Stirling Castle - Knowledge (XXG)

1497: 1336: 1810: 813: 1235: 1217: 1370: 56: 1822: 1607: 1358: 1402:, improvements to the castle's defences were ordered as a matter of priority. A scheme of new defences was proposed by Theodore Dury, although this was criticised by one Captain Obryan, who put forward his own, much more expensive, scheme. In the end a compromise was built, and was complete by 1714. The main front wall was extended outwards, to form Guardhouse Square. This had the effect of creating two defensive walls, both of which were fronted by ditches defended by covered firing galleries known as 666: 1475:

which were probably linked to the Great Hall. The Great Kitchen which is now visible was constructed later, against the east wall of the castle. However, in 1689 these rooms were infilled with rubble to reinforce gun emplacements, known as the Grand Battery, which were built on top of the kitchen's vaults. Excavations in the 1920s ascertained the extent of the surviving rooms, and the vaults were reconstructed in 1929. The small building above the North Gate is traditionally said to have been a

1538: 73: 1767: 1755: 106: 1729: 1743: 1085: 1792: 1247: 1958: 703: 1550: 1779: 1910: 1615: 1423: 1097: 1164:. Many alterations were made to the Great Hall, which became an accommodation block, to the Chapel Royal, which became a lecture theatre and dining hall, to the King's Old Building, which became an infirmary and to the Royal Palace, which became the Officer's Mess. A number of new buildings were also constructed, including the prison and powder magazine, at the Nether Bailey, in 1810. 545: 931:, and then to France in 1548. In the 1550s, during the Regency of Mary of Guise, Anglo-French hostilities were fought out in Scotland. Artillery fortifications were added to the south approach of the castle including the 'French Spur', and these form the basis of the present Outer Defences. Guise employed an Italian military engineer called Lorenzo Pomarelli. From 1534 to 1584 113: 80: 1706:. A £12 million project to recreate the grandeur of the Royal Palace reopened to the public during the weekend of 5 and 6 June 2011. The restoration of the palace and its interiors involved a decade of research and craftsmanship, and restored six royal apartments to how they would have looked in the 1540s, when this was the childhood home of 658:, within sight of the castle walls. The resulting English defeat was decisive. King Edward attempted to take refuge in the castle, but Mowbray was determined to keep to his word, and the English were forced to flee. Mowbray handed over the castle, changing sides himself in the process. King Robert ordered the castle to be 985:. A tennis court was built of timber for the king in 1576. Frequently used as a pawn in the struggles between his regents and the supporters of Mary, the young king was closely guarded. Stirling became the base for James' supporters, while those nobles who wished to see Queen Mary restored gathered at Edinburgh, under 1582:, built in the late 1470s. It includes Renaissance details, such as the intersecting tracery on the windows, within a conventional medieval plan. Inside are five fireplaces, and large side windows lighting the dais end, where the king would be seated. It is 42 by 14.25 m (137.8 by 46.8 ft) across. 1593:

parapet, when the hall was subdivided to form barracks. Two floors and five cross-walls were inserted, and the windows were altered accordingly. As early as 1893, calls were being made for the restoration of the Great Hall, but it was not until the army left in 1965 that the opportunity arose. It was

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were built to strengthen the wall, and to provide gun emplacements. The French Spur was modified slightly to allow more cannons to be mounted. The buildings within Guardhouse Square date from the 19th century. Outside the castle is the early 19th-century Esplanade, used as a parade ground, and now as

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lead his army of Highlanders past Stirling on the way to Edinburgh. Following the Jacobites' retreat from England, they returned to Stirling in January 1746. The town soon surrendered, but the castle governor refused to capitulate. Artillery works were set up on Gowan Hill, but were quickly destroyed

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country; it gave the King of England a whole year to assemble the strength of his dominions... We need not wonder, then, that Bruce was highly incensed, on hearing that, without consulting him, his brother had agreed to Mowbray's proposals." The following summer, the English duly headed north, led by

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being perhaps the most renowned. According to various reports, she has been sighted by a multitude of residents and visitors over the years. One widely circulated narrative posits that the Green Lady was a maidservant who rescued Queen Mary from a perilous situation. Many interpret the apparition of

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across the whole width of Castle Hill. At the centre is the gatehouse itself, which now stands to less than half its original height. The round towers at the outer corners rose to conical roofs, with battlements carried around the tops of the towers. These were flanked by more round towers, of which

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Beyond the North Gate, the Nether Bailey occupies the northern end of Castle Hill. Surrounded by defensive walls, the area contains a 19th-century guard house and gunpowder stores, and the modern tapestry studio. There was formerly access to the Nether Bailey from Ballengeich to the west, until the

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On the east side of the Inner Close is the Great Hall, or Parliament Hall. This was built by James IV following on from the completion of the King's Old Building in 1497, and was being plastered by 1503. Described as "the grandest secular building erected in Scotland in the late Middle Ages", it

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Within the Forework is a courtyard known as the Outer Close. To the south-east are Georgian military buildings; the late 18th-century Main Guard House, and the early 19th-century Fort Major's House. The early North Gate, giving access to the Nether Bailey, contained the original castle kitchens,

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would describe Mowbray's offer, five centuries later, as "a truce involving conditions which ought on no account to have been accepted." As Tytler noted, the effect "was to check the ardour of the Scots in that career of success, which was now rapidly leading to the complete deliverance of their

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The oldest part of the Inner Close is the King's Old Building, located on the western side and completed around 1497. It was begun as a new residential range by James IV, and originally comprised an L-shaped building. The principal rooms were on the first floor, over cellars, and included two

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saw the English in control of Stirling Castle by 1336, when Thomas Rokeby was the commander, and extensive works were carried out, still largely in timber rather than stone. Andrew Murray attempted a siege in 1337, when guns may have been used for one of the first times in Scotland.

1466:, survives to its full height, and is now attached to the later palace. At the east end, the Elphinstone Tower contained a kitchen and possibly an officer's lodging. It was cut down to form a gun battery, probably in the early 18th century when the Outer Defences were rebuilt. 1520:. At the southwest end of the range is a linking building, once used as kitchens, which is on a different alignment to both the King's Old Building and the adjacent Royal Palace. It has been suggested that this is an earlier 15th-century structure, dating from the reign of 1674:. The Renaissance decoration continued inside, although little has survived the building's military use, excepting the carved stone fireplaces. The ceiling of the King's Presence Chamber was originally decorated with a series of carved oak portrait roundels known as the 1487:

or "coining house". To the west of the Outer Close, the main parts of the castle are arranged around the quadrangular Inner Close: the Royal Palace to the south, the King's Old Building on the west, the Chapel Royal to the north, and the Great Hall to the east.

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The Royal Lodgings have now been returned to something approaching their former glory. A major programme of research and re-presentation, lasting ten years and costing £12 million, was completed in summer 2011. Since January 2002, the Tapestry Studio at

1641:, who also financed part of the work, in return for land and favours from the king. Further work was carried out during the regency of Mary of Guise, and the upper floor was converted to provide an apartment for the castle governor in the 18th century. 722:, Regent of Scotland as brother of Robert III, undertook works on the north and south gates. The present north gate is built on these foundations of the 1380s, the earliest surviving masonry in the castle. In 1424, Stirling Castle was part of the 1697:

Some of the portraits are believed to be of kings, queens or courtiers, and others are thought to show classical or Biblical figures. As with the exterior carving, similarities to German sources have been noted, and in particular to a ceiling in

1454:", than for defence, as it would have offered little protection against contemporary artillery. The entrance was via a central passage, flanked by two separate pedestrian passages. This triple arrangement was unusual in its time, and Classical 1884:

There are two gardens within the castle, the southern one including a bowling green. Below the castle's west wall is the King's Knot, a 16th-century formal garden, now only visible as earthworks, but once including hedges and knot-patterned

3959: 838:, but the grandest works were at Stirling, and include the King's Old Building, the Great Hall, and the Forework. He also renovated the chapel royal, one of two churches within the castle at this time, and in 1501 received approval from 1834:

The collegiate chapel established by James IV in 1501 lay between the King's Old Building and the Great Hall, but was further south than the present building. This was the chapel in which Queen Mary was crowned in 1543. However, when

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After their departure, Stirling's role as a royal residence declined, and it became principally a military centre. It was used as a prison for persons of rank during the 17th century, and saw few visits by the monarch. The architect

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Most of the principal buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures remain from the fourteenth century, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the early eighteenth century.

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invited to arbitrate between competing claimants. Edward came north in 1291, demanding that Stirling, along with the other royal castles, be put under his control during the arbitration. Edward gave judgement in favour of

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The castle esplanade, or parade ground, has been used as an open-air concert venue for several noted acts, some of whom have used Stirling Castle and the surrounding scenery to film "in concert" DVDs. These acts include

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chambers with wide open views to the west, although the interiors have been much altered. The projecting stair tower has an octagonal upper section, which was copied for a second, later stair tower on the same building.

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restored roofs and facilities of the castle for the return of James VI & I to Scotland, who stayed in Stirling during July 1617. From 1625, extensive preparations were made for the anticipated visit of the new king,

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prior to the visit of Charles I in 1633. The chapel too was later modified for military use, housing a dining room. The wall paintings were rediscovered in the 1930s, and restoration began after the Second World War.

645:. After several months, on 24 June 1313, Mowbray proposed a bargain: that he would surrender the castle, if it were not relieved within one year by the English. Edward Bruce agreed, and withdrew. Scottish historian 1278:

tapestries, four of which are now hanging in the restored Queen's Presence Chamber in the Royal Palace. Historians studying the reign of James V believe that a similar series of Unicorn tapestries were part of the

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The castle is open to the public year-round. Stirling Castle is a popular place for tourists, and according to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, 609,698 people visited in 2019.

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seized the castle in 1584, but surrendered and fled to England when the King arrived with an army. They returned the following year, forcing the King to surrender, although they proclaimed their loyalty to him.

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agreed that a historically correct restoration could be achieved, and works began which were only completed in 1999. The hammerbeam roof and parapet were replaced, windows reinstated, and the outer walls were

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The Outer Defences comprise artillery fortifications, and were built in their present form in the 18th century, although some parts, including the French Spur at the east end, date back to the regency of

4971: 4741: 4015: 571:, which would last for the next 60 years. The English found Stirling Castle abandoned and empty, and set about occupying this key site. They were dislodged the following year, after the victory of 904:. James V as monarch was said to have travelled in disguise under the name "Gudeman of Ballengeich", after the road running under the eastern wall of the castle. Ballengeich means "windy pass" in 3951: 478:, traditionally the first King of Scotland, besieged a castle at Stirling during his takeover of the Pictish kingdom in the 9th century. Boece is, however, considered an unreliable historian. 1648:. The statues include a line of soldiers on the south parapet, and a series of full-size figures around the principal floor. These principal figures include a portrait of James V, the Devil, 4996: 1634:

detail, it is one of the most architecturally impressive buildings in Scotland, covered with unique carved stonework. It was begun in the 1530s, and was largely complete by the late 1540s.

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To the left of the gatehouse, and forming the south side of the Inner Close, is the Royal Palace. The first Renaissance palace in the British Isles, this was the work of King

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to the south-west of the castle, but after his capture by the English in 1174, he was forced to surrender several castles, including Stirling and Edinburgh Castle, under the

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geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. Its strategic location, guarding what was, until the 1890s, the

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Internally, the Palace comprises two apartments, one each for the king and queen. Each has a hall, presence chamber, and bedchamber, with various small rooms known as

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Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, very much a palace as well as a fortress. Several

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By 1303, the English again held the upper hand, and Stirling was the last remaining castle in Scottish hands. Edward's army arrived in April 1304, with at least 17

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The architecture is French-inspired, but the decoration is German in inspiration, and sources for the statues have been found in the work of the German engraver

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and linseed oil. The gardener, George Campbell, built archery butts next to the stables in 1504. James IV played tennis at Stirling with the Spanish ambassador,

5016: 1116:, later King James VII of Scotland and II of England, visited the castle in 1681. During this time, the castle's military role became increasingly important, a 3613: 3198: 1395:, and was entered via a drawbridge over a ditch. Excavations in the 1970s showed that much of the original stonework remains within the 18th-century defences. 1298:, to inspect the 15th-century originals, and researched medieval weaving techniques, colour palettes and materials. The weavers worked both at the college in 508:

dedicated a chapel there. It appears to have been an established royal centre by this time, as Alexander died here in 1124. During the reign of his successor

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called the "great temple of Solomon", could be finished in time. The chapel, with its Italianate arched windows, was the work of the Royal Master of Works

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in May 1568, the Earl of Mar was ordered step up security at Stirling around the king and expel from the castle all but his closest friends and relatives.

548: 4516: 4451: 1678:, described as "among the finest examples of Scottish Renaissance wood-carving now extant". Some of the heads may have been made by a French-born carver 1029: 1001: 805:. The architecture of these new buildings shows an eclectic mix of English, French and German influences, reflecting the international ambitions of the 3520: 1054:, including works to the gardens and painting of the Chapel Royal. Charles did not come to Scotland until 1633, and only stayed in the castle briefly. 911:

James V continued and expanded his father's building programme, creating the centrepiece of the castle, the Royal Palace, built under the direction of

4072: 1399: 908:. In 1533 a priest James Nicholson was in charge of the building fabric, and he also fed cranes, herons, peacocks, and bitterns for the king's table. 789:

Almost all the present buildings in the castle were constructed between 1490 and 1600, when Stirling was developed as a principal royal centre by the

5026: 1081:, Colonel William Conyngham was obliged to surrender on 14 August. Damage done during the siege can still be seen on the church and the Great Hall. 143: 5001: 3697: 1458:

have been suggested as an influence. The gatehouse was dismantled gradually, and was consolidated in its present form in 1810. At each end of the

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known as an orillon, and contained gun emplacements which protected the main spur. This projecting spur was fronted by an earth ramp called a

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Stirling remained a centre of royal administration until the death of Alexander III in 1286. His passing triggered a succession crisis, with

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The new building was erected within a year, north of the old site to improve access to the hall. There was some doubt if the chapel, which

1005: 989:. Grange led a raid on Stirling in 1571, attempting to round up the Queen's enemies, but failed to gain control of the castle or the King. 754: 204: 3104: 1136:. Government troops, under the Duke of Argyll, quickly moved to occupy the fortress, then advanced to Sheriffmuir to block Mar's way. The 1016:

decided to come to Stirling for the birth of her first child, and James ordered the palace which was in "ruin and decay" to be repaired.

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described the statues as "the fruits of an imagination luxuriant but revolting". The west façade is undecorated and incomplete, and the

1074: 963: 959: 674: 830:, and sought to establish a palace of European standing at Stirling. He undertook building works at the royal residences of Edinburgh, 4693: 4154: 2272: 1809: 1656:. Their arrangement on the north, east and south faces of the Palace has been interpreted in relation to the quarters of the heavens. 1280: 924: 588: 690:"inforsyt it grettumly, for riche he was and full mychty" (enforced it greatly, for rich he was and full mighty). In 1360, Robert de 105: 4623: 4591: 4559: 4440: 4421: 4376: 4357: 4338: 4311: 2382: 1951: 1947: 1335: 1306: 1200: 4255: 4177: 3016: 1851: 892:. His successor, James V (reigned 1513–1542), was crowned in the chapel royal, and grew up in the castle under the guardianship of 2980: 694:

was appointed governor of Stirling Castle, an office he passed on to his son John and grandson William, who was governor in 1399.

4925: 4750: 1840: 1463: 1017: 978: 731: 31: 1524:. Excavations within this building in 1998 revealed burials, suggesting that this may have been the site of a church or chapel. 2153: 1970: 958:. Darnley was already estranged from the Queen and did not attend although he was resident at the castle. James' guardian, the 286: 893: 719: 493:, although it is now thought that the legend of Monenna results from a later confusion of early Christian figures, including 2850: 462:

Other legends have been associated with Stirling, or "Snowdoun" as it was more poetically known. The 16th-century historian

3249: 1061:, and he became the last reigning monarch to stay here, living at the castle in 1650. The Royalist forces were defeated at 5051: 4640: 3056: 1125: 568: 380: 368: 268: 200: 180: 1954:

are located in the King's Old Building. The museum closed for refurbishment on 31 August 2018 and reopened in June 2021.

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of Charles II, the Earl of Mar was restored as governor, and the castle was frequently used as a prison, housing several

1028:, the chapel completed the quadrangle of the Inner Close. Like his predecessors Henry spent his childhood here under the 706:

The north gate of the castle, at the lower left, is probably the oldest part of the castle, dating partly from the 1380s.

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Vajira Premadasa & Michael Pearce, "Digital Visualisation and Design Development in Historic Building Projects",

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only traces now remain, and mirrored by further rounds at the rear of the gatehouse. The overall design, as drawn by

962:, was made hereditary governor of the castle in 1566. Mary was travelling from Stirling when she was abducted by the 769:(reigned 1460–1488) was born here, and later undertook works to the gardens and the chapel royal. The manufacture of 3609: 3194: 1128:

was deprived of the governorship, as well as the post of Scottish Secretary. In response, he raised the standard of

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It was worked on by a number of English craftsmen, and incorporates some English design ideas, being comparable to

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laid siege to the castle on 6 August 1651, erecting gun platforms in the adjacent churchyard. After the garrison

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and masons brought from France. James V also died young, leaving unfinished work to be completed by his widow,

595: 1606: 617:, which destroyed the castle's gatehouse. Although Edward's victory seemed complete, he was dead by 1307, and 4007: 3516: 5046: 1660: 1517: 1513: 1274: 1224: 1141: 1133: 1062: 974: 753:. The Burgundian knights were the victors. In 1452, it was at Stirling Castle that James stabbed and killed 532:

in 1189. Stirling continued to be a favoured royal residence, with William himself dying there in 1214, and

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2010 video Historic Scotland overview of the Stirling Palace project narrated by archaeologist Peter Yeoman

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Pearce, Michael (2018). "A French Furniture Maker and the 'Courtly Style' in Sixteenth-Century Scotland".

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thirty years later. However, there is no archaeological evidence for occupation of Castle Hill before the

452: 528:. There is no evidence that the English actually occupied the castle, and it was formally handed back by 5036: 2029: 1392: 1145: 1137: 1058: 1000:

in April 1578, after his son was fatally wounded during a struggle at the gate. The rebellious Earls of

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being built in the castle gardens, and a formal garrison installed from 1685. At the accession of King

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Next summer, the castle changed hands again, being abandoned by the Scots after the English victory at

2351: 4884: 4789: 4656: 1836: 1690:, Edinburgh. Another two are on display in the Thieves Pot, a preserved 16th-century jail within the 1571: 1431: 1117: 1051: 920: 794: 738: 651: 618: 599: 529: 440: 357: 246: 238: 4124: 781:, fought over almost the same ground as the Battle of Bannockburn, just to the south of the castle. 4774: 1889:. The surviving octagonal earthwork mount was the work of the gardener William Watts and architect 1707: 1631: 1623: 1537: 1521: 1113: 1070: 1033: 947: 816: 798: 727: 556: 509: 242: 229:

Castle dates from at least early 12th century, present buildings mostly built between 1490 and 1600

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curtain wall was a rectangular tower. The west tower, known as the Prince's Tower, probably after

1434:, and was probably completed around 1506. It originally formed part of a Forework, extending as a 1357: 4845: 4670: 3837: 3829: 2657: 2598: 2553: 1923: 1105: 943: 802: 746: 521: 1728: 1406:. One of the caponiers survives and is accessible from Guardhouse Square by a narrow staircase. 4662:

2010 Video showing re-instatement decoration in the Queen's audience chamber of Stirling Palace

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The gatehouse providing entry from the outer defences to the castle proper was erected by King

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Like the Linlithgow structure, the Forework was probably intended more for show, evoking the "

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of 1603, when his father succeeded as King of England and the royal family left for London.

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Queen Mary returned to Scotland in 1561, and visited Stirling Castle frequently. She nursed

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in the chapel royal on 9 September 1543. She too was brought up here, until she was sent to

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The building works begun by James IV had not been completed at the time of his death at the

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kept an alchemist called Caldwell maintaining a furnace for "quinta essencia", the mythical

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Lynch, Michael, 'Queen Mary's Triumph: the Baptismal Celebrations at Stirling in 1566,' in

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retreated into the castle. However, they were quickly starved into surrender by the Scots.

489:. Tradition suggests that St Monenna founded a chapel here, as she is said to have done at 4832: 4820: 4810: 4779: 2693:

Atti e memorie delle RR. Deputazioni di storia patria per le provincie Modenesi e Parmensi

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to escape from the castle during its use as a military prison in the Second World War.

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An illustration of Stirling Castle features on the reverse side of a current series of

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1449, which included a combat between two teams of three, led by the Burgundian knight

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was born in the castle in 1594, and the present Chapel Royal was constructed for his

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was born in 1594, it was decided to rebuild the chapel as a suitable venue for the

1549: 1459: 691: 654:, to save the castle. On 23 June 1314, King Robert's forces met the English at the 638: 606: 572: 561: 494: 463: 4582:

Shire, Helena M (1996). "The King in his House". In Williams, Janet Hadley (ed.).

1988:, Germany, the castle was used to film the exterior shots for the 1970s TV series 1096: 900:

brought 7,000 men to Stirling to wrest control of the young king from his mother,

598:. Edward strengthened the castle, but it was besieged in 1299 by forces including 564:, hoping he would be a "puppet" ruler, but John refused to obey Edward's demands. 2834: 2638: 2114: 1686:

in Stirling but now these are preserved in the castle, and three more are in the

777:, died in Stirling Castle in 1486, and two years later James himself died at the 4907: 4840: 4505: 3245: 1935: 1931: 1590: 1564: 1476: 1443:

in 1693, shows French influence, and has parallels with the forework erected at

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In 1873 a system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted under the

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2011 Video – Historic Scotland artistic overview of the Stirling Palace project

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the Green Lady as a portent of impending danger, often in the form of a fire.

1649: 1265: 1169: 1157: 1109: 847: 412:". It is likely that this natural feature was occupied at an early date, as a 405: 2607:. Vol. III. Edinburgh: HM General Register House. pp. lxxxvi, 379. 942:, through an illness here in 1565, and the two were soon married. Their son, 158: 145: 4872: 4094: 2440: 2007: 1927: 865:

is based on facts, the castle walls may have been the site of an attempt at

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After James' murder in 1437, Joan took shelter here with her son, the young

718:(reigned 1390–1406), the earliest surviving parts of the castle were built. 659: 614: 602:. King Edward failed to relieve the garrison, who were forced to surrender. 413: 314:, is one of the largest and most historically and architecturally important 4719: 2378: 2273:"The largest trebuchet ever built: Warwolf in the Siege of Stirling Castle" 950:. The celebrations included fireworks, an assault on a mock castle, and a 682:, the future King Robert II, retook Stirling in a siege during 1341–1342. 4815: 2011: 1943: 1894: 1886: 1595: 1512:

In 1855, the north end of the building burned down, and was rebuilt in a

1451: 1410: 1403: 1302:, and at a studio at Stirling Castle. The project was completed in 2015. 1161: 723: 444: 319: 311: 3833: 757:, when the latter refused to end a potentially treasonous alliance with 4683: 4674: 4665: 4039:"Scottish museum to re-open to public after multi-million pound revamp" 2587:. Glasgow: Association for Scottish Literary Studies. pp. 295–296. 1873: 1388: 827: 610: 498: 428: 1710:, The project involved the recreation of seven hand-woven tapestries. 826:

James IV (reigned 1488–1513) kept a full Renaissance court, including

504:

The first record of Stirling Castle dates from around 1110, when King

4709: 4326: 3684: 3682: 1985: 1939: 1919: 1703: 1671: 1078: 951: 315: 4008:"Facebook – The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Regimental Museum" 2119:(14th ed.). Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 292 and 438. 641:, the king's brother, laid siege to Stirling, which was held by Sir 4651: 2227:

Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625

3981: 3130: 1956: 1908: 1790: 1699: 1613: 1605: 1495: 1421: 1095: 1083: 811: 701: 664: 543: 424: 396:

Castle Hill, on which Stirling Castle is built, forms part of the

4179:

Scottish Pride: 101 Reasons to Be Proud of Your Scottish Heritage

662:; its defences destroyed to prevent reoccupation by the English. 404:

around 350 million years old, which was subsequently modified by

4330: 1579: 1057:

Following the execution of Charles I, the Scots crowned his son

448: 4723: 4286:

Lacunar Strevelinense, A Collection of Heads in Stirling Castle

3246:"Stirling – 'The Prospect of their Ma'ties Castle of Sterling'" 2983:. Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 1610:

East façade of the Royal Palace with Renaissance-period statues

3481: 2103:

in the 15th century, and the name was later used in poetry by

1195:, the 91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot and the 375:

unsuccessfully tried to take the castle. Stirling Castle is a

1876:

was blocked in response to the threat of Jacobite rebellion.

1667:

noted in 1625 that the building was "schote over the craig".

1363:

The French Spur, part of the outer defences, looking eastward

4688: 973:

The young King James was crowned in July 1567 in the nearby

3956:

An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland

3657:"Doors open after £12m Stirling Castle Royal Palace revamp" 3478:"Doors open after £12m Stirling Castle royal palace revamp" 3053:"Sussex art historian to launch London tapestry exhibition" 2585:

The Poems of William Dunbar: Volume 2, Notes and Commentary

2350:

Anderson, Rev. John (1911). Balfour Paul, Sir James (ed.).

1387:

in the 1550s. The French Spur was originally an ear-shaped

1140:

was inconclusive, but the rising was effectively over. The

734:, establishing a tradition which later monarchs continued. 3690:"Magnificent Tapestries arrive in Stirling's Royal Palace" 3019:. regiments.org. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006 1893:

in 1629. The gardens were built on the site of a medieval

1734:

All 37 heads of the restored ceiling of the King's Chamber

1637:

The Master of Works, until his execution in 1540, was Sir

516:, and the castle an important administration centre. King 3651: 3649: 3079:"Ancient unicorn tapestries recreated at Stirling Castle" 536:

laying out the New Park, for deer hunting, in the 1260s.

431:

at this time. It may later have been a stronghold of the

3880:, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 377: Laing, David, ed., 3741:""Rare Shewes, the Stirling Baptism of Prince Henry" in 1977:, with Robert the Bruce on horseback in the foreground. 4657:

Stirling Palace – research in 2008 by Historic Scotland

4487:

Rebirth of a Palace: The Royal Court at Stirling Castle

1092:

in 1693, and showing James IV's now-demolished Forework

4972:

Category A listed buildings in Stirling (council area)

1901:, in imitation of the legendary court of King Arthur. 485:, associated Stirling with the court of the legendary 2356:. Vol. 8. Edinburgh: David Douglas. p. 256. 977:, and grew up within the castle walls in the care of 451:

control after the defeat of the Northumbrians at the

4257:

Ghosts: The Truth Behind History's Spookiest Spirits

2873:

427:

instead, but the rock may have been occupied by the

4918: 4803: 4757: 4295:

Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland

4095:"ALVA – Association of Leading Visitor Attractions" 3612:. The Words of the Lost Penguin. 22 December 2009. 416:is located on Gowan Hill, immediately to the east. 292: 280: 275: 260: 252: 233: 225: 220: 210: 196: 191: 174: 137: 41: 4611: 3807:"The 'Great Temple of Solomon' at Stirling Castle" 2898: 2836:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 1426:The Forework, entry to the main part of the castle 4997:Historic house museums in Stirling (council area) 1618:The Royal Palace and the Queen Anne walled garden 923:, was brought to Stirling Castle for safety, and 686:was appointed as its keeper, who in the words of 669:Mowbray refuses to let Edward II into the castle. 4431:Glendinning, Miles; MacKechnie, Aonghus (2004). 3037:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3017:"93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot" 3001:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2151:Farmer, David Hugh (14 April 2011). "Modwenna". 1567:-influenced royal architecture in that country. 1305:Stirling Castle remains the headquarters of the 869:, c.1509, by the Italian alchemist and abbot of 861:If a satirical account in two poems by the poet 773:in the castle is recorded in 1475. James' wife, 567:In 1296, Edward invaded Scotland, beginning the 4652:Stirling Castle – Historic Environment Scotland 4452:"The Royal Court and the Community of Stirling" 4230:"VisitScotland launches Scotland's Ghost Trail" 3189: 3187: 2833:Fritze, Ronald H.; Robison, William B. (1996). 2604:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland 2373:. Indianapolis: W. B. Burford. pp. 27–29. 2010:exist in relation to Stirling Castle, with the 1589:was removed in 1800, along with the decorative 1189:91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 981:and under the tutelage of the humanist scholar 360:, in 1542, and others were born or died there. 5032:Tourist attractions in Stirling (council area) 5012:Scottish parliamentary locations and buildings 4127:. The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. 2419:Chivalry and Knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513 1197:93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 1153:, the Jacobites withdrew north on 1 February. 4735: 1961:Castle gardens in front of the Prince's Tower 379:, and is now a tourist attraction managed by 8: 4696:, early images of Stirling Castle (archived) 4408:Gifford, John; Walker, Frank Arneil (2002). 3984:. Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Museum. 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3154: 3152: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2883: 2881: 2716: 2714: 2403: 2401: 2336: 2334: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2237: 2235: 2188:. London: The British Topographical Society. 1994:, a drama about the many attempts of Allied 1858:. The interior was decorated by the painter 1240:The restored fireplace in the King's Chamber 613:". Warwolf is believed to have been a large 5022:Buildings and structures in Stirling (city) 4603:Stirling Castle, its place in Scots history 4517:"The Stirling Heads and The Stirling Smith" 3313: 3311: 2733:, vol. 69, 1, no.187 (April 1990), pp. 1–21 2077: 2075: 2073: 1652:, and representations of Venus and several 1555:The interior of the Great Hall facing north 4742: 4728: 4720: 4125:"Current Banknotes : Clydesdale Bank" 3805:Campbell, Ian; Mackenzie, Aonghus (2011). 3337:"Stirling Castle: the King's Old Building" 2765:HMC Manuscripts of Earls of Mar and Kellie 2664:, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905), pp. 96–7, 206. 2528: 2526: 2478:"Historic Scotland / Kirkdale Archaeology" 2475:Detailed research on the 1540 palace from 1409:To the rear of the walls, chambers called 1228:tapestries in the Queen's Presence Chamber 1069:, and the King marched south to defeat at 38: 3570:Register of the Privy Council of Scotland 3392: 3390: 1659:The 19th-century architectural historian 1149:by the castle's guns. Despite victory at 356:have been crowned at Stirling, including 5007:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland 4153:. Colditz the TV Series. November 2011. 3371: 3369: 3367: 2691:Amadio Ronchini, 'Lorenzo Pomarelli' in 2258: 2256: 1504:stained glass in the King's Old Building 1203:with its depot in the barracks in 1881. 741:. He hosted a tournament at Stirling on 4987:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Stirling 4952:12th-century establishments in Scotland 3055:. University of Sussex. 16 April 2013. 2875:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1891), pp. 517–8. 2640:Black's Picturesque Tourist of Scotland 2185:History of the Chapel Royal of Scotland 2051: 763:Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford 345:in the region from the earliest times. 112: 79: 3962:from the original on 14 September 2010 3137:from the original on 10 September 2016 3030: 2994: 2484:from the original on 24 September 2015 1942:. The esplanade also hosts the city's 1156:From 1800 the Castle was owned by the 423:bypassed Stirling, building a fort at 30:For ships named after the castle, see 4689:The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 4075:from the original on 8 September 2012 3919:from the original on 22 November 2017 3523:from the original on 22 November 2017 3488:from the original on 5 September 2018 3133:. Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. 2706:Register of the Privy Seal: 1581–1584 2571:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland 2542:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland 2128: 2126: 1516:style by the architect and historian 92:Location within Stirling council area 7: 5017:Renaissance architecture in Scotland 4706:Stirling Castle in Black & White 3751:from the original on 1 December 2017 3700:from the original on 11 January 2012 3085:from the original on 8 November 2016 2897:Goodwin, Stephen (30 January 1999). 2853:from the original on 20 October 2017 2823:, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 245. 2780:, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1978), p. 131. 2778:Accounts of the Treasurer: 1574–1580 2662:Accounts of the Treasurer: 1531–1538 2637:Black, Adam; Black, Charles (1861). 2558:Accounts of the Treasurer: 1500–1504 2036:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland 1543:The Great Hall following restoration 1272:has been working on a recreation of 749:and James Douglas, a brother of the 371:, with the last being in 1746, when 4554:(2nd ed.). Sutton Publishing. 4393:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4371:. B.T. Batsford/Historic Scotland. 4254:Felix, Rebecca (21 December 2015). 4131:from the original on 3 October 2008 3893:Glendinning & McKechnie, p. 68. 3743:Journal of the Northern Renaissance 3610:"Thieves Pot and Bastion, Stirling" 2746:, vol. 3 (London, 1843), pp. 16–17. 2708:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 349. 2583:Bawcutt, Priscilla Bawcutt (1998). 2573:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), p. 386. 2560:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 448. 2544:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 277. 1400:attempted Jacobite invasion of 1708 1347:Aerial view of the interior castle 1317:is also located within the castle. 675:second War of Scottish Independence 673:The war was not over, however. The 4967:Castles in Stirling (council area) 4586:. Tuckwell Press. pp. 62–96. 4524:The Forth Naturalist and Historian 4459:The Forth Naturalist and Historian 4293:Billings, Robert Williams (1852). 4105:from the original on 13 April 2015 2283:from the original on 26 March 2020 2099:Stirling was called "Snowdoun" by 1795:An original Stirling Head, James V 1414:a car park and performance space. 819:, builder of the Royal Palace, by 637:castles were held by the English. 25: 4618:. BT Batsford/Historic Scotland. 4297:. Vol. 4. Oliver & Boyd. 4157:from the original on 16 June 2018 4049:from the original on 28 June 2021 3988:from the original on 16 June 2018 3851:from the original on 8 March 2022 3777:from the original on 20 July 2018 3739:Bath, Michael (18 January 2013). 3616:from the original on 17 July 2018 3449:from the original on 15 June 2018 3343:from the original on 17 July 2018 3339:. Historic Environment Scotland. 3296:from the original on 16 June 2018 3201:from the original on 15 June 2018 3111:from the original on 17 June 2016 3059:from the original on 17 July 2018 2821:Calendar of State Papers Scotland 2367:Jeffries, Jennie Forsyth (1920). 1980:Due to its similar appearance to 1952:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1307:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1201:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 271:(1296–1357); sieges in 1651, 1746 4018:from the original on 8 June 2022 3667:from the original on 4 June 2011 3252:from the original on 8 June 2022 2911:from the original on 25 May 2022 1820: 1808: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1727: 1563:represents the first example of 1548: 1536: 1368: 1356: 1334: 1245: 1233: 1215: 1185:72nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot 979:Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar 935:was in charge of the artillery. 720:Robert Stewart, Earl of Menteith 111: 104: 78: 71: 54: 32:Stirling Castle (disambiguation) 5027:Tourist attractions in Scotland 4037:Hannan, Martin (28 June 2021). 3941:(Edinburgh, 2015), pp. 178–182. 2767:, vol. 2 (London, 1930), p. 28. 2695:(Modena, 1868), pp. 264–5, 271. 2370:A History of the Forsyth Family 2154:The Oxford Dictionary of Saints 726:(marriage settlement) given to 474:, fortified Stirling, and that 367:, including several during the 363:There have been at least eight 287:James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar 5002:Regimental museums in Scotland 2839:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2225:Dunbar, Sir Archibald H.,Bt., 1132:, the "Old Pretender", in the 948:baptised here in December 1566 710:Under the early Stewart kings 60:Aerial view of Stirling Castle 1: 4992:Wars of Scottish Independence 4700:Video view of Stirling Castle 4641:Historic Environment Scotland 4605:(2nd ed.). Eneas Mackay. 3572:, vol. 13, Edinburgh, p. 708. 2090:Gifford & Walker, p.42–43 1950:and Home Headquarters of the 1313:in Edinburgh since 2014. The 1126:John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar 996:was ejected by supporters of 913:Sir James Hamilton of Finnart 569:Wars of Scottish Independence 381:Historic Environment Scotland 369:Wars of Scottish Independence 269:Wars of Scottish Independence 201:Historic Environment Scotland 18:Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle 4982:Royal residences in Scotland 4715:360° tour can be found here. 1827:The interior of Chapel Royal 1491: 1286:The team of weavers visited 1179:and the barracks became the 877:. The Captain of the Castle 755:William, 8th Earl of Douglas 447:in 655. The area came under 335:farthest downstream crossing 4957:12th-century fortifications 4645:"Stirling Castle (SM90291)" 4507:Scotland's Stewart Monarchs 3952:"King's Knot: Site History" 2802:, John Donald (2003), p.57. 2319:(William Tait, 1845) p. 270 2041:List of castles in Scotland 2025:Governor of Stirling Castle 1688:National Museum of Scotland 987:William Kirkcaldy of Grange 842:for the establishment of a 759:John of Islay, Earl of Ross 341:, has made it an important 5068: 4977:Listed castles in Scotland 4702:on ScotlandonTV (archived) 4485:Harrison, John G. (2011). 4450:Harrison, John G. (2007). 3884:(Edinburgh, 1858), p. 107. 3590:Pearce (2018), pp. 129–30. 2731:Scottish Historical Review 2532:Gifford & Walker, p.45 1626:. With its combination of 1292:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1088:Stirling Castle, drawn by 994:Alexander Erskine of Gogar 992:The keeper of the Castle, 940:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 625:. By 1313, only Stirling, 549:Statue of Robert the Bruce 377:Scheduled Ancient Monument 329:, which forms part of the 322:. The castle sits atop an 125:Stirling Castle (Scotland) 29: 4601:Stair-Kerr, Eric (1928). 4367:Fawcett, Richard (1995). 3915:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3826:10.1017/S0066622X00004019 3773:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3519:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3506:Dunbar (1999), pp.50, 221 3445:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3292:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3197:. Undiscovered Scotland. 2417:Stevenson, Katie (2006). 2229:, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 116 1665:Privy Council of Scotland 1639:James Hamilton of Finnart 1464:Henry, Prince of Scotland 1168:visited in 1842, and the 581:Battle of Stirling Bridge 365:sieges of Stirling Castle 354:Scottish Kings and Queens 298:Hereditary office of the 65: 53: 46: 4751:British royal residences 4610:Tabraham, Chris (1997). 4550:McKean, Charles (2004). 4302:Cruden, Stewart (1981). 4176:Duncan, Heather (2004). 3882:Letters of John Colville 3728:10.14236/ewic/EVA2013.36 3105:"Armed Forces: location" 2776:Charles Thorpe McInnes, 2755:Fraser 1994, pp. 314–317 2742:Strickland, Agnes, ed., 2645:Adam & Charles Black 2425:. pp. 52–3, 72–66. 2182:Rogers, Charles (1882). 1692:Thistles Shopping Centre 1628:Renaissance architecture 1199:amalgamated to form the 714:(reigned 1371–1390) and 468:Historia Gentis Scotorum 4926:Former royal residences 4584:Stewart Style 1513–1542 4530:: 51–60. Archived from 4504:Higgins, James (2020). 4465:: 29–50. Archived from 4435:. Thames & Hudson. 3982:"Welcome to the museum" 3939:Scotland's Lost Gardens 3861:(subscription required) 2744:Letters of Mary Stewart 2599:Paul, Sir James Balfour 2315:Patrick Fraser Tytler, 1913:Stirling Castle in 2017 1518:Robert William Billings 1275:The Hunt of the Unicorn 1225:The Hunt of the Unicorn 1142:Jacobite rising of 1745 1134:Jacobite rising of 1715 1100:Stirling Castle in 1900 975:Church of the Holy Rude 919:. His infant daughter, 551:on the castle esplanade 470:that the Romans, under 4931:Historic Royal Palaces 4515:King, Elspeth (2007). 4350:Scottish Royal Palaces 2113:Scott, Walter (1825). 1962: 1914: 1796: 1619: 1611: 1505: 1427: 1101: 1093: 823: 707: 670: 552: 453:Battle of Dun Nechtain 265:Sieges and occupations 4489:. Historic Scotland. 4433:Scottish Architecture 4414:Buildings of Scotland 4348:Dunbar, John (1999). 4321:Dunbar, John (1975). 3958:. Historic Scotland. 3902:Fawcett, pp. 79, 109. 3814:Architectural History 3722:(2013), pp. 173–180. 3643:Dunbar (1975), p. 26. 3581:Dunbar (1975), p. 21. 3248:. Slezer's Scotland. 3081:. BBC. 23 June 2015. 2800:Scotland under Morton 2385:on 15 September 2010. 2030:Banknotes of Scotland 2006:Numerous accounts of 1960: 1912: 1794: 1630:, and exuberant late- 1617: 1609: 1499: 1425: 1146:Charles Edward Stuart 1138:Battle of Sheriffmuir 1114:James, Duke of Albany 1099: 1087: 815: 779:Battle of Sauchieburn 705: 668: 656:Battle of Bannockburn 647:Patrick Fraser Tytler 547: 373:Bonnie Prince Charlie 237:Significant works by 5052:Mary, Queen of Scots 4885:Thatched House Lodge 4694:Clan Stirling Online 4552:The Scottish Chateau 4537:on 24 September 2015 4472:on 24 September 2015 4288:. William Blackwood. 3634:Dunbar (1975), p. 2. 3599:King, (2007), p. 56. 3568:Masson, David, ed., 3270:Fawcett, pp.100, 104 2328:Stair-Kerr, pp.31–33 2116:The Lady of the Lake 2111:, among others. See 2032:(featured on design) 1252:Replica of a bedroom 1024:. Probably built by 1022:baptism on 30 August 921:Mary, Queen of Scots 867:human-powered flight 540:Wars of Independence 530:Richard I of England 512:, Stirling became a 481:Another chronicler, 358:Mary, Queen of Scots 276:Garrison information 159:56.12389°N 3.94778°W 128:Show map of Scotland 95:Show map of Stirling 4775:Hillsborough Castle 4391:Mary Queen of Scots 4304:The Scottish Castle 3661:BBC News (Scotland) 3384:Dunbar (1999), p.47 3317:Dunbar (1999), p.41 2647:. pp. 180–181. 2317:History of Scotland 1897:arena known as the 1708:Mary Queen of Scots 1492:King's Old Building 1034:Union of the Crowns 775:Margaret of Denmark 557:Edward I of England 205:Ministry of Defence 155: / 48:Stirling, Scotland 4846:Nottingham Cottage 4837:Kensington Palace 4614:Scotland's Castles 4571:Regional Furniture 4352:. Tuckwell Press. 4323:The Stirling Heads 4284:Anonymous (1817). 4204:"Haunted Scotland" 4071:. British Castle. 2704:Gordon Donaldson, 2658:James Balfour Paul 2554:James Balfour Paul 2279:. 9 October 2019. 1963: 1946:celebrations. The 1924:Ocean Colour Scene 1915: 1797: 1620: 1612: 1506: 1428: 1222:Replica of one of 1102: 1094: 844:college of priests 824: 785:Renaissance palace 747:Jacques de Lalaing 708: 671: 553: 256:Still in use today 164:56.12389; -3.94778 27:Castle in Scotland 4939: 4938: 4863:Sandringham House 4790:St James's Palace 4785:Kensington Palace 4765:Buckingham Palace 4496:978-1-84917-055-0 4400:978-0-297-17773-9 4267:978-1-5157-3068-2 4189:978-0-8065-2552-5 4182:. Citadel Press. 4069:"Stirling Castle" 3694:Historic Scotland 3326:Fawcett, pp.36–37 3290:"The Outer Close" 3107:. UK Parliament. 2981:"Training Depots" 2970:Stair-Kerr, p.132 2961:Stair-Kerr, p.131 2938:Stair-Kerr, p.118 2846:978-0-313-28391-8 2682:Fawcett, pp.65–66 2643:(15th ed.). 2627:Fawcett, pp.53–54 2614:978-0-11-490488-3 2520:Fawcett, pp.46–47 2432:978-1-84383-192-1 2353:The Scots Peerage 2168:978-0-19-959660-7 2132:Stair-Kerr, p.2–3 2101:William Worcester 1948:Regimental Museum 1654:planetary deities 1445:Linlithgow Palace 1315:regimental museum 1262:West Dean College 1207:Twentieth century 1040:Military fortress 1012:In December 1593 929:Inchmahome Priory 890:Battle of Flodden 885:, at the castle. 850:was painted with 840:Pope Alexander VI 821:Corneille de Lyon 688:Andrew of Wyntoun 585:William FitzWarin 526:Treaty of Falaise 483:William Worcester 400:, a formation of 305: 304: 16:(Redirected from 5059: 4903:Frogmore Cottage 4893:Adelaide Cottage 4744: 4737: 4730: 4721: 4648: 4629: 4617: 4606: 4597: 4578: 4565: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4511: 4500: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4456: 4446: 4427: 4410:Central Scotland 4404: 4382: 4363: 4344: 4317: 4298: 4289: 4272: 4271: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3663:. 6 April 2011. 3653: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3443:"The Great Hall" 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3195:"Outer defences" 3191: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3159: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2798:Hewitt, George, 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2569:Thomas Dickson, 2567: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2473: 2467: 2466:, (1958), 36–44. 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2381:. Archived from 2364: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2216:Stair-Kerr, p.16 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2157:(5th ed.). 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2109:Sir Walter Scott 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2056: 1860:Valentine Jenkin 1824: 1815:The Chapel Royal 1812: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1731: 1552: 1540: 1500:The arms of the 1456:triumphal arches 1372: 1360: 1338: 1311:Redford Barracks 1281:royal collection 1249: 1237: 1219: 1193:Childers Reforms 1191:. Following the 1177:Cardwell Reforms 968:Lochleven Castle 964:Earl of Bothwell 933:Michael Gardiner 589:Marmaduke Thweng 491:Edinburgh Castle 476:Kenneth MacAlpin 192:Site information 187: 170: 169: 167: 166: 165: 160: 156: 153: 152: 151: 148: 129: 115: 114: 108: 96: 82: 81: 75: 58: 49: 39: 21: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5056: 4962:Stirling Castle 4942: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4914: 4833:Highgrove House 4821:Craigowan Lodge 4811:Balmoral Castle 4799: 4780:Holyrood Palace 4753: 4748: 4639: 4636: 4626: 4609: 4600: 4594: 4581: 4568: 4562: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4519: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4430: 4424: 4407: 4401: 4387:Fraser, Antonia 4385: 4379: 4369:Stirling Castle 4366: 4360: 4347: 4341: 4320: 4314: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3937:Marilyn Brown, 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3913:"Nether Bailey" 3911: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3795:Fawcett, p. 73. 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3696:. 20 May 2011. 3688: 3687: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550:Shire, pp.76–79 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3484:. 4 June 2011. 3476: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3029: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2905:The Independent 2896: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2847: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2656: 2652: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2433: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2141:Stair-Kerr, p.4 2140: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2112: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2021: 2004: 1975:Clydesdale Bank 1907: 1882: 1869: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1802: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1774: 1773: 1772:A Roman Emperor 1770: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1684:Smith Institute 1680:Andrew Mansioun 1604: 1587:hammerbeam roof 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1530: 1502:Earl of Douglas 1494: 1472: 1452:age of chivalry 1420: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1328: 1323: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1220: 1209: 1170:Prince of Wales 1118:powder magazine 1106:The Restoration 1067:Oliver Cromwell 1042: 1030:2nd Earl of Mar 1014:Anne of Denmark 983:George Buchanan 896:. In 1515, the 807:Stewart dynasty 787: 751:Earl of Douglas 700: 577:William Wallace 542: 437:Penda of Mercia 402:quartz-dolerite 394: 389: 308:Stirling Castle 294: 282: 213:the public 212: 203: 183: 163: 161: 157: 154: 149: 146: 144: 142: 141: 133: 132: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 119:Stirling Castle 116: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87: 86:Stirling Castle 83: 61: 47: 42:Stirling Castle 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5047:James VI and I 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4795:Windsor Castle 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Clarence House 4767: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4635: 4634:External links 4632: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4579: 4566: 4560: 4547: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4447: 4441: 4428: 4422: 4405: 4399: 4383: 4377: 4364: 4358: 4345: 4339: 4318: 4312: 4299: 4290: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4246: 4221: 4210:. October 2017 4208:HeraldScotland 4195: 4188: 4168: 4142: 4116: 4086: 4060: 4029: 3999: 3973: 3943: 3930: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3874:Cameron, Annie 3866: 3797: 3788: 3771:"Chapel Royal" 3762: 3745:, no.4 (2012)" 3731: 3711: 3678: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3508: 3499: 3469: 3460: 3434: 3432:Fawcett, p.110 3425: 3423:Fawcett, p.109 3416: 3414:Fawcett, p.103 3407: 3398: 3386: 3377: 3363: 3361:Fawcett, p.107 3354: 3328: 3319: 3307: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3237: 3221: 3219:Fawcett, p.104 3212: 3183: 3174: 3160: 3148: 3122: 3096: 3070: 3044: 3008: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2889: 2877: 2871:David Masson, 2864: 2845: 2825: 2813: 2804: 2791: 2782: 2769: 2757: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2710: 2697: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2650: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2601:, ed. (1901). 2590: 2575: 2562: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2468: 2462:Mackie, R.L., 2455: 2446: 2431: 2421:. Woodbridge: 2409: 2397: 2388: 2359: 2342: 2330: 2321: 2308: 2294: 2264: 2262:Tabraham, p.49 2252: 2243: 2231: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2174: 2167: 2143: 2134: 2122: 2092: 2083: 2069: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2003: 2000: 1982:Colditz Castle 1973:issued by the 1906: 1903: 1881: 1878: 1868: 1865: 1839:'s first son, 1826: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1783: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1721:Stirling heads 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714:Stirling heads 1712: 1676:Stirling Heads 1661:R. W. Billings 1646:Hans Burgkmair 1603: 1600: 1554: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1493: 1490: 1471: 1468: 1419: 1416: 1398:Following the 1374: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1326:Outer defences 1324: 1322: 1319: 1290:, part of the 1251: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1166:Queen Victoria 1041: 1038: 902:Margaret Tudor 863:William Dunbar 856:Pedro de Ayala 786: 783: 743:Shrove Tuesday 699: 698:Early Stewarts 696: 684:Maurice Murray 680:Robert Stewart 643:Philip Mowbray 541: 538: 466:claims in his 439:besieged King 433:Manaw Gododdin 393: 390: 388: 385: 303: 302: 296: 290: 289: 284: 278: 277: 273: 272: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 181:grid reference 178: 176:Grid reference 172: 171: 139: 135: 134: 124: 118: 117: 110: 109: 103: 102: 101: 100: 91: 85: 84: 77: 76: 70: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5064: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:Gatcombe Park 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4625:0-7134-7965-5 4621: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4593:1-898410-82-8 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4561:0-7509-3527-8 4557: 4553: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4442:0-500-20374-1 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4423:0-300-09594-5 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4378:0-7134-7623-0 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4359:1-86232-042-X 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4340:0-11-491310-2 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4313:0-7157-2088-0 4309: 4306:. Spurbooks. 4305: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4247: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4169: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3559:Billings, p.3 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 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