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840:) they were joined by three brigantines and three barks. With 17 vessels and 1,200 men Blénac set course for the Dutch island of Sint Eustatius, where he arrived on 3 April 1689. The Dutch under Governor Lucas Schorer were totally unprepared for the attack, and just two ships managed to escape carrying valuables. The French landed at two places on the island, and after slight resistance the Dutch retreated into Fort Orange in the evening. The next morning, after the French threatened the fort with siege guns the Dutch surrendered and agreed to leave the island. The French destroyed all shore defenses, collected booty and departed, leaving a small 40-man garrison.
793:
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420:
731:, Martinique, which de Baas had established as the seat of the lieutenant general of the Antilles. He chose to live at Fort-Royal instead of Saint-Pierre to encourage growth of the town and the fortress. Before this, the town had been an unplanned cluster of buildings along the Carénage River. Blénac ordered the bogs around the site to be drained or filled in, making room for a grid of streets centered on a main square known as the
557:
527:
1033:, repulsed the English when they attempted invasion with a force of 4,000 men. The English expedition under Admiral Wheler had 15 warships 3 fire ships, 28 transports and almost 2,000 soldiers, to which Barbados added another 1,000 men. This force invaded in March 1693, and took control of a large area with little opposition. English reinforcements under Captain General
761:
spent the next three months studying all the slave ordinances of the French islands, then talked with leading officials and slave owners of
Martinique, Guadeloupe and Saint Christophe. He condensed his findings into a 16-page memorandum that was sent to Versailles in February 1683 and became the basis, with a few small adjustments, of the March 1685 edict known as the
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278:, Saintonge. His parents were Jacques de Courbon Blénac and Marie Thison, dame de La Sauzaie. His sister Marie married André de Talleyrand-Périgord. Charles de Blénac married Angélique de La Rochefoucauld, daughter of Louis de la Rochefoucauld, seigneur de Bayères. She was the widow of his cousin. They would have eleven children.
693:
and 16 officers. The French attacked at once and within an hour had seized what remained of the fort as well as four sinking ships. They took 600 prisoners. The French destroyed all the houses and plantation buildings on the island, deported the people and abandoned the island. This victory destroyed
779:
informed Blénac and the island governors to prepare to defend themselves against Spain, since war with Spain was likely once Louis XIV declared war on the Dutch
Republic. The governors were to inspect their fortifications, prepare artillery batteries, and make their militias and local defense forces
760:
of the French colonies in the
Caribbean, head of the civil and legal administration. He was charged with preparing an ordinance to regulate slavery in French American colonies. Bégon sailed for Martinique that fall, where Blénac showed him what had been done so far on codifying the slave laws. Bégon
739:
I do not believe that you have in the islands of
America a colonist better established than I am in Cul-de-Sac at Fort-Royal. There were not more than three sugar-refineries when I arrived; there are presently 57. There was not a single hen; now it is filled with cattle, pigs, horses, and poultry. I
895:
then obtained permission to install a battery on nearby hill from which the interior of the fort could be seen; this was done on the night of 14–15 August. When the fort's defenders found their gunfire could not reach the new, higher battery they surrendered. The
English colonists were all ordered
835:
In the West Indies the
English would not cooperate with their Dutch allies. Blénac took advantage of this, and sent a secret expedition that captured Sint Eustatius. On 28 March 1689 a small fleet of three ships, a brigantine, a bark and three smaller vessels under Blénac and the Intendant Gabriel
392:
commanded by Blénac and four smaller ships. The French engaged an arc of anchored Dutch warships, under-manned since the Dutch had transferred many men to the land defenses. French land forces attempted to storm fort
Sterreschans but were repulsed on three separate attempts. The struggling ships in
1037:
arrived within two weeks, but the combined force did not engage in serious fighting. The
English captured 3,000 black slaves, valued at £60,000. An ineffective attack was made on Saint Pierre, then the force departed. Various explanations have been given for the failure to make a serious effort to
831:
to the
Antilles to defend the colonies and the French traders, and to attack the Dutch privateers. When England declared war on France in May 1689 Seignelay placed four warships at the disposal of Blénac. Blénac also used buccaneers as auxiliaries, particularly during the start of the war in 1689
1025:
to attach the French
Antilles. Blénac was told he could not expect help from France. Blénac had been accompanied to Martinique by an engineer, Sieur de Caylus, and during 1692 he directed improvements to the island's defenses while Blénac organized the militia of almost 1,400 men. Pontchartrain
688:
Blénac led the land force of 950 men, with an artillery train to besiege the Dutch fort. The mortars and cannon had to be dragged about 4 miles (6.4 km) to the top of a hill that overlooked the fort, which took three days. The third shell fired by the French hit the powder magazine, and the
923:
was planning to lead a force of about 2,300 to attack Martinique, and was waiting for warships to be fitted out in England to carry his force. Early in 1690 Blénac received over 30 merchantmen escorted by four warships, but chose to take no action against the English, and did not even have the
940:
arrived on 5 February 1691 with 14 warships, strengthened the defenses and in May relieved the French defenders of Fort Saint-Charles in Guadeloupe, who had been besieged by the English. On his return to Martinique d'Eragny was among the victims of an outbreak of yellow fever in August 1691.
1013:
The English were completely outnumbered, and set a course to the leeward in the hope of protecting the convoy. Blénac engaged the next day, but Wrenn outmanoeuvred him and managed to escape to the south. Wrenn reached Barbados three days later without any losses.
767:(Black Code). The king had asked Blénac to participate in drafting the slave code, but he claimed to have done little, and said only that Begin constructed the law "in his presence". He did help make some provisions concerning slaves milder and more flexible.
393:
the harbour began to burn, with fire spreading from one ship to another. Eventually the French had to break off after three ships had been burned to the waterline, two run ashore and other badly damaged, with over 1,000 casualties. D'Estree withdrew toward
965:
gave Blénac a fleet of ten warships, one frigate and two fire ships. He was ordered to attack Barbados and go on to destroy the property of the English colonists in the Leeward Islands. Blénac arrived back in Martinique on 4 February 1692.
408:). He returned to France with D'Estrées to have his appointment confirmed. Louis XIV decided to mount another expedition against Tobago later in 1677. Blénac and returned with d'Estrees in the autumn of 1677, taking office in November.
1038:
capture the island. The reason seems to be a combination of the climate, raw troops including unenthusiastic Irish and superior French forces. The French under Ducasse retaliated, but limited their activity to plundering.
815:, destroy the island's fort and deport all the inhabitants. He was to use local forces only, and to cover the costs by selling slaves. The minister changed his mind when he heard that several large Dutch
770:
Blénac left the Martinique for France in March 1683, and returned in April 1684. Claude de Roux de Saint-Laurent, chevalier de Saint-Laurent, acted as governor in his absence. Just before the start of the
887:
on the French part of Saint Christopher and landed his army, which quickly occupied all the south of the island. The English governor, Colonel Thomas Hill, took refuge with 400 to 500 defenders in
1017:
After this the English and French found themselves in a stalemate, where neither could risk invading an enemy island while the other's fleet was intact. The crews of both squadrons suffered from
1046:
949:
891:. Blénac settled down for a siege, and for two weeks bombarded the main gate with over 1,000 rounds, achieving little, while a trench was being dug towards the fort. The naval officer
932:
Subordinates such as Ducasse were so critical of Blénac's lack of action that he offered to resign. Blénac left Martinique on 29 January 1690 and returned to France "on leave" on the
819:
were leaving for the Antilles, and before year end he heard that privateers were pillaging some of the small and indefensible French islands. In March 1689 Seignelay sent the 52-gun
1021:, and Wrenn died of the disease. Blénac only had enough sailors to man three warships by the start of July. News came that the English were organizing a major expedition under Sir
669:. Blénac had instructions to coordinate his action as governor general with d'Estrées, and to recruit soldiers and colonists as reinforcements. The squadron sailed to the
321:
in 1672. Blénac was quick to take offense, and early in 1673 was briefly imprisoned for insulting a superior officer. After his release, in August 1673 he was captain of
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D'Estrées delayed the attack on Curaçao for four months while he tried to recruit more forces, and finally left on 7 May. His fleet ran onto coral reefs off the
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289:, and in recognition of his services was made count of Blénac in 1659. For a long time he served in the land armies, reaching the rank of
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295:. In 1669 he transferred to the navy, which was then in the process of being formed. He advanced quickly through the ranks and became
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have made you a town and a church constructed of stone.... I have made you a fort which provides security for all these islands.
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ships and four fireships. It was the strongest naval force that France had ever sent to the Americas. D'Estrées had the 68-gun
843:
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Saint Christopher. Fort Charles is on the south coast of the west part. Basseterre, also on the south coast, is further east.
727:
During Blénac's time in office as governor general of the Antilles he devoted much of his energy to developing the city of
1891:
1574:
735:(Swamp). He began construction of a church and strengthened the defenses of the citadel. He reported to the king in 1686,
720:
961:
to help defend the Antilles late in 1691. The king reappointed Blénac as governor general of the Windward Islands. The
900:, while the indentured Irish stayed and became French subjects. Blénac sailed for Martinique ten days later leaving
936:
to defend himself at court. By July the British had reconquered Saint Kitts and Sint Eustatius. Blénac's successor
888:
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was passing between Guadeloupe and Désirade. The English found Blénac ahead of them in his flagship, the 62-gun
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of illegally allowing foreign merchants to conduct business, in particular slave traders. Two years later,
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In July 1689 Blénac heard that there were violent disagreements on Saint Kitts between supporters of King
1853:
Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac, 1622-1696, gouverneur général des Antilles françaises, 1677-1696 ...
661:
as his flagship. His second in command was François-Bénédict de Rouxel, marquis de Grancey in the 64-gun
1689:
Morgan, William Thomas (September 1930), "The British West Indies during King William's War (1689-97)",
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had brought news that England and France were at war, Blénac sailed from Martinique with the warships
230:(1622 – 10 June 1696) was a French military officer, nobleman and colonial administrator who served as
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911:, making off with slaves, cattle and other goods, and burned all the houses. They made an attempt on
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Dutch military power in the Antilles. D'Estrées next sailed to Martinique to prepare an attack on
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but was repulsed. D'Estrees entered Klip Bay at dawn on 3 March 1677 in his flagship, the 72-gun
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on Martinique in 1674. One of Blénac's key priorities was to strengthen the island's defences.
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677:(off Senegal) from the Dutch, then sailed fast to the Antilles. D'Estrées stopped briefly at
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to Martinique, and after Louis XIV declared war on Spain in April 1689 he sent the frigates
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1614:
Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
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during the 17th century. He was an experienced soldier and fought for the king during the
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for the West Indies with a squadron of seven ships of the line, four smaller ships, five
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ordered that the five vessels of the French navy in the Antilles leave by 1 March 1693.
246:
he led the land forces that captured Tobago from the Dutch before taking command of the
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Charles de Blénac, Marquis de la Roche-Courbon, was born to a noble family in 1622 in
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Blénac died near Fort Royal, Martinique on the night of 8-9 June 1696 from lingering
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Dumaitz de Goimpy was joined by another ship at Guadeloupe. At Saint Christopher (
404:, and Blénac was appointed to replace him as lieutenant general of the Antilles (
1851:
1069:, lost all but one of the ships of the line, and was forced to return to France.
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ready to fight. France would give no support other than send two privateers from
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1594:"Charles de Blénac, marquis de la Roche-Courbon, comte de Blénac (1622-1696)"
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A 1780 French history says the English force was led by "Admiral Houkille".
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Final Passages: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America, 1619-1807
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to find out what he could about the strength of the Dutch, then reached
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Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France
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On 2 March 1692 a convoy of merchant ships escorted by Commodore
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During the retreat to Grenada the French heard of the death of
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he was active in the struggle with the English and Dutch in the
34:
Charles de Courbon, marquis de la Roche-Courbon, comte de Blénac
953:
Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, chancelier de France
689:
explosion destroyed the fort. 250 men died, including Admiral
1163:
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1159:
1157:
1640:
Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
915:
that was driven off, then made a highly destructive raid on
807:(1688–97), in November 1688 Seignelay told Blénac to attack
388:
led a squadron nearer to the shore that included the 62-gun
27:
French military officer, nobleman and colonial administrator
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Plan du fort de la Basse terre de l'isle de St. Christophle
1754:
In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670-1730
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Thomas-Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg, marquis d'Amblimont
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attempted to take the Dutch fortress of Sterrshans on
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rebellion (1648–53) Blénac supported the infant King
919:. The French learned that the English governor Sir
907:In response, an English force invaded and occupied
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1856:, Société d'histoire de la Martinique, p. 208
1543:Histoire de l'Ordre royal et militaire de St-Louis
832:during attacks on Saint Kitts and Sint Eustatius.
1809:, University of Wisconsin–Madison, archived from
744:In 1680, Blénac accused the colonial governor of
1144:
1142:
1029:In 1693 Blénac and the governor of Martinique,
737:
883:, 14 merchantmen and 23 sloops. He arrived at
859:. On 27 July 1689, after the dispatch vessel
8:
1323:
1167:
945:Governor general of the Antilles (1692–96)
924:resources to defend his recent conquests.
902:Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut
775:, in October 1688 the navy secretary, the
706:Governor general of the Antilles (1677–90)
157:Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut
29:
1475:
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90:Lieutenant general of the French Antilles
45:Lieutenant general of the French Antilles
1897:Governors general of the French Antilles
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1179:
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1090:
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412:Second Battle of Tobago (December 1677)
406:lieutenant-général des isles d’Amérique
238:before becoming a naval officer in the
232:governor general of the French Antilles
134:Governor general of the French Antilles
1882:17th-century French military personnel
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788:War with Holland and England (1688–90)
698:. Blénac raised a large contingent of
556:
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397:and was back in France by early July.
102:20 April 1684 – February 1691
1575:"Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac"
146:24 November 1691 – June 1696
7:
1725:O'Malley, Gregory E. (2014-09-02),
938:François d'Alesso, Marquis d'Éragny
612:
341:began in 1672 and lasted until the
333:First Battle of Tobago (March 1677)
228:Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac
169:Thomas-Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg
18:Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac
1751:Pritchard, James S. (2004-01-22),
1573:Eclavea, Christine (25 May 2018),
1371:
1148:
665:, and Blénac commanded the 60-gun
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649:On 3 October 1677 d'Estrées left
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1902:Governors of French Saint Lucia
1777:Rushforth, Brett (2013-06-01),
470:
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1757:, Cambridge University Press,
644:Islands in the Lesser Antilles
626:
1:
1824:Woodcock, Henry Iles (1867),
1691:The Journal of Modern History
673:, took the slaving island of
360:a French force under Admiral
57:1677 – February 1683
702:to support this expedition.
372:, accompanied by the 58-gun
71:Gabriel de Jolinet (interim)
1598:La Martinique à la carte...
752:appointed his first cousin
1918:
1045:. He was succeeded by the
928:Return to France (1690–96)
1011:and five smaller vessels.
721:unsuccessful Dutch attack
242:. Towards the end of the
221:
174:
139:
95:
50:
39:
1850:Baudrit, André (1967),
1666:Pirates of the Americas
784:to attack Dutch ships.
352:First Battle of Tobago.
1663:Marley, David (2010),
1637:Marley, David (2005),
1611:Marley, David (1998),
1035:Christopher Codrington
963:comte de Pontchartrain
959:Jean-Baptiste du Casse
954:
921:Christopher Codrington
893:Jean-Baptiste du Casse
853:William III of England
848:
811:, to the northwest of
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217:Soldier, naval officer
1806:The wars of Louis XIV
1546:(in French), Duchesne
1540:d'Aspect, M. (1780),
952:
846:
795:
750:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
718:
351:
305:in the expedition of
298:capitaine de vaisseau
270:Early years (1622–77)
1892:French Navy officers
1067:Las Aves archipelago
803:At the start of the
777:marquis de Seignelay
719:A lithograph of the
685:on 6 December 1677.
641:class=notpageimage|
402:Jean-Charles de Baas
358:action of March 1677
343:Treaties of Nijmegen
68:Jean-Charles de Baas
1827:A History of Tobago
1803:Sommerville, J.P.,
1783:, UNC Press Books,
1731:, UNC Press Books,
1362:, p. 123 fn78.
977:, supported by the
711:Peacetime (1677–88)
313:. He commanded the
301:. He commanded the
287:Louis XIV of France
1031:Nicolas de Gabaret
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671:Cape Verde Islands
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128:, Marquis d'Éragny
1790:978-0-8078-3817-4
1764:978-0-521-82742-3
1738:978-1-4696-1535-6
1676:978-1-59884-201-2
1650:978-1-57607-027-7
1624:978-0-87436-837-6
1514:, pp. 48–49.
362:Jean II d'Estrées
319:Battle of Solebay
307:Jean II d'Estrées
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126:François d'Alesso
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179:Personal details
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1055:
957:Louis XIV sent
947:
930:
896:to evacuate to
805:Nine Years' War
790:
773:Nine Years' War
713:
708:
647:
646:
645:
643:
637:
636:
635:
634:
630:
622:
621:
620:
616:
608:
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464:
460:
452:
451:
450:
448:
444:
436:
435:
434:
430:
414:
335:
327:Battle of Texel
311:Barbary pirates
272:
252:Nine Years' War
248:French Antilles
205:
188:
163:
151:
145:
140:
120:
107:
101:
96:
76:
70:
62:
56:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1915:
1913:
1905:
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1899:
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1874:
1864:
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1859:
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1838:
1821:
1800:
1789:
1774:
1763:
1748:
1737:
1722:
1703:10.1086/235621
1697:(3): 378–409,
1686:
1675:
1660:
1649:
1634:
1623:
1608:
1589:
1570:
1554:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1526:, p. 498.
1516:
1504:
1502:, p. 396.
1492:
1490:, p. 395.
1480:
1478:, p. 309.
1476:Pritchard 2004
1468:
1466:, p. 208.
1456:
1454:, p. 207.
1444:
1442:, p. 308.
1440:Pritchard 2004
1429:
1427:, p. 391.
1417:
1415:, p. 305.
1413:Pritchard 2004
1405:
1403:, p. 201.
1388:
1386:, p. 200.
1376:
1364:
1360:Rushforth 2013
1352:
1350:, p. 123.
1348:Rushforth 2013
1340:
1338:, p. 122.
1336:Rushforth 2013
1328:
1326:, p. 155.
1316:
1314:, p. 171.
1297:
1295:, p. 304.
1293:Pritchard 2004
1270:
1268:, p. 294.
1266:Pritchard 2004
1253:
1251:, p. 293.
1249:Pritchard 2004
1238:
1223:
1221:, p. 185.
1208:
1206:, p. 184.
1196:
1184:
1172:
1170:, p. 205.
1153:
1138:
1121:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1023:Francis Wheler
946:
943:
929:
926:
809:Sint Eustatius
789:
786:
712:
709:
707:
704:
639:
638:
632:
631:
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582:
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563:St. Christophe
562:
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549:St. Barthélemy
548:
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540:
539:
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531:
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432:
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334:
331:
271:
268:
260:Sint Eustatius
258:. He captured
223:
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204:9–10 June 1696
202:
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117:
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113:Claude de Roux
110:
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93:
92:
86:
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82:Claude de Roux
79:
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72:
65:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1813:on 2018-09-01
1812:
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1557:Cahoon, Ben,
1555:
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1324:O'Malley 2014
1320:
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1239:
1236:, p. 30.
1235:
1234:Woodcock 1867
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1194:, p. 29.
1193:
1192:Woodcock 1867
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:d'Aspect 1780
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:, p. 48.
1118:
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972:
967:
964:
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951:
944:
942:
939:
935:
927:
925:
922:
918:
917:Marie-Galante
914:
910:
905:
904:as governor.
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
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870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
845:
841:
839:
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830:
826:
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787:
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766:
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751:
747:
741:
736:
734:
730:
722:
717:
710:
705:
703:
701:
697:
692:
691:Jacob Binckes
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
421:
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304:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
284:
279:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:. During the
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
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105:
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91:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:
66:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
31:
19:
1852:
1832:, retrieved
1826:
1815:, retrieved
1811:the original
1805:
1794:, retrieved
1779:
1768:, retrieved
1753:
1742:, retrieved
1727:
1694:
1690:
1680:, retrieved
1669:, ABC-CLIO,
1665:
1654:, retrieved
1643:, ABC-CLIO,
1639:
1628:, retrieved
1617:, ABC-CLIO,
1613:
1602:, retrieved
1597:
1583:, retrieved
1578:
1564:, retrieved
1559:
1548:, retrieved
1542:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1420:
1408:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1134:Eclavea 2018
1074:
1061:
1040:
1028:
1019:yellow fever
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
968:
956:
933:
931:
913:Saint Martin
906:
889:Fort Charles
881:Cheval Marin
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
834:
828:
824:
820:
802:
796:
769:
762:
754:Michel Bégon
743:
738:
732:
726:
687:
666:
662:
658:
648:
405:
399:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
355:
336:
322:
314:
309:against the
302:
296:
290:
280:
273:
227:
226:
209:, Martinique
164:Succeeded by
141:
121:Succeeded by
97:
77:Succeeded by
52:
1877:1696 deaths
1872:1622 births
1600:(in French)
1581:(in French)
1524:Marley 2010
1512:Marley 2010
1500:Morgan 1930
1488:Morgan 1930
1464:Marley 1998
1452:Marley 1998
1425:Morgan 1930
1401:Marley 1998
1384:Marley 1998
1312:Marley 2005
1219:Marley 1998
1204:Marley 1998
1180:Sommerville
1117:Marley 2010
971:Ralph Wrenn
838:Saint Kitts
746:Saint Croix
619:St. Vincent
380:and 38-gun
281:During the
264:Saint Kitts
240:French Navy
152:Preceded by
108:Preceded by
63:Preceded by
1866:Categories
1834:2018-09-01
1817:2018-09-01
1796:2018-09-01
1770:2018-08-31
1744:2018-09-01
1682:2018-09-03
1656:2018-09-01
1630:2018-09-01
1604:2018-08-31
1585:2018-08-31
1566:2018-09-01
1560:Martinique
1550:2018-08-31
1003:, Bouffone
997:, Chasseur
975:Vermandois
885:Basseterre
855:and Irish
817:privateers
782:Saint-Malo
729:Fort-Royal
700:buccaneers
667:Belliqueux
605:St. Martin
519:Martinique
505:Guadeloupe
491:Grenadines
214:Occupation
207:Fort Royal
1719:144978109
1086:Citations
1043:dysentery
1009:, Neptune
934:Pont d'Or
869:Émerillon
865:Hasardeux
857:Jacobites
764:Code Noir
758:intendant
591:St. Lucia
577:St. Croix
535:Eustatius
386:Intrépide
378:Émerillon
376:, 46-gun
345:in 1678.
194:Saintonge
142:In office
115:(interim)
98:In office
84:(interim)
53:In office
1830:, author
987:François
979:Vaillant
877:Dauphine
829:Friponne
679:Barbados
659:Terrible
655:en flûte
463:Dominica
374:Précieux
370:Glorieux
276:Romegoux
196:, France
190:Romegoux
1711:1898817
1533:Sources
696:Curaçao
663:Tonnant
477:Grenada
433:Antigua
395:Grenada
390:Fendant
382:Laurier
356:In the
325:in the
323:Fortuné
317:in the
303:Infante
1787:
1761:
1735:
1717:
1709:
1673:
1647:
1621:
1372:Cahoon
1149:Lampin
1007:Jersey
1001:Solide
995:Basque
991:Droite
825:Mignon
733:Savane
683:Tobago
633:Tobago
366:Tobago
283:Fronde
236:Fronde
1715:S2CID
1707:JSTOR
1053:Notes
983:Léger
898:Nevis
873:Loire
861:Perle
821:Perle
675:Gorée
651:Brest
447:Barb-
1785:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1579:Geni
879:and
827:and
533:Sint
449:ados
337:The
315:Fort
262:and
201:Died
187:1622
184:Born
1699:doi
756:as
1868::
1713:,
1705:,
1693:,
1596:,
1577:,
1432:^
1391:^
1300:^
1273:^
1256:^
1241:^
1226:^
1211:^
1156:^
1141:^
1124:^
1093:^
1049:.
1005:,
999:,
993:,
989:,
985:,
981:,
875:,
871:,
867:,
329:.
192:,
1701::
1695:2
1374:.
1182:.
1151:.
1136:.
20:)
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