
668:
646:
638:
637:
636:
552:
528:
501:
493:
492:
487:
406:
390:
379:
355:
345:
344:
343:
276:
275:
256:
255:
251:Johannine works
247:
211:
191:
190:
187:and development
174:
173:
172:
139:
125:
111:
84:
83:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2745:Sign languages
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:Judaeo-Marathi
2654:
2642:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2608:Judaeo-Kashani
2605:
2600:
2598:Judaeo-Shirazi
2595:
2590:
2588:Judaeo-Persian
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2570:Judaeo-Iranian
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2504:Judaeo-Spanish
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2484:Judaeo-Mantuan
2480:
2471:Judaeo-Italian
2468:
2465:Judaeo-Catalan
2460:
2458:
2456:Judaeo-Romance
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:Jewish English
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2124:Judaeo-Aramaic
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1963:
1935:
1902:
1896:
1879:
1865:
1853:10.1086/368803
1829:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1776:
1758:(3): 356–375.
1740:
1734:
1716:
1702:
1688:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:Kautzsch 1884b
1639:
1635:Kautzsch 1884a
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1575:Gallagher 2015
1567:
1563:Gallagher 2012
1555:
1543:
1530:
1523:
1505:
1493:
1479:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1430:, p. 206.
1420:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1355:their language
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1295:
1282:
1264:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1207:
1197:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
988:Proto-Semitic
982:
979:
978:
977:
970:
951:
934:
931:
914:
911:
902:
899:
844:Middle Aramaic
777:
774:
745:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
716:
715:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
681:
680:
675:
669:
667:
666:
665:
664:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
527:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
508:
502:
500:Interpretation
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
488:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
451:
450:
444:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
419:
414:
405:
404:
399:
394:
388:
383:
377:
372:
367:
361:
356:
351:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
336:
334:English Bibles
331:
326:
321:
316:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Masoretic Text
284:
278:
277:
274:
273:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
199:
193:
192:
189:
188:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
147:
146:
145:
138:
137:
132:
126:
124:
123:
118:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
86:
85:
82:
81:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2829:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:Judaeo-Gascon
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2414:Scots-Yiddish
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2387:Klezmer-loshn
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Indo-European
2316:
2305:
2301:
2300:Judaeo-Berber
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2258:Judaeo-Yemeni
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Judaeo-Syrian
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2198:Judaeo-Arabic
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1984:
1982:9783447050210
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:on 2020-10-31
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:9780754664079
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1810:9789004285101
1806:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:9789004228023
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:Fürst, Julius
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1524:9780310493914
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:xvii, 288 pp.
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
986:
981:Sound changes
980:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
912:
910:
908:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:
856:lingua franca
852:
847:
845:
841:
840:Hellenization
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:replaced the
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
720:
718:
717:
714:
703:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
679:
678:Infallibility
676:
674:
671:
670:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
642:
641:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Homosexuality
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
503:
497:
496:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
449:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:
408:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
389:
387:
384:
382:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
349:
348:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2778:
2730:Judaeo-Malay
2644:
2612:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2524:Judaeo-Latin
2522:
2497:Judaeo-Roman
2489:
2482:
2475:
2463:
2404:
2385:
2344:
2287:
2278:Ethiosemitic
2221:Judaeo-Iraqi
2216:Judaeo-Fessi
2178:Lishán Didán
2173:Lishana Deni
2153:
2146:
2131:
1971:
1950:
1946:
1928:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1916:
1887:
1873:
1844:
1840:
1823:
1799:
1788:
1755:
1751:
1724:
1710:
1696:
1673:
1669:
1642:
1630:
1623:Nöldeke 1871
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1501:Kitchen 1965
1496:
1482:
1465:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1336:
1309:
1301:
1270:
1260:
1248:
1193:
1189:
966:
962:
916:
913:Similarities
904:
887:dissertation
880:
869:
854:
848:
822:
804:annexed the
800:. After the
779:
766:Hebrew Bible
749:
748:
645:Perspectives
506:Hermeneutics
421:
409:
329:Luther Bible
324:Gothic Bible
313:Vetus Latina
311:
267:Translations
207:Hebrew canon
135:Antilegomena
130:Deuterocanon
2757:German Sign
2657:Judaeo-Urdu
2406:Lachoudisch
2030:Afroasiatic
1611:Davies 1872
1452:Gzella 2015
1428:Gzella 2015
1310:nashəqū-bar
1222:apocalyptic
933:Differences
836:Old Aramaic
780:During the
543:Inspiration
381:Historicity
339:by language
271:manuscripts
2796:Categories
2714:Kartvelian
2665:Indo-Aryan
2583:Judaeo-Tat
1930:2008-11-02
1599:Fürst 1867
1388:References
1218:colleagues
923:Babylonian
816:to be the
548:Literalism
458:Historical
365:Archeology
302:Septuagint
197:Authorship
185:Authorship
2781:indicate
2704:Dravidian
2559:Zarphatic
2432:Yeshivish
2381:Udmurtish
2376:Ukrainish
2361:Galitzish
2085:Ashkenazi
1969:(2006) .
1835:(1884b).
1821:(1884a).
1772:164400348
1551:King 2009
1259: (
1249:ba-maħaze
1220:, and an
1156:,
812:declared
673:Inerrancy
483:Canonical
478:Redaction
370:Artifacts
151:Apocrypha
80:and books
2686:Krymchak
2639:Hellenic
2437:Yinglish
2341:dialects
2328:Germanic
2294:Cushitic
2188:Betanure
2155:Galilean
2142:Talmudic
2132:Biblical
2110:Tiberian
2105:Yemenite
2090:Sephardi
2064:Medieval
2059:Mishnaic
2054:Biblical
1959:43366019
1941:(1871).
1908:(1965).
1871:(1902).
1841:Hebraica
1786:(1859).
1746:(2015).
1722:(2012).
1708:(1867).
1694:(1872).
1676:: 1–20.
1489:33125990
1474:67575204
1440:Bae 2004
1361:See also
1347:misnomer
1261:ba-mar’e
1216:and his
1204:idolatry
1200:Jeremiah
1186:Proverbs
1162:
1135:
1122:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1041:
1028:
1015:
994:Aramaic
948:prefixed
944:suffixed
927:Ugaritic
622:Violence
607:Serpents
597:Prophecy
592:Muhammad
307:Peshitta
297:Targumim
49:a series
47:Part of
2779:Italics
2734:Malayic
2646:Knaanic
2635:Yevanic
2578:Bukhori
2514:Tetuani
2509:Haketia
2442:Heblish
2395:Western
2371:Poylish
2366:Litvish
2356:Eastern
2337:Yiddish
2168:Hulaulá
2163:Barzani
2100:Italian
2095:Mizrahi
1657:Sources
1326:Psalm 2
1318:Vulgate
1267:Numbers
1245:Genesis
1224:vision.
1180:Genesis
1148:
1114:
1054:
1007:
991:Hebrew
876:targums
790:Aramaic
776:History
770:Targums
764:in the
754:Aramaic
662:Quranic
657:Islamic
652:Gnostic
627:Warfare
617:Slavery
557:Alcohol
519:Midrash
463:Textual
319:Vulgate
105:Ketuvim
100:Nevi'im
2694:Turkic
2690:Karaim
2679:Others
2651:Slavic
2624:Others
2346:argots
2304:Berber
2267:Others
2137:Targum
2069:Modern
2039:Hebrew
1979:
1957:
1894:
1861:527111
1859:
1807:
1770:
1732:
1521:
1472:
1214:Daniel
1210:Daniel
961:from *
792:, and
786:Hebrew
758:Daniel
587:Incest
567:Ethics
524:Pardes
514:Pesher
468:Source
397:Places
392:People
375:Dating
202:Dating
156:Jewish
90:Tanakh
78:Canons
51:on the
2289:Qwara
2284:Kayla
2274:Geʽez
1955:JSTOR
1924:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1857:JSTOR
1768:S2CID
1314:Jesus
1298:Psalm
1292:Rashi
1288:36:2a
1271:rôḇa‘
1257:במראה
1253:Zohar
974:dalet
942:is a
632:Women
582:Humor
402:Names
95:Torah
57:Bible
2047:Eras
1977:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1470:OCLC
1353:and
1228:Ezra
999:ð, δ
938:The
925:and
762:Ezra
760:and
602:Rape
473:Form
269:and
1849:doi
1760:doi
1756:108
1678:doi
1302:bar
1285:Job
1194:ben
1190:bar
965:to
889:at
849:As
788:to
612:Sex
2798::
2688:,
2659:,
2633:,
1951:25
1949:.
1945:.
1915:.
1886:.
1855:.
1843:.
1839:.
1782:;
1766:.
1754:.
1750:.
1672:.
1668:.
1357:.
1322:בר
1263:).
1140:ṣ́
1106:θ̣
1085:שׁ
1072:שׂ
1051:שׁ
929:.
921:,
893:.
166:NT
161:OT
2769:)
2765:(
2759:)
2755:(
2736:)
2732:(
2726:)
2722:(
2716:)
2712:(
2706:)
2702:(
2696:)
2692:(
2667:)
2663:(
2653:)
2649:(
2641:)
2637:(
2349:)
2343:/
2339:(
2306:)
2302:(
2296:)
2292:(
2286:/
2280:)
2276:(
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
1985:.
1961:.
1933:.
1900:.
1863:.
1851::
1845:1
1813:.
1774:.
1762::
1738:.
1686:.
1680::
1674:5
1613:.
1601:.
1589:.
1527:.
1476:.
1234:.
1159:ע
1153:ק
1145:צ
1132:צ
1127:ṣ
1119:ט
1111:צ
1098:ס
1093:s
1080:š
1067:ś
1059:ת
1046:θ
1038:ת
1033:t
1025:ז
1020:z
1012:ד
1004:ז
969:.
967:ō
963:ā
738:e
731:t
724:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
