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in due course, had combined punishment and reform and suited the settlers' economic interests. But in
Britain it was seen as too inconsistent: the treatment of assigned convicts depended on the character of their masters rather than the nature of their crimes – neither reforming the prisoner nor deterring potential offenders in Britain. Probation involved both punishment and reform, achieved by separate confinement and hard labour, religious instruction and education, and punishment with a just but dread certainty. Convicts started with a period of confinement and labour in gangs at a probation station or at a penal settlement for life-sentenced prisoners. If they progressed satisfactorily through several stages of decreasing severity, they received a probation pass and became available for hire to the settlers. Sustained good conduct eventually led to a ticket-of-leave or a pardon. More than 80 probation stations were in operation. Poor planning and administration, inadequate funding, huge numbers, and an unforeseen economic depression caused the probation system to fail. The convicts' misery increased; for the colonists, having more convicts in the community added to their corrupting influence out of proportion to their economic contribution. The failure turned the majority of colonists into implacable opponents of transportation itself.
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153:. From 1820 to 1827 he served in the West Indies before returning to England. With the rank of captain, in 1833 he arrived with his regiment in Van Diemen's Land. He was soon appointed commandant of the principal convict settlement, Port Arthur, and he also controlled all convict stations on the Tasman Peninsula. His position gave him entrée to the upper levels of Van Diemen's Land's small, exclusive society, in which he quickly became well-liked and respected.
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194:. After they became separated, Turner found a settler who raised the alarm; a large search party was assembled. Booth survived four nights in cold wet autumn weather, suffering exposure, weak with hunger and with only his dogs for company. One of the dogs spotted a searcher and took him to Booth, who was frostbitten and too weak to call out. He never fully recovered from the ordeal.
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In a departure from the focus on severe punishment that characterised penal practices at the time, Booth's initiatives at the juvenile reformatory, Point Puer, separated young prisoners from older, more hardened convicts and gave them special attention and trade training so that the cycle of criminal
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In 1840, changes in penal organisation under the probation system confined his jurisdiction to Port Arthur and the adjacent juvenile establishment at Point Puer. Under his command the township of Port Arthur was laid out, small harbours were constructed and swamps reclaimed, a government farm was set
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The
Probation System was an experiment in penal discipline introduced in 1839 and modified several times after 1846. It was abandoned altogether following the abolition of transportation to Van Diemen's Land in 1853. Its predecessor, the assignment system, in which convicts were assigned to settlers
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In
November of the same year, Booth married Elizabeth Charlotte Eagle, the 19-year-old stepdaughter of the regiment's surgeon. His health did not improve and his interest turned to family life; his enthusiasm for the convict settlement declined and he retired from the army in 1839 or 1840. He
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described him as "kind and humane, active and most determined". He was regarded as severe but just in his treatment of convicts, but he was also accused of being insensitive about individual problems in his zeal to treat all prisoners equally.
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122:(31 August 1800 – 11 August 1851), was an English-born army officer who served in India, the West Indies and England for a total of 18 years before being posted to
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was constructed, and a semaphore-signal telegraph system was established for faster communications, especially to capture escaped prisoners.
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In 1815, aged 15, he was sent by his parents to India in the care of an uncle. The following year he joined the
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behaviour could be broken. The reformatory was described as "an oasis in the desert of penal government".
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Booth was an impartial and efficient administrator, as prompt to reward as to punish. Lieutenant-Governor
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remained at Port Arthur until, in 1844, he was appointed superintendent of the Queens Orphan School in
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Booth in his uniform as a captain of the 21st (Royal North
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In 1838 Booth and a convict assistant, Joseph Turner, became lost in the dense
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penal settlement and subsequently as the head of an orphan's school.
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Biography - Charles O'Hara Booth - Australian
Dictionary of Biography
134:). He remained there for a further 18 years, first as commandant of
242:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
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21st (Royal North
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336:"The Orphan Schools - State Library of Tasmania"
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102:British Army
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198:Later years
136:Port Arthur
389:Categories
352:18 October
211:References
70:Allegiance
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128:Australia
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108:Commands
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320:7 May
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260:help
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
