279:
422:(CNSC), decided to connect seismically-qualified emergency power supplies (EPS) to two of the reactor's cooling pumps (in addition to the AC and DC backup power systems already in place), which had been required as part of its August 2006 operating licence issued by the CNSC. This resulted in a worldwide shortage of radioisotopes for medical treatments because Chalk River made the majority of the world's supply of medical radioisotopes, including two-thirds of the world's
38:
1976:
634:
648:
290:(AECL) was created by the government to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy. AECL also took over operation of Chalk River from the NRC. Since the 1950s, various nuclear research reactors have been operated by AECL for production of nuclear material for medical and scientific applications. At one point in time, the Chalk River Laboratories produced about one-third of the world's
662:
351:
reactor and the reactor building were seriously damaged by hydrogen explosions. The seal of the reactor vessel was blown up four feet, and 4,500 cubic metres (1,200,000 US gal) of radioactive water were found in the cellar of the building. This water was dumped in ditches around 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) from the border of the
470:
and eventually released to the Ottawa River in accordance with CNSC, Health Canada, and
Ministry of the Environment regulations. Although the leakage was not a concern to the CNSC from a health, safety or environmental perspective, AECL made plans for a repair to reduce the current leakage rate for operational reasons.
350:
reactor, which resulted in significant damage to the core. The control rods could not be lowered into the core because of mechanical problems and human errors. Three rods did not reach their destination and were taken out again by accident. The fuel rods were overheated, resulting in a meltdown. The
484:
In mid-May 2009, the heavy water leak at the base of the NRU reactor vessel, first detected in 2008 (see above), returned at a greater rate and prompted another temporary shutdown that lasted until August 2010. The lengthy shutdown was necessary to first completely defuel the entire reactor, then
469:
In an unrelated incident, the same reactor had been leaking 7,001 litres (1,540 imp gal; 1,849 US gal) of light water per day from a crack in a weld of the reactor's reflector system. This water was being systematically collected, purified in an on-site Waste
Treatment Centre,
441:
criticized the CNSC for this shutdown which "jeopardized the health and safety of tens of thousands of
Canadians", insisting that there was no risk, contrary to the testimony of then CNSC President & CEO Linda Keen. She would later be fired for ignoring a decision by Parliament to restart the
502:
The NRU reactor licence expired in 2016. However, the licence was extended to March 31, 2018. The reactor was shut down for the last time at 7 p.m. on March 31, 2018, and has entered a "state of storage" prior to decommissioning operations which will continue for many years within the scope of
396:
was pulled out of the reactor vessel. When the arm of the crane moved away from the vessel, the uranium caught fire and the rod broke. The largest part of the rod fell down into the containment vessel, still burning. The whole building was contaminated. The valves of the ventilation system were
493:
all with remote and restricted access from a minimum distance of 8 metres (26 ft) due to the residual radioactivity in the reactor vessel. The 2009 shutdown occurred at a time when only one of the other four worldwide regular medical isotope sourcing reactors was producing, resulting in a
465:
mentioned that 47 litres (10 imp gal; 12 US gal) of heavy water were released from the reactor, about 10% of which evaporated and the rest contained, but affirmed that the spill was not serious and did not present a threat to public health. The amount that evaporated to the
397:
opened, and a large area outside the building was contaminated. The fire was extinguished by scientists and maintenance men in protective clothing running along the hole in the containment vessel with buckets of wet sand, throwing the sand down at the moment they passed the smoking entrance.
433:, acting on independent expert advice, passed emergency legislation authorizing the restarting of the NRU reactor and its operation for 120 days (counter to the decision of the CNSC), which was passed by the Senate and received
1439:
400:
Both accidents required a major cleanup effort involving many civilian and military personnel. Follow-up health monitoring of these workers has not revealed any adverse impacts from the two accidents. However, the
523:, from Global First Power (GFP), is to be built at Chalk River Laboratories and will be used to power the CNL campus as a demonstration unit. It is then expected that multiple microreactors, each the size of a
511:
The site remains in active use as of 2022. In 2016, 1.2 billion CAD was allotted over ten years to decommission 120 old buildings and build new ones. The new buildings were completed starting in 2020, as the
409:
watchdog group, notes that some cleanup workers who were part of the military contingent assigned to the NRU reactor building unsuccessfully applied for a military disability pension due to health damages.
1531:
1253:
2045:
1362:
374:
officer in
Schenectady, New York, was part of a team of 26 men, including 13 U.S. Navy volunteers, involved in the hazardous cleanup. Two years later the reactor was in use again.
778:
294:, and about half of the North American supply. Despite the declaration of peaceful use, from 1955 to 1985, Chalk River facilities supplied about 254.2 kilograms (560 lb) of
2015:
1203:
2060:
1587:
513:
2055:
737:
418:
On
November 18, 2007, the NRU, which made medical radioisotopes, was shut down for routine maintenance. This shutdown was extended when AECL, in consultation with the
1440:"Innovation Hub: Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) Site Entrance Building, Support and Maintenance Facility, and Science Collaboration Centre, Chalk River, Ontario"
1317:
1755:
610:
604:
1886:
805:
598:
108:
2030:
1299:
1228:
1088:
1337:
446:
should be taken into account in assessing the overall safety concerns of the reactor's operation. The NRU reactor was restarted on
December 16, 2007.
2020:
2000:
1835:
1785:
1673:
1657:
1354:
2025:
2005:
461:
In its formal report to the CNSC, filed on
December 9, 2008 (when the volume of leakage was determined to meet the requirement for such a report)
1177:
2050:
1484:
1123:
234:
technology. CRL has expertise in physics, metallurgy, chemistry, biology, and engineering, and hosts unique research facilities. For example,
2040:
1647:
1580:
1072:
298:, in the form of spent reactor fuel, to the U.S. Department of Energy to be used in the production of nuclear weapons. (The bomb dropped on
2035:
1727:
1688:
1652:
1463:
760:
1775:
1678:
556:
479:
389:
383:
342:
Chalk River was also the site of two nuclear accidents in the 1950s. The first incident occurred on
December 12, 1952, when there was a
2010:
1927:
419:
931:
1980:
1225:"Current Issues - CNSC Report to Minister of Natural Resources regarding recent events at National Research Universal (NRU) Reactor"
1173:
278:
1642:
1573:
713:
1199:
1963:
1907:
1715:
1384:
1152:
677:
462:
402:
287:
263:
155:
364:
1313:
1274:
1049:
1922:
1750:
1612:
562:
1024:
1006:
985:
733:
1869:
1683:
1552:
What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958? (Canadian
Nuclear FAQ, Dr. Jeremy Whitlock)
1547:
What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRX reactor in 1952? (Canadian
Nuclear FAQ, Dr. Jeremy Whitlock)
858:
582:
314:
901:
836:
1515:
1249:
1617:
430:
667:
1942:
1937:
1891:
1854:
1765:
1760:
1627:
863:
1509:
Robert Bothwell, "Nucleus. The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited", University of Toronto Press, 1988.
1224:
1830:
1607:
1596:
702:
392:(NRU) reactor building. Some fuel rods were overheated. With a robotic crane, one of the rods with metallic
255:
174:
1536:
585: – Nuclear Power Demonstration 20MW(e) reactor; located north of CRL in Rolphton, Ontario (1960–1987).
1745:
810:
707:
953:
266:
and operated under contract by the Canadian National Energy Alliance, a private-sector consortium led by
258:. Until the shutdown of its nuclear reactor in 2018, CRL produced a large share of the world's supply of
592:
406:
230:
CRL is a site of major research and development to support and advance nuclear technology, particularly
710:, a nuclear reactor in the Netherlands that produces Europe's supply of isotopes for nuclear medicine
520:
466:
atmosphere is considered to be minor, accounting for less than a thousandth of the regulatory limit.
343:
247:
220:
1115:
1825:
306:
239:
97:
1070:
801:"Canadian Plutonium Sold For American Bombs (letter from Dept. of Energy official, March 4, 1996)"
1845:
524:
371:
235:
17:
1859:
1780:
1405:
1293:
770:
697:
570:
1423:
Moore, M. A (2019). "Modern Integrated Decommissioning at Chalk River Laboratories - 19401".
1874:
1790:
588:
532:
443:
291:
259:
923:
485:
ascertain the full extent of the corrosion to the vessel, and finally to effect the repairs
1879:
1864:
1519:
1076:
1028:
1010:
989:
692:
616:
528:
325:
216:
192:
79:
37:
267:
765:
639:
613: – Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment Reactor (2003–2008; cancelled).
607: – Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment Reactor (2000–2008; cancelled).
591: – Safe Low-Power Kritical Experiment 5 kW Reactor (1970–1976); moved to the
438:
423:
251:
1556:
1994:
1720:
1144:
682:
653:
318:
310:
231:
1562:(see article) Emergency Broadcast Information Only (CRTC Approval November 25, 1998)
1551:
1021:
1003:
1947:
1932:
687:
434:
367:
356:
352:
43:
1912:
455:
243:
1278:
1174:"Chalk River plant to begin making radioisotopes in a week - Canada - CBC News"
442:
reactor, reflecting its policy that the safety of citizens requiring essential
313:, went online in 1962 near the site of Chalk River Laboratories. This reactor,
1546:
1041:
982:
629:
565: – Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (ended operation along with NRU in 2018).
150:
1355:"Canada's NRU reactor in Chalk River is being turned off for good - CBC News"
774:
123:
110:
1338:"'Patients will suffer' from Chalk River shutdown: medical imaging industry"
647:
360:
295:
1485:"Canada's First Small Modular Reactor Project Achieves Licensing Milestone"
868:
1565:
1541:
1031:
What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958?
1004:
What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958?
983:
What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRX reactor in 1952?
893:
832:
559: – National Research Universal 135 MW (thermal) Reactor (1957–2018).
1512:
299:
321:
design, one of the world's safest and most successful nuclear reactors.
1409:
1399:
393:
101:
388:
The second accident, in 1958, involved a fuel rupture and fire in the
1917:
1464:"World's first micro-modular reactor to be built in Chalk River, Ont"
224:
140:
1532:
NRC Archives Photographs - Physics- Atomic Energy Project collection
1250:"Agency says it was told of nuke leak within hours | CTV News"
1795:
1401:
Canadian Nuclear Laboratories: An Asset Management Journey - 19438
576:
277:
1385:"Canadian isotope reactor enters retirement - World Nuclear News"
601: – Tandem Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron (1986–1996).
503:
future operating or decommissioning licences issued by the CNSC.
262:. It is owned by the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories subsidiary of
1800:
1559:
544:
1569:
800:
1770:
1145:"Much more at stake than medical isotopes | Toronto Star"
761:"SNC-Lavalin consortium chosen to run Chalk River nuclear lab"
550:
347:
337:
302:, Japan, used about 6.4 kilograms (14 lb) of plutonium.)
1042:"The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Section D: Safety and Liability"
579: – Zero Energy Deuterium 200W Reactor (1960–present).
547: – Zero Energy Experimental Pile Reactor (1945–1973).
1200:"Harper government fires Linda Keen over isotope crisis"
1089:"Harper accuses Liberals of blocking isotope production"
535:
infrastructure, saving some 200 million litres of fuel.
480:
National Research Universal reactor – 2009 Shutdown
282:
NRX and Zeep buildings, Chalk River Laboratories, 1945
519:
In May 2023, it was announced that the world's first
1116:"Canadian parliament orders isotope reactor restart"
619: – Cosmic Ray Inspection and Passive Tomography
1956:
1900:
1844:
1813:
1736:
1708:
1701:
1666:
1635:
1626:
1542:
Nuclear Accidents at Chalk River: The Human Fallout
172:
162:
149:
139:
93:
85:
73:
65:
50:
384:National Research Universal reactor § History
1022:http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionD.htm#nru1958
573: – Pool Test 10 kW Reactor (1957–1990).
527:, will be built at CNL and transported to remote
514:Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Research Facilities
223:, about 180 km (110 mi) north-west of
363:) of radioactive material was released. Future
2046:Public–private partnership projects in Canada
1581:
806:Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility
734:"Chalk River makes 1st isotopes in 15 months"
403:Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility
8:
1460:First power availability is slated for 2026.
30:
954:"Jimmy Carter's exposure to nuclear danger"
2016:Buildings and structures in Renfrew County
1705:
1632:
1588:
1574:
1566:
311:Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario
36:
29:
888:
886:
2061:Energy accidents and incidents in Canada
458:containing tritium leaked from the NRU.
254:was an early director of CRL and also a
2056:Research institutes established in 1944
725:
42:Chalk River Laboratories seen from the
1513:http://www.cnl.ca/en/home/default.aspx
1298:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1291:
904:from the original on 23 September 2017
894:"Reactor Accidents: The Human Fallout"
833:"DEEP RIVER Neutron Monitor Data Base"
246:in Physics for his pioneering work in
1887:Nuclear Waste Management Organization
1537:Radioisotopes produced at Chalk River
531:where they will replace the existing
250:while at CRL from 1950 to 1962. Sir
7:
1155:from the original on October 2, 2012
27:Research facility in Ontario, Canada
1052:from the original on 6 October 2017
781:from the original on April 15, 2016
390:National Research Universal reactor
346:and partial loss of coolant in the
1928:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
934:from the original on 29 March 2010
420:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
317:(NPD), was a demonstration of the
25:
2031:Nuclear power stations in Ontario
1438:Leland, Dadson (1 October 2021).
1365:from the original on 9 April 2018
813:from the original on 28 June 2008
507:Modernization and decommissioning
309:, a partnership between AECL and
168:Canadian National Energy Alliance
1975:
1974:
1398:Huffman, Allison (1 July 2019).
759:Marowits, Ross (June 26, 2015).
740:from the original on 6 June 2011
714:Science and technology in Canada
660:
646:
632:
553: – NRX Reactor (1947–1992).
209:Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
18:Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
2021:Nuclear accidents and incidents
2001:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
1964:Anti-nuclear movement in Canada
1908:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
1320:from the original on 2012-02-29
1256:from the original on 2009-06-04
1231:from the original on 2013-12-22
1206:from the original on 2012-11-10
1180:from the original on 2010-09-26
1126:from the original on 2009-06-03
1114:Ljunggren, David (2007-12-12).
839:from the original on 2014-11-29
678:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
437:on December 12. Prime Minister
355:. During this accident some 10
288:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
264:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
158:, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
156:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
2026:Nuclear medicine organizations
2006:1944 establishments in Ontario
1198:Citizen, Ottawa (2008-01-16).
328:operated once in Chalk river.
1:
2051:Research institutes in Canada
1462:Dyson, Dylan (May 11, 2023).
2041:Nuclear technology in Canada
1923:Canadian Nuclear Association
1613:Electricity sector in Canada
2036:Nuclear research institutes
1870:McArthur River uranium mine
1684:Nuclear Power Demonstration
736:. CBC.ca. August 18, 2010.
315:Nuclear Power Demonstration
197:Laboratoires de Chalk River
145:3,700 ha (9,100 acres)
2077:
1618:Nuclear industry in Canada
498:NRU shutdown in March 2018
477:
431:House of Commons of Canada
429:On December 11, 2007, the
381:
335:
2011:2007 in Canadian politics
1972:
1836:Plasma Physics Laboratory
1603:
668:Nuclear technology portal
474:2009 NRU reactor shutdown
35:
1943:Ontario Power Generation
1938:Natural Resources Canada
1892:Deep Geologic Repository
1855:Uranium mining in Canada
1821:Chalk River Laboratories
1001:The Canadian Nuclear FAQ
980:The Canadian Nuclear FAQ
864:Canadian Nuclear Society
450:2008 radioactive leakage
189:Chalk River Laboratories
31:Chalk River Laboratories
1831:Whiteshell Laboratories
1608:Energy policy of Canada
1597:Nuclear power in Canada
924:"Jimmy Carter timeline"
857:Jedicke, Peter (1989).
703:Nuclear power in Canada
124:46.050242°N 77.361002°W
1739:and prototype reactors
1737:Research, experimental
1252:. Ctv.ca. 2009-01-27.
1176:. Cbc.ca. 2007-12-13.
1075:April 2, 2008, at the
708:Petten nuclear reactor
283:
196:
75:Field of research
1412:– via OSTI.GOV.
593:University of Toronto
521:micro-modular reactor
454:On December 5, 2008,
281:
260:medical radioisotopes
219:research facility in
129:46.050242; -77.361002
1709:Power plant reactors
529:northern communities
494:worldwide shortage.
248:neutron spectroscopy
242:, received the 1994
1826:McMaster University
1316:. Cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca.
1227:. Cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca.
1095:. December 11, 2007
338:NRX § Accident
307:nuclear power plant
240:McMaster University
120: /
32:
1814:Research locations
1518:2015-11-30 at the
1444:Canadian Architect
1093:The Globe and Mail
1027:2009-01-30 at the
1009:2009-01-30 at the
988:2009-01-30 at the
859:"The NRX Incident"
525:shipping container
284:
236:Bertram Brockhouse
66:Research type
1988:
1987:
1860:McClean Lake mine
1809:
1808:
1697:
1696:
1689:Pickering (A2/A3)
1427:– via OMNI.
1046:www.nuclearfaq.ca
698:Manhattan Project
378:1958 NRU incident
332:1952 NRX incident
238:, a professor at
186:
185:
16:(Redirected from
2068:
1978:
1977:
1957:Public discourse
1875:Rabbit Lake mine
1706:
1633:
1590:
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1277:. Archived from
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867:. Archived from
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539:Major facilities
533:diesel generator
492:
488:
444:nuclear medicine
292:medical isotopes
215:) is a Canadian
205:Chalk River Labs
199:; also known as
177:
164:Operating agency
135:
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125:
121:
118:
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61:
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1991:
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1989:
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1968:
1952:
1896:
1880:Cigar Lake mine
1865:Cluff Lake mine
1840:
1805:
1738:
1732:
1693:
1662:
1622:
1599:
1594:
1528:
1520:Wayback Machine
1506:
1504:Further reading
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1332:
1323:
1321:
1314:"News Releases"
1312:
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1290:
1284:
1282:
1275:"Archived copy"
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344:power excursion
340:
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326:neutron monitor
324:The Deep River
305:Canada's first
276:
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176:Nobel laureates
175:
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80:Nuclear physics
76:
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28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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1746:Advanced CANDU
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151:Affiliations
44:Ottawa River
1913:Bruce Power
1450:(7): 26–27.
1425:WM Symposia
1149:Thestar.com
958:www.cnn.com
875:19 December
817:19 December
785:February 9,
456:heavy water
244:Nobel Prize
127: /
51:Established
1995:Categories
1846:Fuel cycle
1648:Darlington
1557:AM 530 kHz
1324:2013-05-05
1285:2009-02-06
1260:2013-05-05
1235:2013-05-05
1210:2013-05-05
1184:2013-05-05
1159:2013-05-05
1130:2013-05-05
963:2019-06-18
843:2014-11-22
720:References
359:(400
357:kilocuries
221:Deep River
115:77°21′40″W
112:46°03′01″N
98:Deep River
1848:locations
1653:Pickering
775:0839-3222
372:U.S. Navy
370:, then a
296:plutonium
286:In 1952,
1981:Category
1791:SLOWPOKE
1679:Gentilly
1516:Archived
1410:23005335
1369:23 April
1363:Archived
1342:CBC News
1318:Archived
1294:cite web
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1229:Archived
1204:Archived
1178:Archived
1153:Archived
1124:Archived
1073:Archived
1056:23 April
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1007:Archived
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938:23 April
932:Archived
908:23 April
902:Archived
837:Archived
811:Archived
779:Archived
744:15 March
738:Archived
624:See also
595:in 1971.
589:SLOWPOKE
300:Nagasaki
104:, Canada
94:Location
1491:May 12,
1469:May 12,
1120:Reuters
1099:21 July
928:pbs.org
611:MAPLE-2
605:MAPLE-1
394:uranium
274:History
217:nuclear
102:Ontario
86:Address
69:Applied
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1786:STOR-M
1667:Closed
1636:Active
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1359:cbc.ca
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225:Ottawa
193:French
141:Campus
1796:ZED-2
1756:MAPLE
1728:SGHWR
1643:Bruce
617:CRIPT
599:TASCC
577:ZED-2
489:-
405:, an
1801:ZEEP
1751:IMSR
1716:PHWR
1560:CKML
1493:2023
1471:2023
1406:OSTI
1371:2018
1300:link
1101:2020
1058:2018
940:2018
910:2018
877:2021
819:2021
787:2017
771:ISSN
746:2011
563:CNBC
545:ZEEP
463:AECL
213:CRNL
58:1944
54:1944
1781:PTR
1776:NRU
1771:NRX
1766:MTF
1761:MNR
583:NPD
571:PTR
557:NRU
551:NRX
361:TBq
348:NRX
201:CRL
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