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poor kid will have had something! He may, at twenty, be hunting for a job and not finding it—why should his fifteenth year be clouded by worrying about that in advance? . . . Even if making miserable children would make happy adults, it would not be justifiable. But the truth is that the adult will be all the more miserable if he was miserable as a child. Every day of happiness, illusory or otherwise—and most happiness is illusory—is so much to the good. It will help to give the boy confidence and hope. Frank
Richards tells him that there are some splendid fellows in a world that is, after all, a decent sort of place. He likes to think himself like one of these fellows, and is happy in his daydreams. Mr Orwell would have him told that he is a shabby little blighter, his father an ill-used serf, his world a dirty, muddled, rotten sort of show. I don't think it would be fair play to take his twopence for telling him that!
358:
760:
715:" paid particular attention to Hamilton's work. Orwell suggested that the style was deliberately formulaic so that it could be copied by a panel of authors whom he supposed to lie behind the Frank Richards name. He denigrated the world of the stories as an outdated, snobbish, and right-wing fantasy, while conceding that Billy Bunter was a "really first-rate character". Hamilton's retort included his first public acknowledgement of himself as author:
143:(8 August 1876 – 24 December 1961) was an English writer, specialising in writing long-running series of stories for weekly magazines about recurrent casts of characters, his most frequent and famous genre being boys' public school stories, though he also wrote in other genres. He used a variety of pen-names, generally using a different name for each set of characters he wrote about, the most famous being
680:(1889–1965), Hedley Percival Angelo O'Mant (1899–1955), William Edward Stanton Hope (1889–1961), Julius Herman (1894–1955) John Nix Pentelow (1872–1931) and George Richmond Samways (1895–1996), the last writing nearly 100 Greyfriars stories among others. Hamilton disparagingly referred to this pool of substitutes as "the Menagerie". The last substitute-written story appeared in
652:
and by subsequently introducing a Jewish boy, Monty
Newland, as a respected member of the Remove (the main form featured in the stories). Both of these 'foreign' characters personify 'British' values of honesty and sportsmanship, and were extremely popular with readers. This attitude did not extend to Africans, however, whom Hamilton describes in racist stereotypes.
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699:. This was printed at irregular times in Canada until 1966 when the founder, originally from Croydon, England, died. It was distributed around the world and printed critical discussions and articles about the work of Charles Hamilton and other story paper writers. In November 1946 another magazine, the
663:
The public school is a world where adult supervision is light, allowing the juvenile characters to create a society of their own, and dare to adventure beyond the experience of the young readers. This formula became standard in juvenile fiction, though
Hamilton's originality and technique were seldom
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The stories also uphold a moral code of honesty, generosity, respect and discipline, while condemning
Hamilton's own weaknesses of smoking and gambling. There is also a strong message against racism in the inclusion of an Indian schoolboy, Hurree Singh, into the core group of the Famous Five in 1908,
571:
Popular; Dreadnought; Ranger; Gem; Magnet; Boys Friend Weekly; B.F.L.; Schoolboys Own
Library; Chuckles; Greyfriars Holiday Annual; Knockout Fun Book; Tom Merry's Own; Billy Bunter's Own; Mascot Schoolboy Series; Sparshott Series; Wonder Book of Comics; Silver Jacket; and other post WWII publications
409:
It has been estimated by the researchers Lofts and Adley that
Hamilton wrote around 100 million words or the equivalent of 1,200 average-length novels, making him the most prolific author in history. He is known to have created over 100 schools that were the subjects of his stories as well as writing
727:
A boy of fifteen or sixteen is on the threshold of life: and life is a tough proposition; but will he be better prepared for it by telling him how tough it may possibly be? I am sure that the reverse is the case. . . . Happiness is the best preparation for misery, if misery must come. At least, the
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Charles
Hamilton was a keen gambler at continental casinos before the First World War. Although his stories always had a strong anti-gambling message, such conduct being described as 'sweepy' or 'shady', Hamilton often introduced gambling storylines, such as horserace betting or casinos, and warned
647:
Much of his popularity derives from his ability to allow the reader to participate vicariously in the ongoing adventure. As with many later children's writers, the stories centred on a small core group of characters who form a close knit unit – at St Jim's there was the
Terrible Three, at Rookwood
365:
Hamilton never married, but some details of one romance are provided in a biography, and another is briefly mentioned in his autobiography. Early in the 20th century he was briefly engaged to a lady called Agnes, and later he formed a brief attachment to an
American lady whom he alluded to as Miss
270:
These three schools absorbed most of
Hamilton's energies over the following 30 years and constitute the work for which he is best remembered. In the early part of this period the St Jim's stories were more involved and more popular. The Greyfriars stories, however, evolved gradually over the early
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Before World War II, all of Hamilton's writing was for weekly papers, produced on cheap paper and lacking any suggestion of permanence; it had nonetheless attracted a loyal following but, unsurprisingly, no critical attention from the mainstream media. However, there emerged in 1940 a privately
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The moral message throughout is subtly tempered through comic characters, of whom Billy Bunter is the most famous. Bunter is the antithesis of everything the stories value: lazy, greedy, dishonest, and self-centred. However, he is tolerated because of his extreme incompetence and (usually) good
644:, who emerged from a similar period and was also a prolific author in a light-hearted genre. His extraordinary output has been suggested as arising from a very fluent style that came naturally to him and, in turn made the stories very readable, while at the same time being somewhat wordy.
51:
334:, was published in September 1947. The series continued for the rest of his life, the publisher later changing to Cassells. In addition, he wrote further St Jim's, Rookwood and Cliff House stories, as well as the television scripts for seven series of Billy Bunter stories for the
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Over the following years he was to establish himself as the main writer with the publisher Trapps Holmes, providing several thousand stories on a range of subjects including police, detectives, firemen, Westerns as well as school stories. In 1906 he started to write for the
648:
the Fistical Four and at Greyfriars, The Famous Five. Such groups, while being closed to other pupils, are implicitly open to readers who are subliminally invited to include themselves amongst their number, thereby establishing their involvement with the story.
325:. He was not able to continue the Greyfriars saga, as Amalgamated Press held the copyright and would not release it. He was obliged to create new schools such as Carcroft and Sparshott, as well as trying the romance genre under the name of Winston Cardew.
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began. Created by Herbert Leckenby, and in due course edited by Eric Fayne and Mary Cadogan, it was to run at mostly monthly intervals until early 2005 (a last issue being published in 2007). Discussion and debates continued through internet based Groups.
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in the summer of 1940, but in the event a sudden shortage of paper, caused by the progress of the war, led to its ceasing publication abruptly and without notice in May that year. The final issue contained the opening story of a new series.
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as the main character and written by Charles Hamilton under the pen name of Martin Clifford. This paper rapidly established itself and, to capitalise on its success, a similar venture was launched in 1908. This was to be known as
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was a particular favourite. He travelled widely in Europe in his youth, but after 1926 he left England only to visit France. He lived in a small house called Rose Lawn, in Kingsgate, a hamlet in St Peter parish, now part of
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Hamilton employed a lightly ironic voice, often studded with humorous classical references which had the effect of making the stories both accessible and erudite. In this respect, he has been compared to
263:
In 1915 Hamilton started a third school series for Amalgamated Press, Rookwood, this time under the name Owen Conquest and featuring a leading character called Jimmy Silver. These appeared in the
275:, eventually becoming Hamilton's main priority. His "golden age" is generally regarded as lasting from about 1925 to about 1935. In all he provided stories for 82 per cent of the issues of
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While Hamilton was reclusive in later years, he conducted a prolific correspondence with his readers. He generally wore a skull cap to conceal his hair loss and sometimes smoked a pipe.
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By 1946 Richards had received permission to write Greyfriars stories again, and obtained a contract from publishers Charles Skilton for a hardback series, the first volume of which,
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In the presence of such authority, I speak with diffidence and can only say that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am only one person and have never been two or three.
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He had a close relationship with his sister Una, her husband Percy Harrison and their daughter, Una Hamilton-Wright, who produced her own biography of Hamilton in 2006.
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Trinder - born 1847) and John Hamilton (1839-1884), a master carpenter. Charles Hamilton was privately educated at Thorn House School in Ealing, where he studied
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676:, and for about 20 years nearly 35 other authors wrote stories for publication under the pen names 'Martin Clifford' and 'Frank Richards'; these included
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748:. He says the works recall a world which contrasts with "the birth of an age which knew all about its rights but had forgotten its responsibilities".
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nature and lack of malice. His absurd interventions deflate the high seriousness of authority figures, and frequently reduce their efforts to farce.
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and although he continued to have stories published for Trapps Holmes until 1915 (many of which were reprints), his allegiance was gradually to move.
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among other subjects. He then embarked on a career as a writer of fiction, having his first story accepted almost immediately, appearing in 1895.
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in 1940 Hamilton had little work, but he became known as the author of the stories following a newspaper interview he gave to the London
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260:. The subject matter was a school called Greyfriars and Hamilton was again to be the author, this time using the name Frank Richards.
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Popular; Pluck; Gem; Triumph; Boys Friend; Weekly; Schoolboys Own Library; Empire Library; Greyfriars Holiday Annual; Goldhawk Books
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Cultural historian Jeffrey Richards has written extensively about Hamilton's work, providing many examples of admirers, including
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Popular; Boys Friend Weekly; Gem; Magnet; Schoolboys Own Library; B.F.L.; Greyfriars Herald; Greyfriars Holiday Annual; Knockout
283:. If a Hamilton story was not available, the story was provided by another author but still using the Clifford or Richards name.
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in 1907 and by issue number 11 it had established a format: the major content was to be a story about St Jim's school, starring
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His life interests were writing stories, studying Latin, Greek and modern languages, chess, music, and gambling, especially at
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During the 1910s Hamilton's input dropped during his frequent trips to the Continent and the gambling tables of
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Plaque to Charles Hamilton at 15 Oak Street, Ealing, London W5, now the site of Ealing Broadway Shopping Centre
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many non-school stories. More than 5,000 of his stories have been identified, of which 3,100 were reprinted.
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167:(for The Rio Kid). He also wrote hundreds of stories under his real name such as the Ken King stories for
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as the world's most prolific author. Vast amounts of his output are available on the Friardale website.
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Frank Richards died on 24 December 1961, aged 85, and was cremated at the Kent County Crematorium at
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At least 25 pen-names have been identified as having been used by Hamilton. These are listed below.
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was cancelled, in the traditional manner of British comics, by being merged with another paper, the
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1262:"The Nabob of Bhanipur Comes of Age: A Study of a Fictional Icon and Its Post-Colonial After-Life"
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had declined, partly because of competition from publications by D.C. Thomson. In December 1939
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He is estimated to have written about 100 million words in his lifetime and has featured in the
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The Times A Greyfriars short story written by Charles Hamilton in Latin
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in 1931; all subsequent stories were solely written by Hamilton.
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Portraits of Hamilton were painted by the artist Norman Kadish.
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The Far Side of Billy Bunter: The Biography of Charles Hamilton
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Amalgamated Press started a new story paper for boys called
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723:and defended the wholesome comfort of the stories:
563:Vanguard Library; Funny Cuts; Picture Fun; Smiles
612:Vanguard Library; Best Budget; Funny Cuts; Larks
1252:Happiest Days: Public Schools in English Fiction
211:, one of the eight children of Mary Ann Hannah (
30:For the British orientalist and translator, see
1266:Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense
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1083:, Howard Baker Press, London (1971) pp. 78–80
1014:, The Friars' Club. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
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1166:Hamilton Wright, Una; McCall, Peter (2006),
27:English writer of school stories (1876–1961)
286:By the late 1930s the circulations of both
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1148:Frank Richards - The Chap Behind the Chums
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531:Picture Fun; Vanguard Library; Funny Cuts
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1547:Writers from the London Borough of Ealing
1254:, Manchester: Manchester University Press
847:"John Hamilton Time Line on Ancestry.com"
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1012:Painting of Greyfriars by Norman Kadish
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1341:, with 5 library catalogue records
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1023:Lofts & Adley, Appendix 2, p. 161.
18:Charles Hamilton (writer) bibliography
1306:Detailed listing of Hamilton material
155:. Other important pen-names included
7:
1156:Fayne, Eric; Jenkins, Roger (1972),
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555:Modern Boy; Ranger; Popular; B.F.L.
1242:The Autobiography of Frank Richards
1158:A History of The Magnet and The Gem
1032:Lofts and Adley, Appendix 1, p.159.
405:List of stories by Charles Hamilton
1226:"Frank Richards Replies to Orwell"
25:
1493:Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School
1442:Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School
1186:Lofts, W.O.; Adley, D.J. (1975),
1176:Lofts, W.O.; Adley, D.J. (1970),
1000:Hamilton Wright & McCall 2006
515:Chuckles; Empire Library; B.F.L.
331:Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School
191:Early life and career (1876–1906)
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279:and two thirds of the issues of
141:Charles Harold St. John Hamilton
64:Charles Harold St. John Hamilton
49:
1277:Boys Will Be Boys (3rd edition)
695:printed publication called the
1474:Billy Bunter's Christmas Party
1335:"Hamilton, Charles, 1875-1961"
1298:Collecting Books and Magazines
604:Vanguard Library; Picture Fun
32:Charles Hamilton (orientalist)
1:
547:Diamond Library; Jacks Paper
507:Vanguard Library; Funny Cuts
491:Coloured Comic; Worlds Comic
483:Vanguard Library; Funny Cuts
1260:Sell, Jonathan P.A. (2000),
1178:The Men Behind Boys' Fiction
766:Children's literature portal
1188:The World of Frank Richards
656:of its compulsive dangers.
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1562:British boys' story papers
1537:English children's writers
1458:Billy Bunter's Barring-Out
1250:Richards, Jeffery (1991),
1136:Beal, George, ed. (1977),
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29:
315:Following the closure of
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1240:Richards, Frank (1962),
1224:Richards, Frank (1940),
1170:, London: Friars Library
980:. Visionofbritain.org.uk
596:Funny Cuts; Picture Fun
311:Later career (1940–1961)
179:Guinness Book of Records
1450:Billy Bunter's Banknote
1206:Orwell, George (1940),
941:Lofts & Adley, 1975
876:Lofts, W. O. G. (1966)
849:. Person.ancestry.co.uk
1466:Billy Bunter in Brazil
1330:Index of Boys Weeklies
1200:, London: Howard Baker
1196:McCall, Peter (1982),
1190:, London: Howard Baker
1180:, London: Howard Baker
1146:Cadogan, Mary (1988),
1140:, London: Howard Baker
965:Lofts & Adley 1975
952:Lofts & Adley 1975
930:Lofts & Adley 1975
917:Lofts & Adley 1975
904:Lofts & Adley 1975
891:Lofts & Adley 1975
867:Lofts and Adley, p. 19
834:Lofts & Adley 1975
821:Lofts & Adley 1970
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1275:Turner, E.S. (1975),
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697:Story Paper Collector
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238:
203:Hamilton was born in
198:
1318:Detailed site about
1198:The Greyfriars Guide
1160:, Kent: Museum Press
1138:The Magnet Companion
1081:The Magnet Companion
1339:Library of Congress
1218:on 19 December 2008
1150:, Middlesex: Viking
880:no. 239 p. 30.
678:Edwy Searles Brooks
265:Boys' Friend Weekly
163:(for Rookwood) and
1542:People from Ealing
1407:List of characters
701:Collectors' Digest
668:Substitute writers
496:Hamilton Greening
373:. The Roman poet
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241:
231:Heyday (1907–1940)
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151:stories featuring
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1376:Greyfriars School
1326:Enthusiasts' site
1312:Enthusiasts' Club
1294:Hamilton material
1279:, London: Penguin
1244:, London: Skilton
878:Collectors Digest
635:Style and content
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620:Vanguard Library
536:Harcourt Lewelyn
528:Gillingham Jones
459:School and Sport
225:Amalgamated Press
149:Greyfriars School
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16:(Redirected from
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1434:The Secret Seven
1392:(Frank Richards)
1390:Charles Hamilton
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1304:Greyfriars Index
1300:Detailed article
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239:Hamilton in 1912
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1094:Orwell 1940
746:Benny Green
734:John Arlott
674:Monte Carlo
588:Funny Cuts
499:Funny Cuts
467:Modern Boy
380:Broadstairs
371:Monte Carlo
119:Nationality
1531:Categories
1485:Television
1400:Characters
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1320:The Magnet
1316:The Magnet
807:References
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742:Ted Willis
711:entitled "
683:The Magnet
664:equalled.
366:New York.
317:The Magnet
304:The Magnet
292:The Magnet
277:The Magnet
273:The Magnet
257:The Magnet
111:Occupation
69:1876-08-08
1496:(1952–61)
1292:Friardale
1122::292–295)
1069:Sell 2000
954::146–151)
788:Tom Merry
690:Criticism
451:Chuckles
424:Pen-name
414:Pen-names
271:years of
251:Tom Merry
106:, England
100:Kingsgate
80:Middlesex
752:See also
147:for the
1426:Stories
1383:Creator
1233:Horizon
1212:Horizon
984:7 April
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919::52–55)
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853:7 April
782:The Gem
539:Smiles
343:Charing
300:Triumph
296:The Gem
288:The Gem
281:The Gem
246:The Gem
122:English
84:England
1477:(1949)
1469:(1949)
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375:Horace
209:London
205:Ealing
114:Author
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1229:(PDF)
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