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research institutes in the country and very little original investigation was undertaken at the universities, the Hall
Institute represented a visible, viable exemplar for those wishing to pursue a research career. Although many aspiring Australian scientists continued to travel to England or the United States for their training and to garner experience, an increasing number either remained in Australia or returned home as the 1930s progressed. During this period spanning the
650:(1922–2012), Charles William (1926) and Michael Hugh (1929). On his death, Kellaway attracted numerous glowing eulogies, reflecting not only his personal warmth and charm, but his good humour and willingness to help others. Moreover, his contribution in building the Hall Institute to world stature and fostering a supportive culture for medical research in Australia were lauded, although sadly these achievements have been neglected in subsequent years.
541:(NH&MRC) in 1937. Indeed, Kellaway campaigned for the formation of such a body, extolling its necessity both in his orations and via practical examples. At a more prosaic level, Kellaway was widely recognised for his encouragement of staff members and aspiring researchers, while his experience and the conspicuous success of the Hall Institute meant that he was consulted by other emerging facilities. In particular, the
337:
these bodies. Kellaway's networking amongst doctors, medical industrialists and the wider business community led to several significant gifts which allowed, amongst other things, the establishment of a library and a new biochemistry department. This accorded with his reorganisation of the scientific activities of the institute from a series of sundry pathology services into three discrete research streams:
491:, at the Hall Institute (1936–38). During this period, working also with his compatriots Hugh LeMessurier and Everton Trethewie, Kellaway's programme evolved into a study of the release of endogenous mediators in response to tissue injury. The investigations encompassed not only histamine, but also lysocithin (now lysolecithin) and identified a new agent, the
594:, serving on the Physiological Sub-committee of the Chemical Defence Board and chairing the Armoured Fighting Vehicles Committee, in addition to his ongoing FPRC contribution. While many of these roles were important from a coordination and direction perspective, their outcomes were less visible than other projects such as the Fairley's
307:'s inaugural Foulerton Studentship in 1919. This Kellaway did after his repatriation to Australia, spending the second half of 1919 as acting professor of physiology at Adelaide University. Winning the Foulerton Studentship allowed Kellaway to return to Britain, spending the years 1920–23 working with Dale at the
602:. Kellaway's own laboratory work finally ceased in 1943. However, he was well aware that wartime demands had opened the coffers of the NH&MRC and fostered a much greater commitment from the Commonwealth to supporting – and indeed nurturing – the Australian medical research culture that he had helped foster.
323:
in London. These years were critical both in forming
Kellaway's scientific direction and his conceptions as to how medical research ought to be configured in Australia. Kellaway moved back to Melbourne in August 1923 when invited to become the second director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of
636:
in 1951. During the post-war years, he also participated actively in the Royal
Society, acting as a councillor from 1947 to 1952. Kellaway furthermore continued to promote the efforts and training of Australian researchers where he could. Despite undergoing numerous experimental treatments, however,
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During his first years at the Hall
Institute, Kellaway concentrated on organisational and financial aspects. These included securing an increased stipend from the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust, additional income from Melbourne University, and – most importantly – permission to seek benefactions beyond
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in the Army. Kellaway's years at the
Wellcome did not permit him the opportunity to return to laboratory work, but his organisational skills, inspirational demeanour and scientific nous all contributed to the slow rebuilding of the company's research policy. Burroughs Wellcome faced near-bankruptcy
561:
It is fair to say that by the start of World War II, Charles
Kellaway was the most prominent medical research figure in Australia, and – alongside Burnet and Eccles – amongst the most well regarded by the international scientific community. Even before the outbreak of hostilities, however, he moved
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in 1907 to study medicine, although he had to turn down the residential Clarke scholarship at
Trinity College owing to the family's limited finances. Working through a difficult period in the medical school's curriculum, Kellaway nevertheless completed his MB and BS in 1911, his MD in 1913, and his
524:
A less prominent, but equally important, aspect of
Kellaway's contribution to Australian medical science was his development of models and an infrastructure conducive to the growth and sustenance of a local research culture. Throughout the 1920s and 30s, when there were only a handful of medical
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and
Charles Martin. Kellaway also used the opportunity to negotiate with the Minister for Health one of the first ad-hoc grants for medical research in Australia, preceded only by a limited number of cancer investigations. This grant lasted from 1928 to 1931 and was a milestone in Commonwealth
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shop in central
Melbourne – and became an able fly fisherman. He had an enduring love for the Australian bush and spent many of his holidays away from Melbourne, enjoying rough living in remote terrain. Kellaway married Eileen Ethel Scantlebury in 1919 and they had three sons: Frank Gerald
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in the early years after the war, but working with a new administrative team – and fostering research directions at several of the company's locations including Britain, the United States and tropical stations – new compounds came to be identified. These included effective treatments for
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agents. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that the venom programme earned Kellaway an international scientific reputation – during a period when few researchers of such stature were working in Australia – and contributed to his election to Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1940.
905:
Vivianne de Vahl Davis, 'A History of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1915–1978: an Examination of the Personalities, Politics, Finances, Social Relations and Scientific Organization of the Hall Institute', PhD thesis, University of New South Wales,
448:) venoms, although only the first was found suitable for manufacture by CSL. In addition to expanding field work on identification and characterisation of a wide range of Australian elapids and their venoms, Kellaway's work through the 1930s broadened to include
619:). Although reluctant to leave Australia, Kellaway accepted the invitation and – with some reservations – offered the directorship of the Hall Institute to Burnet. Kellaway remained in Australia until March 1944, by which time he had gained the rank of honorary
468:) venoms. This huge corpus of work, totalling over 70 publications by the end of the programme, resulted in an invitation for Kellaway to review his oeuvre via the prestigious Charles E Dohme Memorial Lectureships at Johns Hopkins University Medical School (now
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However, Kellaway did not participate in the large-scale reorganisation and support of medical research in post-war Australia. In 1943 – almost certainly at the instigation of Henry Dale – Kellaway was offered the post as Director of Scientific Policy at the
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toxin-antitoxin. The rigour of this inquiry was lauded by the medical profession and public alike, both vindicating the Commonwealth's diphtheria immunisation programme and drawing international attention to Kellaway's thoroughgoing scientific investigation.
529:, Kellaway was both committed and adroit in projecting the value of medical research outwards – to the medical profession, to the public and to politicians. In 1934 he instigated an agreement with the Commonwealth Government and the
590:, Kellaway extensively toured the US, Canada and the UK in order to facilitate inter-Allied collaboration on wartime medical research. This led, on his return, to Kellaway adopting the role of Scientific Liaison Officer to the
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support for independent research in medical science. Working with Fairley, Holden and Fannie Eleanor Williams from the institute, plus Frederick Morgan from the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (now
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for wide-scale blood collection and storage, in addition to the blood typing of hundreds of thousands of service personnel. Having rejoined the Army Medical Directorate first as an honorary
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222:. His father was an evangelical Anglican minister, and many of Kellaway's siblings were instilled with religious zeal. Kellaway himself was determined to become a medical missionary in
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Peter G Hobbins, and Kenneth D Winkel, 'The Forgotten Successes and Sacrifices of Charles Kellaway, Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1923–1944',
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Hobbins, P. G.; Winkel, K. D. (2007). "The forgotten successes and sacrifices of Charles Kellaway, director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1923–1944".
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that had characterised his early 1920s work with Dale, while Kellaway was furthermore encouraged by the two-year tenure of expatriate German pharmacologist,
503:. His final experimental work during the early 1940s progressed on to the response of tissues to other insults including bacterial toxins, radiant heat and
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An important contribution to public perceptions of medical research occurred in early 1928, when Kellaway was invited by the Minister of Health to form a
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Peter Graeme Hobbins, 'Charles Kellaway and the Burgeoning of Australian Medical Research, 1928–37', M Medical Hum thesis, University of Sydney, 2007.
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Charles H Kellaway, 'Personal Records of Fellows of The Royal Society', London: The Royal Society Library and Archives, 1944 (with 1948 addendum).
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Peter Hobbins, '"Immunisation is as popular as a death adder": the Bundaberg tragedy and the politics of medical science in interwar Australia',
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Although his early studies garnered a degree of acclaim, it was in late 1927 that Kellaway found his experimental forte. At the suggestion of
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in Sydney sought his advice on the appointment of a new director, and Kellaway championed the selection of the Australian neurophysiologist,
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Peter Graeme Hobbins, '"Outside the institute there is a desert": the tenuous trajectories of medical research in interwar Australia',
495:(SRS-A), plus a related SRS that was released in response to direct tissue insult. This work later instigated the substantial field of
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The Dohme lectures also coincided with a shift in Kellaway's interest towards tissue injury by venoms, particularly their effects on
303:. Dale was doubtless Kellaway's lifelong scientific mentor and patron, and he is likely to have encouraged Kellaway to apply for the
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MS in 1915. On graduating, he was lauded as the most brilliant student ever to have completed a medical degree at the university.
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549:. An inaugural member of the Association of Physicians of Australasia (1930) and a foundation Fellow of its successor body, the
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Beyond his scientific and institutional achievements, Kellaway was a talented bird photographer – displaying his images in the
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Peter G Hobbins, 'Serpentine science: Charles Kellaway and the fluctuating fortunes of venom research in interwar Australia',
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research department under Burnet. This was another important precedent that helped inform the legislation that created the
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414:). This work initially focused on characterising biting apparatus, venom yields, pharmacological activity, lethality and
397:. This practical and scientific problem had not been substantively addressed since the turn of the century researches by
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away from the laboratory and into administrative and consultative roles. In the late 1930s he had supported the nascent
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553:(1938), Kellaway rose to become Vice-President of the latter from 1942 to 1944: a high honour for a non-clinician.
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he gradually succumbed to his inoperable cancer and died on 13 December 1952, never having returned to Australia.
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CH Kellaway, 'The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Pathology and Medicine, Melbourne',
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at the Hall Institute. When the war began, he gave over much of the institute's facilities and staff to the
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FC Courtice, 'Research in the Medical Sciences: the Road to National Independence', in R.W. Home, ed.
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205:(16 January 1889 – 13 December 1952) was an Australian medical researcher and science administrator.
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Peter Hobbins, 'From Camels to cats: experimenting with medicine in the Australian Flying Corps',
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in 1900 and, after receiving a scholarship, went on to complete his secondary education at
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353:(Kellaway). His own work ranged across various fields during the mid-twenties, including
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Charles H Kellaway, 'Snake Venoms. I. Their Constitution and Therapeutic Applications',
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586:'s Flying Personnel Research Committee (FPRC). In 1941–42, at the behest of the British
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Upon concluding his formal studies in 1914, Kellaway held the acting professorship in
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medical boards in London, concurrently initiating research into problems related to
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Charles Kellaway was born at the parsonage attached to St James's Old Cathedral,
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1943. This pocket guide was published for American troops serving in the region.
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pharmacology, but for Kellaway the programme was curtailed by the outbreak of
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and Director of Pathology (1940–42), Kellaway was also inducted into the
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950:, 35, no. 2 (2016), DOI 10.1080/07292473.2016.1182357, pp. 114–31.
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Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Fatalities at Bundaberg
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267:. Kellaway was fortunate that his first posting saw him working with
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in London (then within the Burroughs Wellcome company, now part of
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393:– a significant research programme was instigated into Australian
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Charles H Kellaway, 'Snake Venoms. II. Their Peripheral Action',
902:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 277–307.
845:"Bundaberg's Gethsemane: the tragedy of the inoculated children"
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World War II service and international coordination of research
389:– then resident at the Hall Institute whilst recuperating from
418:. Clinical work included investigations into the appropriate
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Final years at the Wellcome Research Laboratories in Britain
1045:
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Discovery and Healing in Peace and War: an Autobiography
959:, 187, no. 11/12 (3/17 December 2007), pp. 645–8.
888:, Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 546–7.
372:, in which 12 children died following inoculation with
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for fortitude under fire, and in 1918 was promoted to
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and Director of Hygiene (1939–40), and then honorary
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during 1915. He enlisted that November, serving as a
941:, 23 (2010), DOI 10.1093/shm/hkq047, pp. 1–20.
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World War I service and research training in Britain
996:Charles H Kellaway, 'Snake Venoms. III. Immunity',
773:Burnet, F. M. (1953). "Charles Halliley Kellaway".
479:. His investigations thus returned to the study of
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Directorship of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
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Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
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Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
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873:FM Burnet, 'Obituary: Charles Halliley Kellaway',
472:) in 1936 – an impressive international accolade.
230:. He was educated at home until aged 11, attended
909:HH Dale, 'Charles Halliley Kellaway, 1889–1952',
1005:CH Kellaway, 'The Sir Richard Stawell Oration',
911:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
688:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
685:(1953). "Charles Halliley Kellaway. 1889–1952".
512:Fostering an Australian medical research culture
381:Scientific research into Australian snake venoms
1121:National Institute for Medical Research faculty
1020:Dangerous Snakes of the South-West Pacific Area
895:(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1971).
852:Royal Historical Society of Queensland Journal
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226:, but lost his faith during the tragedies of
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1131:Royal Australian Army Medical Corps officers
1081:Australian military personnel of World War I
539:National Health and Medical Research Council
533:to jointly finance the Hall Institute's new
324:Research in Pathology and Medicine (now the
1106:People educated at Caulfield Grammar School
1101:People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
1096:Australian recipients of the Military Cross
238:, 1901–06. Following school he went to the
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236:Melbourne Church of England Grammar School
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543:Kanematsu Memorial Institute of Pathology
16:Australian medical researcher (1889–1952)
930:Historical Records of Australian Science
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341:(under Cambridge-trained Henry Holden),
291:. During 1918–19 he was attached to the
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660:List of Caulfield Grammar School people
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309:National Institute for Medical Research
999:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
990:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
981:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
882:Kellaway, Charles Halliley (1889–1952)
843:Akers, Harry; Porter, Suzette (2008).
493:slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
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426:and the development of antivenenes (
283:during 1917, Kellaway was awarded a
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886:Australian Dictionary of Biography
787:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1953.tb81630.x
744:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01457.x
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1071:Military personnel from Melbourne
406:) and Tom 'Pambo' Eades from the
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900:Australian Science in the Making
775:The Medical Journal of Australia
732:The Medical Journal of Australia
470:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
172:Wellcome Research Laboratories (
107:Royal Society of New South Wales
1046:Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
1029:(Melbourne: Ian J. Wood, 1984).
105:Burfitt Prize and Medal of the
1091:Australian medical researchers
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1002:, 60 (1937), pp. 159–77.
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808:"Charles Halliley Kellaway".
265:Australian Army Medical Corps
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1007:Medical Journal of Australia
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957:Medical Journal of Australia
875:Medical Journal of Australia
456:, Sydney funnel-web spider (
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975:(Canberra: HJ Green, 1928).
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939:Social History of Medicine
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263:in Egypt in 1916 with the
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816:(6748): 1276–1277. 1952.
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19:Not to be confused with
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430:) against tiger snake (
357:and hydatid infection (
347:Frank Macfarlane Burnet
293:Australian Flying Corps
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113:Royal Society of London
96:University of Melbourne
701:10.1098/rsbm.1953.0013
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257:University of Adelaide
1086:Australian brigadiers
566:work of Ian Wood and
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387:Neil Hamilton Fairley
1041:Kellaway's genealogy
572:Australian Red Cross
465:Latrodectus hasselti
368:of inquiry into the
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891:Macfarlane Burnet,
880:Macfarlane Burnet,
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442:) and death adder (
439:Austrelaps superbus
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968:, 2 (1928), 702–8.
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641:Personal qualities
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1055:Categories
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137:Physiology
53:1889-01-16
717:178195013
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481:histamine
424:snakebite
420:first-aid
220:Melbourne
209:Biography
121:(1942–44)
82:, England
61:Melbourne
830:13011925
795:13036525
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