311:. Judge Charles E. Forbes left a considerable amount of money to the town to start a library. This was Cutter's chance to institute his ideas from the ground up. He developed a cataloging system called the expansive classification system. It was to have seven levels of classification, each with increasing specificity. Thus small libraries who did not like having to deal with unnecessarily long classification numbers could use lower levels and still be specific enough for their purpose. Larger libraries could use the more specific tables since they needed to be more specific to keep subjects separate. He died in 1903 before he could finish this task. At Forbes, Cutter set up the art and music department and encouraged children of nearby schools to exhibit their art. He also established branch libraries and instituted a traveling library system much like the
277:. This system incorporated seven levels of classification with the most basic libraries operating at the first level and the grandest, most distinguished institutions utilizing the seventh level, and it was Cutter's aspiration to orchestrate a classification system for every type of library. The classification system, or scheme, utilized an alpha-numeric methodology used to abbreviate authors' names and generate unique call numbers known as "Cutter numbers" or "Cutter codes". This scheme, on which the current Library of Congress cataloging system is partially based, in turn laid the foundation for the
304:. In response to the library's requests, Cutter admonished, "It is of little use to have a fire proof stack if the rest of the building gets afire". The ever austere Cutter with his competence in cataloging expressed this, "The catalogers ought to be put near the catalog; they have continual reason to refer to it". Cutter then continued his cataloging tirade by rebuking their present approach and stating, "Catalog work cannot be carried on economically unless there is plenty of shelf room near for bibliographic authorities and some empty shelves in the room to hold books waiting to be cataloged".
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289:, however he determined it was more beneficial to assign a more distinct adaptation for the collection. Even though Cutter's Expansive Classification was recognized as a significant contribution to libraries and to the burgeoning field of library science, Cutter himself did not champion its success nor did he anticipate future editions of his system. Nevertheless, his "Cutter numbers" survived and are still used in libraries today.
213:. He was appointed assistant librarian of the divinity school while still a student there and served in that capacity from 1857 to 1859. During that time, Cutter began designing a distinct cataloging schema for the library's outdated system. The catalog, dating from 1840, had a lack of order after the acquisition of 4,000 volumes from the collection of Professor
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the work was sub par and, according to Cutter, needed to be redone. This did not sit well with the trustees who wanted to get a catalog published as soon as possible. However, the catalog was revised and published in five volumes and is known as the Athenæum
Catalogue. Cutter was the librarian at the Boston Athenaeum for twenty-five years (1869-1892).
228:. During the winter break of 1858–1859, they arranged the collection into a single listing alphabetically by author. This project was finished by the time Cutter graduated in 1859. By 1860 Cutter was already a seasoned staff member of the library and a full-time librarian. He became a journeyman to the chief cataloger and assistant librarian to
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library elected Cutter as its head librarian. His first assignment was to organize and aggregate the inventory of the library and develop a catalog from that and to publish a complete dictionary catalog for their collection. The previous librarian and assistants had been working on this, but much of
315:. Today, Charles Ammi Cutter might be surprised to see his own portrait hanging over the reference librarians' desk in the Forbes Library in Northampton. His roll top desk is also in the office currently occupied by the recently elected director of the library.
270:". In it, he wrote what he thought a library would be like one hundred years in the future. He spent a lot of time discussing practicalities, such as how the library arranged adequate lighting and controlled moisture in the air to preserve the books.
296:. of which they were two of the 100 founding members in 1876. Nevertheless, he was regarded as an accomplished and sophisticated librarian and cataloger. Cutter was commissioned on at least one occasion to propose an architectural conception for the
331:"The desks had... a little keyboard at each, connected by a wire. The reader had only to find the mark of his book in the catalog, touch a few lettered or numbered keys, and appeared after an astonishingly short interval."
232:. At Harvard College Cutter developed a new form of index catalog, using cards instead of published volumes, containing both an author index and a "classed catalog" or a rudimentary form of subject index.
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255:. Cutter implemented many ideologies familiar to contemporary librarians during his time at the Athenaeum. Cutter introduced characteristic structures and philosophies such as
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The
Athenaeum Centenary; the Influence and History of the Boston Athenaeum from 1807 to 1907 with a Record of Its Officers and Benefactors and a Complete List of Proprietors.
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Cutter did not find the Dewey system practical for his cataloging purposes, and indeed, Dewey and he often experienced tensions with one another while constituting the
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In 1893, Cutter submitted a letter to the trustees that he would not seek to renew his contract at the end of the year. However, there was an opportunity for him in
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Charles Ammi Cutter: Nineteenth-Century
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During the 1857–1858 school year, Cutter rearranged the library collection on the shelves into broad subject categories along with classmate
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and furnishing every book with a pouch in the rear to encase a card in order to keep track of the item's circulating status.
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from 1891 to 1893. Of the many articles he wrote during this time, one of the most famous was an article called "
583:. Chicago: American Library Association. (Justin Winsor, W.F. Poole, C.A. Cutter, Melvil Dewey and R.R. Bowker).
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to help write a report about the state of libraries for the
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209:. His aunt was an employee of the regional library in Boston. In 1856 Cutter was enrolled into
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Charles Cutter biography originally published in the Daily
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In 1880 Cutter introduced an avant-garde and divergent system of cataloging he termed the
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Public
Libraries in the United States of America: Their History, Condition, and Management
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285:. When Cutter began to delegate a new system for the library he initially chose the
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Winke, R. C. (2004). The
Contracting World of Cutter's Expansive Classification.
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Blackburn, R. H. (1988). "Dewey and Cutter as
Building Consultants."
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Rules for a dictionary catalog, by
Charles A. Cutter, fourth edition
251:(1876). This catalog was included in the organization's publication
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The
Influence and History of the Boston Athenæum from 1807-1907
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Green, Samuel Swett. (1914). “Charles Ammi Cutter 1837-1903.”
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Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies
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Association for Library Collections and Technical Services
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600:Stromgren, P. (2004). "Charles Ammi Cutter"
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159:Cutter Expansive Classification
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593:Miksa, Francis L. ed.
397:Francis L. Miksa, ed.
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574:The Library Quarterly
556:Cutter Classification
207:Boston, Massachusetts
108:Boston, Massachusetts
388:Stromgren, P. (2004)
226:Charles Noyes Forbes
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691:Cutter's Last Stand
627:Charles Ammi Cutter
590:V.8,pp 59-60. Port.
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399:Charles Ammi Cutter
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1241:Black Caucus
1181:Rainbow List
1034:young adults
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814:Melvil Dewey
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541:February 24,
539:. Retrieved
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235:In 1868 the
234:
223:
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183:card catalog
170:
169:
120:(1903-09-06)
75:Succeeded by
52:
18:
2036:1903 deaths
2031:1837 births
1985:W. K. Brown
1980:Garcia-Febo
1595:C. H. Brown
1470:W. L. Brown
1355:H. M. Utley
1176:Quick Picks
1146:Alex Awards
977:awards and
326:Predictions
63:Preceded by
2025:Categories
1870:Somerville
1570:M. G. Wyer
1555:Countryman
1500:G.B. Utley
1475:Montgomery
1440:J. I. Wyer
1410:Richardson
1335:Linderfelt
1290:Presidents
1134:Book lists
1046:Batchelder
735:1887–1889
360:References
313:bookmobile
230:Ezra Abbot
144:Occupation
133:Alma mater
101:1837-03-14
2005:Drabinski
1990:Jefferson
1955:Stripling
1840:Dougherty
1730:McDonough
1725:Mohrhardt
1680:Greenaway
1655:Ludington
1630:McDiarmid
1550:Lydenberg
1445:Elmendorf
1101:Stonewall
1091:Schneider
1056:Caldecott
1041:Arbuthnot
1019:Stonewall
1009:Dartmouth
975:Literary
835:divisions
365:Citations
201:Biography
175:librarian
154:Known for
148:Librarian
57:1887–1889
53:In office
1950:Sullivan
1900:Freedman
1855:Franklin
1825:Chisholm
1790:Sullivan
1740:Bradshaw
1710:Castagna
1665:Richards
1620:Rothrock
1615:Ulveling
1580:Ferguson
1545:Rathbone
1505:Jennings
1455:Anderson
1425:Bostwick
1395:Billings
1385:Thwaites
1340:Fletcher
915:Booklist
787:Founders
343:See also
281:and the
1965:Feldman
1945:Raphael
1940:Stevens
1890:Kranich
1845:Schuman
1830:Summers
1820:Minudri
1805:Sheldon
1800:Nemeyer
1660:Mumford
1600:Metcalf
1560:Compton
1530:Eastman
1465:Plummer
1460:Wellman
1420:Andrews
1320:Crunden
1292:of the
1204:Related
1111:Edwards
1081:Newbery
892:(YALSA)
868:(ASCLA)
850:(ALCTS)
833:Notable
566:Sources
424:Miksa,
401:(1977).
217:of the
1970:Todaro
1930:Rettig
1920:Burger
1915:Gorman
1905:Hayden
1880:Symons
1865:Turock
1860:Curley
1850:Miller
1835:Berger
1785:Galvin
1765:Martin
1760:Holley
1755:Lowrie
1715:Vosper
1705:Wagman
1695:Morton
1685:Powell
1675:Morsch
1640:Graham
1605:Warren
1590:Culver
1575:Craver
1565:Wilson
1540:Strohm
1515:Belden
1485:Hadley
1480:Bishop
1450:Legler
1435:Hodges
1405:Putnam
1400:Hosmer
1375:Putnam
1370:Winsor
1350:Larned
1315:Cutter
1305:Winsor
1121:Printz
1116:Morris
1096:Sibert
1076:Legacy
1066:Geisel
1051:Belpré
979:honors
929:Choice
886:(RUSA)
874:(LITA)
862:(ACRL)
856:(ALSC)
844:(AASL)
624:about
602:Online
428:(1977)
1960:Young
1935:Alire
1895:Berry
1815:Lynch
1810:Josey
1795:Stone
1780:Shank
1770:Jones
1750:Laich
1720:Gaver
1700:Bryan
1690:Spain
1650:Downs
1535:Keogh
1525:Roden
1520:Locke
1510:Meyer
1490:Tyler
1430:Gould
1365:Brett
1345:Dewey
1330:Green
1325:Dewey
1310:Poole
999:Brody
880:(PLA)
2010:Hohl
1995:Wong
1975:Neal
1885:Long
1875:Ford
1775:Moon
1745:Doms
1670:Shaw
1645:Fyan
1635:Lord
1625:Rice
1610:Vitz
1585:Munn
1495:Root
1415:Hill
1390:Carr
1380:Lane
1360:Dana
1071:King
994:Boyd
543:2017
437:See
127:, US
115:Died
110:, US
95:Born
1925:Roy
1735:Dix
2027::
534:.
458:^
415:^
373:^
322:.
1282:e
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772:e
765:t
758:v
545:.
103:)
99:(
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