333:. This group favored an armistice to end the Civil War because they opposed the war itself. Most components of Copperhead ideology centered on the mistrust of the implications the war presented to American society. In particular, the aim to free the slaves had become an issue that some white natives of Illinois took issue with. The Civil War had split the country into factions, either side chose to support or oppose the aim to reincorporate the Southern states back into the Union. The Copperheads believed the Lincoln Administration had been out of line by abolishing slavery. Some citizens of Coles County accepted the ideology that it was not in the best interest of the country to free the slaves. Although the exact number is hard to gauge it has been estimated, by Victor Hicken in
364:″January 1864, three-fourths of the Regiment re-enlisted, as veteran volunteers, and were mustered February 9, 1864. Left for Mattoon, Illinois, for veteran furlough, March 28. Veteran furlough having expired, the Regiment re-assembled at Mattoon. The same day an organized gang of Copperheads, led by Sheriff O’Hair, attacked some men of the Regiment at Charleston, killing Major Shubal York, Surgeon, and four privates, and wounding Colonel G. M. Mitchell. One hour later the Regiment arrived from Mattoon and occupied the town, capturing some of the most prominent traitors.″
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Nelson Wells, citizen (copperhead); John Cooper, citizen (copperhead). The wounded include: Colonel G.M. Mitchell, Fifty-fourth
Illinois; Privates William H. Decker, Company G, Landford Noyes, Company I, and George Ross, Company C, Fifty-fourth Illinois; citizens Thomas Jeffers, William Giolman, Young E. Winkler, Robert Winkler, John W. Herndon, and George J. Collins. Colonel G.M. Mitchell prepared this list as part of a report he sent to Lieutenant Colonel James Oakes on April 8, 1864.
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method of dissent. By killing Union soldiers, who had become the emblem of
Federal government control, the Copperheads were attempting to project their anger toward the government. The draft, a strong central government, and racism fueled the Copperheads support within the county. In March 1864, these national tensions boiled over in the small town of Charleston, creating one of the most interesting events in the history of the county.
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waived the prisoners' right to Habeas Corpus and ordered their removal to Fort
Delaware in the East. He ordered their release on November 4, 1864. Two of the prisoners had been indicted for murder and were exonerated by trial in December, 1864. Twelve other Copperheads had also been indicted for murder. They were never captured, and the indictments were annulled in May 1873.
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In the end, the
Charleston Riot provides a good example of how local events of Coles County history have fit into national currents as well. The Copperheads of Coles County had been different from other dissenting groups from around the country, in that they chose to use physical violence as their
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soldiers had been in town that day. Also many sources speculate that a sizable portion of the participants, at least on the side of the Peace
Democrats, had been drinking quite heavily all day, and this led to the outbreak that resulted in the confrontation. At any rate, the fighting only lasted a
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to assist the soldiers fighting in
Charleston, but by the time their train arrived, none of the instigators were left in the town. Fifteen prisoners were eventually held for seven months, initially in Springfield, Illinois. President Lincoln, whose father and stepmother had lived in Coles County,
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The nine men killed include: Major
Shuball York, Fifty-fourth Illinois Infantry; Privates Oliver Sallee and James Goodrich, Company C, and John Neer and Alfred Swim, Company G, Fifty-fourth Illinois Infantry; Private William G. Hart, Sixty-second Illinois Infantry; John Jenkins, citizen (loyal);
285:, by incorporating the fears that the federal government's war effort sought to usurp the constitution. The copperheads incorporated a racial component to their disdain for the Republican war effort, as Montgomery points out, that emancipated
337:, that Coles County had been a significant pocket of Copperhead sympathizers. This idea is supported by the fact that John O’Hair, the leader of the Copperheads, had been the sheriff of Coles County during the Civil War.
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The terms
Copperheads and Butternuts were used to describe the larger movement, which has been known as Peace Democrats. This political affiliation which stirred up support, as David Montgomery points out in
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272:. Out of those killed, only two had been Copperheads, Nelson Wells and John Cooper; the other participants had been either captured or escaped. Other Union troops were called in from
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217:. By the time the riot had subsided, nine were dead and twelve had been wounded. It is generally thought that one of the events that triggered the riot was the treatment of Judge
264:. Rewards had been issued for the capture of any of those whom fled the scene. Included in those who left town, was John O’Hair, the leader of the Copperheads, who had been the
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by Union soldiers. The soldiers humiliated
Constable by making him swear allegiance to the federal government, due to his decision to allow four Union deserters to go free in
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Barry, Peter J. "The
Charleston Riot and its Aftermath: Civil, Military, and Presidential Responses", Journal of Illinois History, 7(Summer 2004):82–106
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Towne, Stephen E. (Spring 2006). "Such conduct must be put down: The Military Arrest of Judge Charles H. Constable during the Civil War".
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The news coverage of the event stated that the Peace Democrats were responsible for beginning the event. One such news source, from the
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Official Records (War of the Rebellion – A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies), Vol. 125, 635.
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Barry, Peter J. The Charleston, Illinois Riot, March 28, 1864, 3 Road Lake Park, Champaign, IL. 2007, 283 pages, 15 pictures
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Sampson, Robert D., "Pretty Damned Warm Times: The 1864 Charleston Riot and 'the inalienable right of revolution.'"
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List of Depositions for March 28, 1864 Charleston Riot, Coles County Courthouse, Charleston.
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Dg, Cw. “Riot and Murder in Charleston, Illinois.” Civil War Daily Gazette, 27 Nov. 2013
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few moments. But by the time the affair was over, the Copperheads had been run out of
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The Copperheads represented a political affiliation that was staunchly opposed to
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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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For the Charleston, South Carolina, riot of 1919, see
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The Charleston riot took place around this courthouse
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Riots and civil unrest during the American Civil War
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283:Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans
370:records the riot in the Regimental Battle Honors
297:, Copperheads sought to unite opposition to the
213:clashed with local insurgent Democrats known as
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457:Illinois Copperheads: Analyzing the Documents
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685:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
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1624:Mass racial violence in the United States
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
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47:This article includes a list of general
708:2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest
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383:List of multiple homicides in Illinois
289:would flood the North, because of the
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1680:Political riots in the United States
1645:Riots and civil disorder in Illinois
763:in the history of the United States
1660:Illinois in the American Civil War
1586:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
393:List of Battles Fought in Illinois
106:Illinois in the American Civil War
53:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1574:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
471:History of Coles County, Illinois
1306:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
1176:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
1089:New York anti-abolitionist riots
975:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
713:George Floyd protests in Chicago
582:Trumbull Park race riots of 1953
562:Airport Homes race riots of 1946
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1423:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
567:Fernwood Park race riot of 1947
466:89 no. 2 (Summer 1996): 99–116.
354:54th Illinois Infantry Regiment
197:occurred on March 28, 1864, in
653:1905 Chicago Teamsters' strike
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1675:History of racism in Illinois
1580:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
851:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
664:Memorial Day massacre of 1937
547:Springfield race riot of 1908
359:The Adjutant General's Report
317:Coles County, Illinois, 1875.
1685:19th-century political riots
1218:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1194:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
946:Gloucester County Conspiracy
675:1966 Chicago West Side Riots
598:Marquette park racial unrest
572:Englewood race riots of 1949
552:East St. Louis riots of 1917
177:1 Republican shopkeep killed
1199:Philadelphia nativist riots
928:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
856:New York Conspiracy of 1741
464:Illinois Historical Journal
442:Journal of Illinois History
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1447:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
1398:Marais des Cygnes massacre
1392:Battles of Franklin's Fort
1245:1811 German Coast uprising
922:Philadelphia Election riot
542:Danville race riot of 1903
519:Riots and civil unrest in
459:compiled by Terry Barnhart
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1516:New York City draft riots
1499:New York City Police riot
1481:Detroit race riot of 1863
587:Dixmoor race riot of 1964
557:Chicago race riot of 1919
368:Dyer's Regimental History
335:Illinois in the Civil War
293:. Using racially charged
291:Emancipation Proclamation
247:, later reprinted in the
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1540:Cincinnati riots of 1855
1223:1831 Snow Town race riot
1140:Cincinnati riots of 1841
1135:Cincinnati riots of 1836
1130:Cincinnati riots of 1829
577:Cicero race riot of 1951
469:Wilson, Charles Edward,
1535:Cincinnati riot of 1853
617:Banditti of the Prairie
453:Charleston Plain Dealer
68:more precise citations.
29:Charleston riot of 1919
1690:1860s political events
1452:Baltimore riot of 1861
1250:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1170:Philadelphia race riot
1059:Abolition Riot of 1836
1053:Ursuline Convent riots
455:, March 31, 1864; and
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1545:Battle of Fort Fizzle
1475:Detroit brothel riots
1368:Pottawatomie massacre
897:War of the Regulation
861:Battle of Golden Hill
692:Weatherman riot, 1969
669:Division Street riots
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165:Casualties and losses
1598:Southern bread riots
1511:Buffalo riot of 1862
1386:Battle of Osawatomie
1380:Battle of Fort Titus
1374:Battle of Black Jack
1125:1792 Cincinnati riot
958:Chesapeake rebellion
885:Culpeper's Rebellion
331:abolition of slavery
219:Charles H. Constable
182:2 Copperheads killed
125:Charleston, Illinois
1404:Battle of the Spurs
1362:Sacking of Lawrence
1262:Baltimore bank riot
1188:Lombard Street riot
845:Leisler's Rebellion
702:Chicago Bulls riots
592:Cairo racial unrest
361:records the event.
299:Radical Republicans
209:soldiers and local
1095:Flour riot of 1837
903:Battle of Alamance
867:1788 doctors' riot
794:1689 Boston revolt
696:Humboldt Park riot
680:1968 Chicago riots
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1470:1849 Detroit riot
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786:Massachusetts
783:
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773:
769:
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621:
619:, 1830s–1840s
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19:
1356:Wakarusa War
1330:
1210:Rhode Island
1182:Buckshot War
1150:Pennsylvania
1034:Bellevue War
987:
914:Pennsylvania
811:
805:Knowles Riot
772:Colonial era
760:civil unrest
690:Days of Rage
628:
470:
463:
456:
452:
445:
441:
418:
413:, p. 43
406:
372:
366:
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309:Coles County
282:
279:
270:Coles County
248:
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194:
192:
80:
71:
52:
1564:(1853–1854)
1477:(1855–1859)
1352:(1854–1861)
1308:(1851–1856)
1230:(1841–1842)
1166:(1799–1800)
1160:(1791–1794)
1102:(1839–1845)
1083:Eggnog riot
899:(1765–1771)
847:(1689–1691)
828:(1786–1787)
801:(1710–1713)
765:(1607–1865)
660:, 1916–1921
608:Other riots
594:, 1967-1973
448:(2): 43–62.
253:Copperheads
229:Copperheads
215:Copperheads
211:Republicans
154:Copperheads
147:Republicans
66:introducing
1650:1864 riots
1639:Categories
1292:California
610:and unrest
529:Race riots
411:Towne 2006
345:Casualties
262:Charleston
199:Charleston
143:Union Army
49:references
1283:1849–1865
1268:Snow Riot
1028:Honey War
1011:1789–1849
777:1776–1789
1491:New York
1462:Michigan
1439:Maryland
1317:Illinois
1075:New York
938:Virginia
837:New York
521:Illinois
377:See also
295:rhetoric
205:, after
203:Illinois
120:Location
104:Part of
1612:Related
812:Liberty
704:, 1990s
429:Sources
287:Negroes
274:Mattoon
266:sheriff
132:Parties
62:improve
1600:(1863)
1594:(1862)
1588:(1859)
1582:(1858)
1576:(1857)
1570:(1855)
1555:Others
1547:(1863)
1518:(1863)
1507:(1857)
1501:(1857)
1430:(1855)
1406:(1859)
1400:(1856)
1394:(1856)
1388:(1856)
1382:(1856)
1376:(1856)
1370:(1856)
1364:(1856)
1358:(1855)
1342:Kansas
1333:(1864)
1327:(1855)
1302:(1850)
1270:(1835)
1264:(1835)
1258:(1833)
1252:(1831)
1238:Others
1201:(1844)
1190:(1842)
1184:(1838)
1178:(1838)
1172:(1834)
1108:(1849)
1091:(1834)
1085:(1826)
1066:(1837)
1055:(1834)
1036:(1840)
1030:(1839)
998:(1772)
992:(1772)
990:affair
988:Gaspee
983:(1739)
977:(1689)
968:Others
960:(1730)
954:(1677)
948:(1663)
924:(1742)
905:(1771)
893:(1711)
887:(1677)
863:(1770)
822:(1770)
816:(1768)
814:affair
807:(1747)
715:, 2020
698:, 1977
671:, 1966
649:, 1898
643:, 1894
637:, 1886
631:, 1864
625:, 1855
329:, and
325:, the
51:, but
1415:Maine
756:Riots
399:Notes
327:draft
257:Union
207:Union
1527:Ohio
1117:Ohio
1020:Iowa
758:and
255:and
193:The
112:Date
268:of
1641::
444:.
201:,
774:/
748:e
741:t
734:v
512:e
505:t
498:v
446:9
87:)
81:(
76:)
72:(
58:.
31:.
20:)
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