506:
967:
743:
667:
680:
654:
712:
571:
44:
858:
830:
633:
582:
547:
939:
900:
606:
524:
1395:
698:
817:
105mm gun for trials in 1969. It was intended for export and did not enter service. Finland attempted to carry out the gun upgrade to the L7 on their
Charioteers already in the early 1960s, but an export permit for the new gun was not granted at the time. The gun is similar in appearance and based
496:
While the vehicle was originally intended to operate with a 3-man crew, the commander's visibility from the turret was restricted during firing. This meant a 4th crew member was added as an external observer, meaning they would get out of the vehicle and relay information to the crew inside. The
399:
Additional defensive armour was welded to the
Cromwell hull in keeping with the Cromwell VII standard, but the turret upgrade focused on offensive capability. Weight limitations on the suspension prevented the use of heavier armour on the turret, and whilst sloped to increase the effective
809:
In
Jordanian Army use the vehicle was altered with upgraded electrically driven turret traverse motors, and a larger commander's cupola mounting a .50 calibre machine gun. These traverse-motors were driven from a separate electrical supply. Different radio equipment was also fitted.
340:
and
Cromwell tanks was retained in service, but the Cromwell's 75mm armament lacked the punch to deal with more modern potential foes. With an increased requirement for anti-tank performance in the interim, an up-gunning of Cromwell was needed. This was to incorporate the same
441:. While an expected production run of 630 was indicated in 1951, the production was cut short and the exact number produced is unclear. The first 200 were expected by March 1953 with a further 200 following in 1954. The actual number produced is believed to be 442.
407:
Even with this size increase, stowage for the larger ammunition rounds was severely limited. The hull machine gunner's position was removed to provide additional stowage space for ammunition, but the vehicle still carried only 25 rounds. Some conventional
774:
Production was based on a mixed fleet of
Cromwell VI, VII, VIIw and VIII vehicles of mixed hull types. While all were upgraded to VII standard, some hull differences remained based on the vehicle's past. As a result, the vehicle continued to be known as
403:
The turret ring was slightly increased in size to accommodate the larger gun, but the size limitation of the
Cromwell hull meant that the new turret would need to be much larger and taller around it. This gave the vehicle a much higher profile.
448:
considered it as the fifth-worst
British tank produced. His particular criticisms were mostly about the bulky, thin-armoured turret, but also about it being considered as a tank rather than restricted to being an extemporised tank destroyer.
597:
bought a total of 38 "Charioteer Mk VII Model B", 3 in 1958 and 35 in 1960. They were removed from wartime organisation in 1972, but they remained in training use until 1980. 15 were stored until 2007 when they were auctioned
472:
The number of vehicles required was cut, and only a small number entered service. Manufacturing of the modification was halted with around 440 of 630 vehicles completed. Surplus vehicles were sold to
348:
Mounting the gun required a new two-man turret to be developed. The resulting vehicle was initially named FV4101 Cromwell Heavy AT Gun, but renamed 'Charioteer' before entering service.
396:
standard, and fire extinguisher pulls were re-routed to the two track-side bins. A large armoured telephone box was fitted to the vehicle rear for communication with infantry.
1972:
1894:
1235:
1967:
1311:
786:
The
Ordnance QF 20 pounder was upgraded during production and service, and many vehicles were fitted with the later 20 pounder featuring a symmetrical
1455:
818:
on the original, but can be distinguished by an offset fume extractor (larger at the top). This vehicle survives at the East of
England Tank Museum.
1861:
997:
A Charioteer turret with the later version 20pdr with the fume extractor is on display (rather poor condition) at Fort Paull near Hull in the UK.
1268:
1229:
385:
were fitted to both sides of the turret. A flap to the turret rear allowed spent shell casings from the gun to be ejected from the vehicle.
1428:
924:
1272:
1605:
1125:
1007:
445:
1664:
843:
419:
A mixed collection of
Cromwells were upgraded, resulting in a number of variations in design based on the vehicle's previous format.
1695:
1354:
724:
462:
457:
During development and manufacture the British Army went through two re-organisations, resulting in the tanks being reassigned to
366:. This has caused confusion with tank destroyers in many references, although the vehicle was designed for, and remained in, the
1539:
1057:
Conqueror was intended to have a 120 mm gun. A few early Conquerors were equipped with a 20-pdr Centurion turret as the Caernavon
413:
298:. The vehicle itself was a modified Cromwell with a more powerful gun installed in a relatively lightly armoured two-man turret.
1078:
433:
Building on the remaining Cromwell tanks as a basis, the tanks were converted by Robinson and Kershaw Ltd at their works in
1448:
756:
1218:
621:
equipped two squadrons (24 vehicles) of their 3rd Tank Regiment in 1954. Some of the Jordanian Charioteers were sold to
505:
732:
121:
1948:
1848:
1624:
1188:
378:
229:
1871:
1754:
1709:
1531:
1465:
671:
283:
1801:
1441:
1297:
489:. The tanks were used by a number of forces in the Middle East through instability in the region, such as the
382:
1370:
1856:
1824:
813:
Beyond the original requirement, further up-gunning was attempted. A single vehicle was upgraded with the
336:
heavy tank was still under development to take on the primary anti-tank role. A mixed force of Centurion,
1549:
374:
342:
214:
1433:
1762:
1579:
728:
645:
559:
111:
1146:
British Tanks 1946-1970, An illustrated record of the British armoured fighting vehicle; published by
994:
testbed 105mm Charioteer at the East of England Tank Museum, previously with the National Army Museum.
1739:
497:
large size of the turret meant the vehicle was best used in a hull down position, firing over cover.
458:
322:
287:
107:
1879:
1595:
256:
29:
Medium Tank built from Cruiser Tank (based on weight, speed, calibre of gun, armor, and the text.).
362:
Design focused primarily on anti-tank capabilities, sharing much in common with American WWII-era
1932:
1927:
1917:
871:
717:
690:
658:
562:
used 56 vehicles from 1956 till 1965. Turrets of retired Charioteer tanks were fixed in Austrian
509:
409:
243:
125:
1129:
1809:
1424:
1350:
1342:
1261:
1225:
952:
814:
392:
Model B style fishtail exhausts and no hull-mounted machine gun. Most hulls were reworked to
1838:
1744:
1610:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1334:
1040:, a tank with similar armour characteristics, design commencing around the same time (1956).
1012:
648:
received 43 vehicles, passed on in 1976 to several Lebanese or Palestinian warring factions.
1159:"Fighting Vehicle 4101 Cromwell Heavy Anti-tank gun"; prototype technical description from
877:
Another Finnish Charioteer is on outdoor display near the main entrance of Army Academy in
1786:
1690:
1200:
1160:
1147:
980:
889:
466:
363:
1346:
1772:
1569:
1564:
1018:
972:
913:
787:
748:
701:
684:
618:
333:
329:
286:
British armoured fighting vehicle. It was produced in the 1950s to up-gun units of the
76:
49:
1961:
1832:
1791:
1781:
1722:
1680:
1654:
1644:
1600:
1024:
780:
769:
465:. These tanks replaced tank destroyers and self-propelled guns transferred from the
428:
393:
357:
291:
1912:
1884:
1649:
1574:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1486:
878:
594:
570:
302:
103:
99:
65:
43:
1082:
574:
Former Austrian Army Charioteer tank at the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum in Vienna
317:
In the early Cold War during the 1950s, plans to combat a potential invasion from
1922:
536:
490:
318:
306:
233:
61:
1335:
17:
1685:
1307:
1182:
434:
389:
337:
1717:
1030:
1469:
928:
885:
438:
295:
892:
garrison, however it can only been seen when grounds are open to public.
863:
835:
697:
638:
622:
587:
552:
513:
486:
478:
474:
332:
was slower than production of 20-pounder guns, while the larger-gunned
305:, but was used more extensively by overseas nations in Europe and the
1937:
1659:
984:
944:
917:
905:
611:
563:
529:
482:
400:
protection, the new turret was much thinner armour at 20โ30 mm.
388:
Hulls were based on the later Cromwell VII standard, modified with
1889:
1814:
1639:
1219:"Ylijohdon reservi : suomalaisen panssaritaktiikan vuosisata"
991:
956:
569:
504:
1478:
1302:
367:
1437:
68:(based on weight, speed, calibre of gun, armor, and the text.).
309:. Charioteers saw action in conflicts in the Middle-East.
263:
1423:, Vanguard series 19, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1981.
790:
mid-barrel. Those without the fume extractor were dubbed
1184:
Bottom 5 British Tanks โ David Fletcher โ The Tank Museum
1132:
magazine (published by After the Battle), Number 60, 1997
1895:
Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle (CRARRV)
1027:, the Cruiser (medium) tank the Charioteer was based on.
704:
operated unknown number of tanks between 1976 and 1980.
693:
operated unknown number of tanks between 1976 and 1983.
687:
operated unknown number of tanks between 1976 and 1978.
674:
operated unknown number of tanks between 1980 and 1993.
661:
operated unknown number of tanks between 1976 and 1977.
539:
operated unknown number of tanks between 1952 and 1962
512:(LAA) soldiers on top of a captured Charioteer tank,
1021:, the Cruiser (medium) tank sharing the same weapon.
1903:
1870:
1847:
1823:
1800:
1771:
1753:
1708:
1673:
1632:
1623:
1588:
1557:
1548:
1530:
1477:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1035:
884:A Finnish Charioteer is on outdoor display also in
262:
251:
239:
220:
205:
192:
184:
176:
168:
160:
155:
144:
136:
131:
117:
95:
87:
82:
72:
57:
34:
870:A Finnish Charioteer is on outdoor display in the
727:operated several ex-Lebanese vehicles against the
1262:"Suomalaisen panssaritaktiikan kehitys 1945-1970"
325:formation to be equipped with the Cromwell tank.
345:(84 mm) gun as used in the Centurion Mk 3.
1371:"The King of Jordan Royal Tank Museum โ Part 1"
1079:"Finnish Defence Forces sale of used equipment"
377:gun. This was mounted with a co-axial 0.30 in
140:Robinson and Kershaw Ltd, Dukinfield, Cheshire
1449:
412:were carried, but the primary ammunition was
8:
1142:
1140:
1138:
951:A Jordanian Charioteer is on display at the
1629:
1554:
1456:
1442:
1434:
31:
1973:Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s
1396:FV4101 Tank Medium, Charioteer (E1965.3)
798:while those with the upgrade were named
1212:
1210:
1208:
1070:
1050:
469:to the RAC during the re-organisation.
1949:UK unarmoured or non-fighting vehicles
1421:Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78
1300:[Old tanks come up for sale].
923:A Charioteer is on outdoor display in
912:A Charioteer is on outdoor display in
1413:AFV Profile No. 25 Cromwell and Comet
1269:National Defence University (Finland)
1241:from the original on 2 September 2021
1120:
7:
1968:Cold War tanks of the United Kingdom
1314:from the original on 9 February 2023
1278:from the original on 9 February 2023
1199:Vehicle index cards, 00ZW01-04ZW42,
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1015:, later known as the Chieftain tank.
925:Israel Defense Forces History Museum
759:was the main operator of Charioteer.
301:Charioteer saw limited use with the
1008:List of FV series military vehicles
280:FV4101 Tank, Medium Gun, Charioteer
1890:FV434 Armoured Maintenance Vehicle
1298:"Vanhaa panssarikalustoa myyntiin"
25:
725:Palestine Liberation Organisation
196:3 crew (4 with external observer)
1224:(in Finnish). Edita Publishing.
965:
937:
898:
856:
828:
741:
710:
696:
678:
665:
652:
631:
604:
580:
545:
522:
414:Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot
42:
777:Charioteer, Mks. 6, 7, 7w and 8
731:in Southern Lebanon during the
429:Cromwell tank ยง Production
373:The new turret used the larger
294:during the early phases of the
979:A Charioteer is on display at
842:An Austrian Charioteer in the
145:
1:
1013:FV4201 Tank, Medium Gun, no.2
770:Cromwell tank ยง Variants
848:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum
1849:Combat engineering vehicles
1625:Armoured personnel carriers
733:1978 South Lebanon conflict
358:Cromwell tank ยง Design
228:7.62 mm (0.3 in)
122:1978 South Lebanon conflict
1989:
1872:Armoured recovery vehicles
1710:Infantry mobility vehicles
1606:Fox reconnaissance vehicle
1466:armoured fighting vehicles
1260:Varha, Ilja (March 2017).
844:Museum of Military History
767:
426:
410:High Explosive (HE) shells
379:M1919 Browning machine gun
355:
1946:
1933:Vickers MBT Mk. 4 Valiant
1755:Internal security vehicle
1532:Infantry fighting vehicle
383:Smoke grenade dischargers
213:84 mm (3.3 in)
200:
73:Place of origin
41:
1904:Experimental, prototype,
1802:Self-propelled artillery
1857:Terrier Armoured Digger
1825:Self-propelled anti-air
1550:Reconnaissance vehicles
1411:Bingham, James (1971),
1217:Jouko, Petteri (2019).
575:
517:
375:Ordnance QF 20 pounder
290:continuing to use the
215:Ordnance QF 20 pounder
1763:Shorland Armoured Car
1333:Young, Peter (1972).
914:Yad la-Shiryon Museum
729:Israel Defense Forces
646:Lebanese Armed Forces
573:
508:
461:units of the British
1601:Saladin armoured car
1415:, Profile Publishing
459:Royal Armoured Corps
323:Royal Armoured Corps
288:Royal Armoured Corps
108:Royal Jordanian Army
1880:Centurion ARV Mk II
1130:Wheels & Tracks
416:projectiles (APDS)
1918:FV4401 Contentious
1419:Steven J. Zaloga,
1150:, 2nd edition 1973
872:Parola tank museum
691:South Lebanon Army
659:Lebanese Arab Army
576:
518:
510:Lebanese Arab Army
444:British historian
244:Rolls-Royce Meteor
132:Production history
126:Lebanese Civil War
1955:
1954:
1928:Vickers MBT Mk. 3
1833:Alvis Stormer HVM
1704:
1703:
1619:
1618:
1375:nodicenoglory.com
1343:Osprey Publishing
1310:. 31 July 2007 .
1231:978-951-37-7588-9
953:Royal Tank Museum
815:Royal Ordnance L7
284:post-world-war II
272:
271:
16:(Redirected from
1980:
1630:
1596:Ferret scout car
1555:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1416:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1223:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1133:
1122:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1075:
1058:
1055:
1039:
1037:
971:
969:
968:
943:
941:
940:
904:
902:
901:
862:
860:
859:
834:
832:
831:
779:with hull types
757:Territorial Army
747:
745:
744:
716:
714:
713:
700:
683:
682:
681:
670:
669:
668:
657:
656:
655:
637:
635:
634:
610:
608:
607:
586:
584:
583:
551:
549:
548:
528:
526:
525:
516:, 1 January 1978
463:Territorial Army
268:32 mph (51 km/h)
265:
230:Browning M1919A4
147:
46:
37:
32:
21:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1905:
1899:
1866:
1843:
1819:
1796:
1787:FV438 Swingfire
1773:Tank destroyers
1767:
1749:
1700:
1669:
1615:
1584:
1544:
1526:
1473:
1462:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1341:. Men-at-Arms.
1337:The Arab Legion
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1201:The Tank Museum
1198:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1161:The Tank Museum
1158:
1154:
1148:The Tank Museum
1145:
1136:
1128:, published in
1124:Charioteer, by
1123:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1085:on 14 July 2009
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1033:
1004:
981:The Tank Museum
966:
964:
938:
936:
899:
897:
890:Karelia Brigade
857:
855:
829:
827:
824:
800:Charioteer VIIB
792:Charioteer VIIA
772:
766:
742:
740:
711:
709:
679:
677:
672:Lebanese Forces
666:
664:
653:
651:
632:
630:
605:
603:
581:
579:
546:
544:
523:
521:
503:
467:Royal Artillery
455:
431:
425:
364:tank destroyers
360:
354:
315:
276:Charioteer Tank
246:
225:
223:
210:
208:
201:
124:
110:
106:
102:
88:In service
83:Service history
53:
35:
30:
23:
22:
18:Charioteer tank
15:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
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1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
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1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
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1789:
1784:
1777:
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1768:
1766:
1765:
1759:
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1735:
1732:
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1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:FV107 Scimitar
1567:
1565:FV101 Scorpion
1561:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
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1453:
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1431:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1377:. 29 July 2019
1362:
1355:
1325:
1306:(in Finnish).
1289:
1267:(in Finnish).
1252:
1230:
1204:
1192:
1164:
1152:
1134:
1126:David Fletcher
1096:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1019:Centurion Tank
1016:
1010:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
988:
976:
975:
973:United Kingdom
961:
960:
948:
947:
933:
932:
921:
909:
908:
894:
893:
882:
875:
867:
866:
852:
851:
839:
838:
823:
820:
788:fume extractor
765:
762:
761:
760:
752:
751:
749:United Kingdom
737:
736:
721:
720:
706:
705:
702:Tigers Militia
694:
688:
685:Al-Mourabitoun
675:
662:
649:
642:
641:
627:
626:
619:Jordanian Army
615:
614:
600:
599:
591:
590:
568:
567:
556:
555:
541:
540:
533:
532:
502:
499:
454:
451:
446:David Fletcher
424:
421:
353:
350:
330:Centurion Mk 3
328:Production of
314:
311:
270:
269:
266:
264:Maximum speed
260:
259:
253:
249:
248:
241:
237:
236:
226:
221:
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158:
157:
156:Specifications
153:
152:
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142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
129:
128:
119:
115:
114:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
77:United Kingdom
74:
70:
69:
59:
55:
54:
50:Yad La-Shiryon
48:Charioteer at
47:
39:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1945:
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1792:FV102 Striker
1790:
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1782:Humber Hornet
1779:
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1734:Wolfhound TSV
1733:
1730:
1728:Ridgeback PPV
1727:
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1645:FV103 Spartan
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1429:0 85045 388 7
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1025:Cromwell Tank
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560:Austrian Army
558:
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531:
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320:
319:Soviet forces
312:
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292:Cromwell tank
289:
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135:
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127:
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120:
116:
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112:Lebanese Army
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
1885:FV106 Samson
1650:FV105 Sultan
1522:Challenger 3
1517:Challenger 2
1512:Challenger 1
1496:
1420:
1412:
1405:Bibliography
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1336:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1195:
1155:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1073:
1053:
879:Lappeenranta
850:) in Vienna.
847:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
776:
773:
595:Finnish Army
495:
471:
456:
443:
432:
418:
406:
402:
398:
387:
372:
361:
347:
327:
316:
303:British Army
300:
279:
275:
273:
137:Manufacturer
104:Finnish Army
100:British Army
96:Used by
66:Cruiser Tank
26:
1923:Vickers MBT
1862:Trojan AVRE
1810:FV433 Abbot
1731:Mastiff PPV
1718:Panther CLV
1681:Saracen APC
1345:. pp.
537:Kuwait Army
491:Six-Day War
313:Development
307:Middle East
234:machine gun
148: built
91:1952 - 1980
64:built from
62:Medium Tank
36:Charioteer
1962:Categories
1913:FV301 tank
1725:variants:
1686:Humber Pig
1497:Charioteer
1318:9 February
1308:Alma Media
1282:9 February
1245:9 February
1065:References
781:D, E and F
768:See also:
435:Dukinfield
427:See also:
423:Production
356:See also:
343:20 pounder
252:Suspension
188:2.5 metres
180:3.1 metres
172:8.8 metres
1740:Husky TSV
1507:Chieftain
1502:Conqueror
1492:Centurion
1034:– (
1031:Leopard 1
822:Survivors
718:Palestine
501:Operators
334:Conqueror
255:Improved
222:Secondary
164:28.5 tons
1837:tracked
1745:Foxhound
1470:post-war
1464:British
1312:Archived
1273:Archived
1236:Archived
1002:See also
929:Tel Aviv
886:Valkeala
764:Variants
566:systems.
439:Cheshire
296:Cold War
257:Christie
232:coaxial
224:armament
209:armament
52:, Latrun
1780:FV1620
1674:Wheeled
1665:Warthog
1655:Stormer
1633:Tracked
1589:Wheeled
1558:Tracked
1540:Warrior
1468:of the
1381:23 June
1189:YouTube
1089:31 July
1036:Germany
888:inside
864:Finland
846:(HGM -
836:Austria
804:Model B
796:Model A
639:Lebanon
623:Lebanon
588:Finland
553:Austria
514:Lebanon
487:Lebanon
479:Finland
475:Austria
453:Service
1938:MBT-80
1906:export
1839:Rapier
1723:Cougar
1660:Viking
1611:Jackal
1427:
1353:
1228:
985:Dorset
970:
945:Jordan
942:
918:Latrun
906:Israel
903:
861:
833:
746:
715:
636:
612:Jordan
609:
585:
564:bunker
550:
530:Kuwait
527:
483:Jordan
394:Type F
370:role.
352:Design
282:was a
247:600 hp
240:Engine
185:Height
169:Length
1815:AS-90
1696:Boxer
1691:Saxon
1640:FV432
1575:Sabre
1487:Comet
1479:Tanks
1349:โ28.
1276:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1239:(PDF)
1222:(PDF)
1045:Notes
992:FVRDE
987:, UK.
957:Amman
390:Comet
338:Comet
278:, or
177:Width
1580:Ajax
1425:ISBN
1383:2022
1351:ISBN
1320:2023
1303:MTV3
1284:2023
1247:2023
1226:ISBN
1091:2007
755:The
598:off.
485:and
368:tank
274:The
207:Main
193:Crew
161:Mass
118:Wars
58:Type
1472:era
1187:on
990:Ex-
983:in
955:in
927:in
916:in
802:or
794:or
151:442
146:No.
1964::
1373:.
1347:27
1271:.
1234:.
1207:^
1167:^
1137:^
1099:^
806:.
783:.
493:.
481:,
477:,
437:,
381:.
1457:e
1450:t
1443:v
1385:.
1359:.
1322:.
1286:.
1249:.
1093:.
1038:)
959:.
931:.
920:.
881:.
874:.
735:.
625:.
20:)
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