569:
and given to his son, Charles as a wedding present. The
Burlington Community School District obtained the home in 1926 when they bought land from Perkins' widow for use to build a new Middle School, though the middle school no longer stands, and the land it once stood on was given back to the city as part of Perkins Park, the old mansion still stands in its original location, and most of the fixtures in the house are original to the home when it was built, other additions came from the school district over the years. Although the old mansion suffered some soot damage, and a couple of broken windows a result of the fire that gutted the school building that was built in front of it, it was later repainted, and the windows replaced to look identical to the originals. The Burlington Community School District once had an elementary school building, named for Perkins. Although the school itself is no longer active within the district, the building still remains at the corner of Summer Street, and Dodge Street, and is currently a private home, and business.
265:(majority stockholder in the Union Pacific) was using the lure of B&MR traffic to cause dissension within the Iowa Pool. In 1876, Perkins began lobbying Congress for legislation which would require railroads to charge shippers only for the actual miles traveled (a rule that would prevent the Union Pacific from charging higher rates, and thus drive it out of business). In 1876, Gould proposed that the Iowa Pool and Union Pacific jointly and perpetually lease the B&MR (depriving Perkins of his control over the road). Perkins and Forbes rejected the proposal, but Harris met with Gould and was so favorably impressed with the idea that he called for a meeting that would include Gould, Forbes, and Perkins. Meanwhile, Gould purchased enough stock on the Rock and O&N roads that he won a seat on their board of directors. Harris won over a majority of the CB&Q's board of directors, and Perkins did all he could to sabotage further negotiations. By June 1877, negotiations for the "Quintuple Contract" collapsed.
557:
452:. Under CB&Q President Harris, the company had refused to build or purchase railroad track manufacturing plants (as many other large roads did). Nor did Harris attempt to build on his relationships with rail manufacturers to get them to ship rails via his system. Instead, Harris focused on agricultural developments along the CB&Q's route. But by 1883, members of the board of directors were pushing Perkins to start fostering industrial development along its tracks as a means of boosting freight. Perkins initially resisted, but over time adopted a policy of encouraging heavy industry to build along his system's rail lines so that they could become captive shippers.
118:
488:, also wanted to buy the CB&Q. Harriman demanded a one-third interest in the CB&Q, but Hill refused him. Harriman then began to buy up Northern Pacific's stock, forcing Hill and Morgan to try to retain their majority stockholder status in the road by purchasing more stock as well. Northern Pacific's stock price skyrocketed, and the artificially high stock threatened to cause a crash on the
380:, and won the right to use the StPM&M's Minneapolis depot. The deal between the CB&N and StPM&M did not prove as profitable as expected, however, and Perkins was forced to absorb the former into the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. In 1889, Perkins led the system in constructing tracks across Nebraska,
431:
that would require the other railroads to load freight onto the CB&Q. The federal court issued the injunction on March 13, and almost every aspect of labor relations on every railroad engaged in interstate commerce came under court control. The injunction proved so effective that
Perkins told his
314:
Perkins was considered an "intelligent, forceful" railroad executive. He pushed for dual routes through market territories to keep his competitors out, created a highly regarded management team, and required that his railroad meet the highest engineering standards. During
Perkins' tenure as president
375:
was pushing west as well. The parties reached agreement on August 3, 1885, agreeing to buy large portions of stock in each other's company and placing Minot on the StPM&M's board of directors. Although publicly Hill denied existence of an alliance, Perkins authorized the CB&N to buy stock in
572:
In 1879, Perkins purchased 240 acres (0.97 km) in the Garden of the Gods near
Colorado Springs, Colorado. The purchase was originally intended for a summer home, but Perkins decided to leave the land in its natural state while acquiring additional land, all of which was informally open to the
421:
demanded that the railroad honor its work rules and implement a uniform pay scale that did not discriminate against newly hired workers, Perkins refused. The union struck on
February 27, 1888, and 97 percent of the locomotive engineers and brakemen walked out (even though the union represented only
568:
Perkins is one of the most quoted railroad executives by historians of
American railroads. Perkins owned a large estate in Burlington, named "Apple Trees." The building that houses the Burlington Community School District Board, and superintendent's offices was a mansion that was built by Perkins,
199:
division. Perkins was appointed vice president of the
Burlington and Missouri River Railroad in 1872. He was also named president of the B&MR's Nebraska division (a position he held until 1875). On January 1, 1873, the railroad merged with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy (CB&Q), but he
253:
clashed with
Perkins over the CB&Q's operations. Perkins wanted "his" railroad, the B&MR's Nebraska division, to carry traffic offered by the Union Pacific. But Joy would not allow it, wishing to force the Union Pacific to move freight via the Iowa Pool. Moreover, Joy owned a controlling
284:
The fallout of the dispute with the Union
Pacific led to a number of changes in the CB&Q. The CB&Q and B&MR became more closely allied, at the expense of the Iowa Pool. The Burlington was absorbed into the CB&Q in 1880. Perkins and Forbes then worked together to take over the
298:, allowing it to control freight in the northern part of the state. The B&MR would control freight in the southern half. Perkins demanded that the board choose between himself and Harris. In May 1878, Forbes ousted Harris and installed himself as president of the railroad.
31:
293:
the same year. The Union
Pacific was unable to reach an agreement with the Rock and O&N for more favorable freight charges. Instead, the Union Pacific reached an informal agreement with the CB&Q by which the Union Pacific would build a new rail line north of the
432:
wife "the general impression this morning ... is that the total collapse is not far off." The strike was essentially over by the end of March 1888, but it lingered in some areas for another 10 months. The two unions ended their strike unilaterally in January 1889. For
543:
Perkins was a director of other railroads as well, including the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs Railroad (both of which later merged with the Burlington line). He was also a member of the board of directors of the
276:
was widespread among workers, he shut down the railroad's operations on July 24 and demanded that the system's property be protected by "constitutional authorities". Within two days, public opinion turned against the strikers, and the strike began to collapse when
492:. Hill and Morgan were ultimately successful in obtaining more Northern Pacific stock than Harriman, and won control not only of the Northern Pacific but also the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. (Alarmed by Harriman's actions, Hill created a holding company—the
573:
public for a number of years. In 1909, Perkins' children, knowing their father's feeling for the Garden of the Gods, conveyed his four-hundred eighty acres to the City of Colorado Springs to be operated permanently as a park, open to the public.
412:
working for roads under his control. Now, Perkins also sought to eliminate unionization of workers on the CB&Q. He believed that unionized workers "owe allegiance to somebody else, and not to the railroad company that employs them." When the
306:
The Nebraska division merged with the CB&Q in 1881. That year, John Murray Forbes stepped down as president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and Perkins succeeded him. Because the railroad's biggest financial backers were located in
241:. At any given time, a single railroad might not have enough freight cars in Omaha to accommodate shippers. So they pooled their resources, and agreed to split the income from freight charges. The Iowa Pool was locked in a struggle with the
426:
to replace the workers who had walked off the job. On March 5, the union asked unionized workers on other railroads to boycott the CB&Q by refusing to load freight onto its trains. Perkins went to federal court on March 8, seeking an
224:
Perkins was named to the board of directors of the CB&Q in 1875. In March 1876 he was named the company's vice president, but continued to hold the vice presidency and superintendency of the company's business operations west of the
110:. He was so well respected that historian Richard Overton wrote, "From the time that Charles Elliott Perkins became vice president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy ... until he resigned as president in 1901, he
363:(CB&N) a charter to build this line around the same time as Minot's study. But negotiations between the CB&Q's Boston investors and Hill dragged on. Hill was anxious for an agreement because the
556:
510:. Hill was forced to disband his holding company and manage each railroad independently. The Northern Pacific, Great Northern, and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy would not formally merge until 1969.)
355:, in 1882. In 1883, Perkins took a secret trip over the StPM&M and reported to the CB&Q's board of directors that it appeared to be a well-engineered line which ran through excellent markets.
180:(B&MR). He was promoted to paymaster a year later, and then at age 20 was made Assistant Treasurer of the railroad in 1860. His rapid rise in the company's ranks was not surprising: His uncle was
524:
Perkins was married to Edith Forbes of Milton, Massachusetts, on September 22, 1864. The couple had seven children: Sons Robert, Charles and Samuel, and daughters Alice, Edith, Margaret, and Mary.
184:, the railroad's president. He was named Acting Superintendent and then Superintendent of the line in 1865. At that time, the railroad extended a mere 75 miles (121 km), from Burlington to
1180:
Edith edited a collection of her parents' letters which was privately published in 1949. Cunningham, E. P., "Family Letters 1861-1869: Charles Elliott Perkins and Edith Forbes Perkins" (1949).
254:
interest in other small railroads which could also route traffic away from the Iowa Pool, and these lines were demanding that Joy stop inhibiting them. Forbes ousted Joy in 1875 and appointed
359:
followed up with another investigation in 1884. In addition to seeking a lease of the StPM&M lines, Perkins also sought to build a line to St. Paul. The Minnesota legislature awarded the
436:, a local leader in the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, the strike proved life-changing. Debs radically altered his thinking about labor-management relations, rejecting the idea of a
245:. Profits depended on how much freight was handled, and which side could charge more. The Iowa Pool, which had more trains and track, could offer shippers a faster way across the
1408:
216:. During the first several years of the Long Depression, the CB&Q neither acquired nor built any new track, although the parent railroad did absorb its Iowa division.
364:
414:
372:
261:
Although the CB&Q eventually purchased another minor railroad to enhance its position vis-á-vis the other small Nebraska railroads, Perkins came to believe that
161:
Charles Perkins was educated in the Cincinnati public schools, graduating from high school at the age of 16. He also received a portion of his education from
1398:
344:
535:. The large marble obelisk-style stone is the largest in the cemetery, and sits near a bluff overlooking the main line of the original CB&Q railroad.
324:
230:
498:
521:, on November 8, 1907. The day his funeral was held, the entire 8,000-mile (13,000 km) CB&Q railroad came to a halt as a memorial to him.
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528:
485:
107:
736:
177:
1393:
1189:
1169:
716:
650:
286:
1403:
320:
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between management and labor. He now saw labor and management locked in a power struggle rather than cooperating toward a common goal.
503:
405:
418:
117:
200:
continued to hold the position of president of the Nebraska division. This proved a difficult economic time for the railroad. The
316:
360:
332:
158:
minister in Cincinnati. Charles was the oldest of five boys. He drowned (it may have been suicide) when Perkins was a child.
747:
At least one source says he was not made Assistant Treasurer until the age of 22, in 1862. See: "Charles E. Perkins, Dead,"
142:, on November 24, 1840, to James Handasyd and Sarah Hart (Elliott) Perkins. His ancestor was Pierre de Morlaix, bailiff at
469:
269:
290:
493:
234:
315:
of the railroad, he bought up numerous other rail systems in order to expand his line's reach. These included the
278:
476:
for an attempt to take over the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. Hill's strategy was for his railroad and Morgan's
328:
477:
389:
246:
249:(and charged higher prices accordingly). The CB&Q was the dominant system in the Pool. CB&Q president
518:
489:
77:
545:
242:
155:
507:
481:
352:
308:
166:
151:
258:
as the CB&Q's new president—a move which led to Perkins' elevation to the road's vice presidency.
1383:
1378:
449:
122:
1256:
Emerson, Wilimena Hannah; Eliot, Ellsworth; Eliot Jr., George Edwin; and Eliot Jr., William Horace.
514:
368:
336:
250:
147:
176:, where he won a job as a clerk in a fruit store. When he was 19 he took a job as a clerk for the
255:
181:
465:
408:. Perkins was notably opposed to labor unions. In May 1886, he fired all known members of the
393:
356:
340:
532:
409:
173:
139:
238:
229:. At this time, the CB&Q was part of the "Iowa Pool," a group of three railroads (the
205:
1363:
Regulating Railroad Innovation: Business, Technology, and Politics in America, 1840-1920.
106:(November 24, 1840 – November 8, 1907) was an American businessman and president of the
30:
527:
Although he died and was buried in Boston, Massachusetts, there is a large memorial in
437:
433:
226:
162:
1372:
461:
423:
273:
272:
occurred. Realizing public opinion was against the railroad and that support for the
213:
201:
185:
143:
59:
1272:
History of Iowa, From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.
517:. He became confined to his home shortly before his death, and died at his home in
473:
381:
295:
1258:
Genealogy of the Descendants of John Eliot, 'Apostle to the Indians,' 1598-1905.
377:
428:
51:
376:
StPM&m's depot subsidiary, leased StPM&M track between St. Paul and
262:
209:
192:
154:, some time before 1677. His father, James Handasyd Perkins, was a noted
1337:
Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995.
385:
348:
195:
division, and was named its director as well as director of the line's
1321:
The Great Burlington Strike of 1888: A Case History in Labor Relations
1239:
H. Roger Grant, ed. Iowa City, Ia.: University of Iowa Press, 2000.
555:
460:
Charles Perkins resigned as president of the system in 1901 after
116:
1260:
New Haven, Conn.: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Press, 1905.
196:
55:
237:(O&N); and the CB&Q) with major freight facilities in
347:(StPM&M). Perkins began seeking a way to add a line from
212:
and little economic growth which did not end until after the
1246:
Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
404:
As president of the system, he led the CB&Q through the
146:(the large forest which was the favorite hunting ground of
191:
He helped incorporate the Burlington and Missouri River's
1309:
Hanover, Conn.: University Press of New England, 1997.
268:
While Perkins was vice president of the B&MR, the
1293:
Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders.
1284:
Hudson, David; Bergman, Marvin; and Horton, Loren N.
1113:
Dubofsky, p. 20 (ellipsis and insertion in original).
496:—to control all three of his railroads. In 1904, in
1342:
Burlington Route: A history of the Burlington lines
1330:
St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1991.
1307:
Unfinished Business: The Railroad in American Life.
1277:Hidy, Ralph W.; Hidy, Muriel E.; and Scott, Roy V.
1237:
Iowa Railroads: The Essays of Frank P. Donovan, Jr.
287:
Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs Railroad
93:
85:
66:
37:
21:
484:, president of the Union Pacific Railroad and the
468:, president of and the largest stockholder in the
97:President, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
1351:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
1316:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
1281:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
1265:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia.
1253:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
618:Quoted in Donovan, p. 276 (emphasis in original).
1302:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
1288:Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 2008.
1328:James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest.
1230:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
1225:Iowa City, Ia.: University of Iowa Press, 2008.
464:investors took control of the line. That year,
1100:
1098:
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1084:
1074:
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1156:
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1152:
1142:
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1130:
1128:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
926:
8:
1335:Regional Garden Design in the United States.
976:
974:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
896:
894:
892:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
345:Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway
150:). His ancestor Edmund Perkins emigrated to
1365:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
882:
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769:
506:held that Northern Securities violated the
480:to jointly buy Perkins' railroad. However,
335:. In 1886, he expanded the line's reach to
1291:Ingham, John N. "Forbes, John Murray." In
1267:Florence, Ky.: Taylor & Francis, 1997.
1249:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Van Tine, Warren R.
864:
862:
422:65 percent of the workers). Perkins hired
18:
1409:19th-century American railroad executives
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
759:
757:
361:Chicago, Burlington and Northern Railroad
333:Chicago, Burlington and Northern Railroad
325:Grand Island and Wyoming Central Railroad
231:Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
646:
644:
499:Northern Securities Co. v. United States
1228:Derby, George, and White, James Terry.
694:
692:
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688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
642:
640:
638:
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634:
632:
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628:
626:
624:
581:
121:Perkins' Milton residence, designed by
108:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
1358:St. Paul, Minn.: MBI Publishing, 2005.
1349:Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist.
1295:Wesport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.
1279:The Great Northern Railway: A History.
1244:The State and Labor in Modern America.
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
564:commemorating the donation of the land
178:Burlington and Missouri River Railroad
172:When he was 16 years old, he moved to
1356:Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway.
548:, whose headquarters were in Boston.
7:
1333:O'Malley, Therese, and Treib, Marc.
1286:The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa.
1274:New York: Century History Co., 1903.
1200:Hudson, Bergman, and Horton, p. 404.
367:had already extended as far west as
1399:People from Westwood, Massachusetts
415:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
321:Omaha and Republican Valley Railway
291:Burlington and Southwestern Railway
1134:Dubofsky and Van Time, p. 101-102.
1066:Dubofsky and van Tine, p. 100-101.
504:Supreme Court of the United States
406:Burlington Railroad Strike of 1888
388:so that it could link up with the
373:Chicago and North Western Railroad
14:
1300:The Life and Legend of Jay Gould.
419:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen
989:Hidy, Hidy, and Scott, p. 53-54.
317:Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad
29:
546:American Bell Telephone Company
472:, won the financial support of
448:Perkins was not an advocate of
235:Omaha and Northwestern Railroad
1389:Businesspeople from Cincinnati
1048:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 100.
1023:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 101.
1:
998:Hidy, Hidy, and Scott, p. 54.
968:Hidy, Hidy, and Scott, p. 53.
270:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1394:People from Burlington, Iowa
1170:Derby and White, p. 425-426.
605:"Charles E. Perkins, Dead."
494:Northern Securities Company
281:returned to work that day.
1425:
1404:Deaths from kidney disease
763:O'Malley and Treib, p. 84.
329:Big Horn Southern Railroad
1314:Union Pacific: 1862-1893.
1251:Labor Leaders in America.
486:Southern Pacific Railroad
311:, he moved to that city.
28:
1209:Klein, 1997, p. 177-178.
1190:Derby and White, p. 426.
717:Derby and White, p. 425.
539:Other business interests
478:Northern Pacific Railway
390:Northern Pacific Railway
220:Railroad vice presidency
208:, a prolonged period of
737:Emerson et al., p. 121.
519:Westwood, Massachusetts
490:New York Stock Exchange
104:Charles Elliott Perkins
78:Westwood, Massachusetts
23:Charles Elliott Perkins
1232:New York: White, 1910.
565:
513:Perkins suffered from
470:Great Northern Railway
343:and others formed the
243:Union Pacific Railroad
125:
1235:Donovan Jr. Frank P.
559:
508:Sherman Antitrust Act
482:Edward Henry Harriman
353:Saint Paul, Minnesota
309:Boston, Massachusetts
167:Milton, Massachusetts
152:Boston, Massachusetts
134:Early life and career
123:Peabody & Stearns
120:
1361:Ussleman, Steven W.
1340:Overton, Richard C.
1223:Iowa History Reader.
1057:Salvatore, p. 73-74.
939:Klein, 1997, p. 178.
886:Klein, 1986, p. 189.
856:Klein, 1986, p. 188.
840:Klein, 1986, p. 187.
826:Klein, 1986, p. 186.
799:Klein, 2006, p. 391.
783:Klein, 1986, p. 185.
529:Aspen Grove Cemetery
502:, 193 U.S. 197, the
456:Retirement and death
450:vertical integration
400:Great strike of 1888
16:American businessman
1319:McMurry, Donald L.
868:Bergman, p. 92-93.
369:Fargo, North Dakota
337:St. Paul, Minnesota
302:Railroad presidency
251:James Frederick Joy
148:Edward I of England
1323:(Harvard UP, 1956)
1242:Dubofsky, Melvyn.
566:
562:Garden of the Gods
444:Business practices
182:John Murray Forbes
126:
89:Railroad executive
1347:Salvatore, Nick.
1270:Gue, Benjamin F.
1221:Bergman, Marvin.
1122:Salvatore, p. 73.
1104:Salvatore, p. 76.
1090:Salvatore, p. 77.
1078:Salvatore, p. 75.
1007:Salvatore, p. 74.
751:November 9, 1907.
609:November 9, 1907.
466:James Jerome Hill
394:Billings, Montana
357:Henry Davis Minot
341:James Jerome Hill
114:the Burlington."
101:
100:
48:November 24, 1840
1416:
1354:Solomon, Brian.
1263:Glasner, David.
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1160:Ussleman, p. 94.
1158:
1147:
1146:Ussleman, p. 93.
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1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
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1091:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:Dubofsky, p. 20.
1037:
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1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
969:
966:
949:
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928:
901:
898:
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884:
869:
866:
857:
854:
841:
838:
827:
824:
809:
808:Glasner, p. 148.
806:
800:
797:
784:
781:
764:
761:
752:
745:
739:
734:
728:
727:Donovan, p. 272.
725:
719:
714:
671:
670:Donovan, p. 273.
668:
653:
648:
619:
616:
610:
603:
515:Bright's disease
410:Knights of Labor
174:Burlington, Iowa
140:Cincinnati, Ohio
73:
70:November 8, 1907
47:
45:
33:
19:
1424:
1423:
1419:
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1415:
1414:
1413:
1369:
1368:
1326:Martin, Albro.
1218:
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1199:
1195:
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1038:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1006:
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997:
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988:
984:
980:Ingham, p. 400.
979:
972:
967:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:Solomon, p. 51.
929:
904:
900:Ingham, p. 399.
899:
890:
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872:
867:
860:
855:
844:
839:
830:
825:
812:
807:
803:
798:
787:
782:
767:
762:
755:
749:New York Times,
746:
742:
735:
731:
726:
722:
715:
674:
669:
656:
649:
622:
617:
613:
607:New York Times.
604:
583:
579:
554:
541:
458:
446:
402:
304:
239:Omaha, Nebraska
222:
206:Long Depression
138:He was born in
136:
131:
81:
75:
71:
62:
49:
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1371:
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1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1312:Klein, Maury.
1310:
1305:Klein, Maury.
1303:
1298:Klein, Maury.
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
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948:Albro, p. 190.
941:
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560:Plaque in the
553:
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438:social compact
434:Eugene V. Debs
424:strikebreakers
401:
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365:Milwaukee Road
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233:("the Rock");
227:Missouri River
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163:Milton Academy
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94:Known for
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74:(aged 66)
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214:Panic of 1893
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202:Panic of 1873
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186:Ottumwa, Iowa
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994:
985:
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732:
723:
651:Gue, p. 212.
614:
606:
571:
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561:
542:
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523:
512:
497:
474:J. P. Morgan
459:
447:
403:
382:South Dakota
313:
305:
296:Platte River
283:
267:
260:
223:
204:set off the
190:
171:
160:
137:
111:
103:
102:
72:(1907-11-08)
1384:1907 deaths
1379:1840 births
378:Minneapolis
339:. In 1879,
1373:Categories
577:References
533:Burlington
429:injunction
371:, and the
279:conductors
86:Occupation
52:Cincinnati
44:1840-11-24
263:Jay Gould
210:deflation
156:Unitarian
129:Biography
289:and the
193:Nebraska
386:Wyoming
349:Chicago
247:Midwest
1344:(1965)
552:Legacy
384:, and
331:, and
274:strike
80:, U.S.
392:near
417:and
197:Iowa
67:Died
60:U.S.
56:Ohio
38:Born
531:in
351:to
165:in
112:was
1375::
1151:^
1139:^
1127:^
1095:^
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1071:^
1028:^
1012:^
973:^
953:^
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657:^
623:^
584:^
396:.
327:,
323:,
319:,
188:.
169:.
58:,
54:,
46:)
42:(
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