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191:. The marriage was not a happy one, and it was reported that Captain Phelan was addicted to "gross intemperance" and personally abused Charlotte during their marriage. She was very patient towards him and refused to seek help from her friends, but as the abuse continued she was forced to separate from him in 1824. Charlotte was aware that her marital troubles could be interpreted many ways so, to keep her privacy, "Tonna made her friends and acquaintances promise that in the event of her death they would destroy all her letters and other correspondence". Her pen name "Charlotte Elizabeth" was a tactic she used to protect her writing earnings from Captain Phelan when they were married.
348:...in the desperate spirit of speculation, commercial men will set no limits to the production of what they may possibly sell, to the farther increase of their growing capital; and that in the struggle for means to live by the very scanty portion of this accumulated wealth which is allowed to circulate among them, the really destitute class are as little disposed to reject the most inadequate remuneration for their heavy toil; thus at once glutting the market with labourers, and keeping down the price of work.
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His unit then moved on to Fort Edward in
Windsor, Nova Scotia, where he stayed until 1818. She writes obliquely of "adverse circumstances" and of having been through "many waters of affliction". In addition, her doctor wrote that she was "sufferings during a very unhappy marriage to one really deranged in mind'"
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years old, found there was a single sentence or word above his comprehension, it was instantly corrected to suit that lowly standard." She was the subject of continued persecution, and because of claims made against her, "she was obliged to publish her works under her baptismal names of 'Charlotte
Elizabeth.'"
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George Phelan (1791–1837) was a friend of her brother. The couple were married on 15 May 1813. While in
Halifax, he joined the 7th Battalion of the 60th Regiment of Foot. He was promoted to captain. From 1815 to 1816, Tonna's husband was with his regiment in Annapolis Royal, British North America.
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on 12 July 1846, and was buried in St. George's churchyard, Ramsgate, Kent. Two months prior to her death, she expressed to her husband that she did not want to be buried in a vault but in a perishable "simple earth grave". This was due to her deep devotion to God and the common
Christian belief that
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wherein she wrote about the poor working conditions of female workers in London. The story focused on Kate Clark, a newly hired lace runners apprentice, who faced great work obstacles such as "long hours, poor pay and lack of food" which was common amongst labour workers in London. Published in four
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While in
Ireland, Charlotte began to write tracts for various religious societies. Her first essay in authorship was in aid of the objects of the Dublin Tract Society in 1820. Her tracts became popular because of their sheer, and deliberate simplicity; "if, on reading a manuscript to a child of five
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In the twenty-first century, her dramatic writing was evaluated as influencing public opinion in a way that factual accounts of the suffering of children and women working long hours in factories had not. Her writing was compared with the sometimes contrasting impacts of TV dramas and documentaries
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In her early youth, she "displayed a very ardent temperament and lively imagination." She was so eager to learn that she accepted an offer from her uncle to teach her the French language before she was six years old. During this time of learning, she strained her eyes so hard "that she was deprived
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described her writings as "too fast" and described her style as "consequently diffuse and inelegant, and there is a too incessant prosperity to preach". However, they praised her vividness of description and sprightliness to her writing. Additionally, other critics complained of her stories having
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she was able to voice her interests such as "the superiority of rural over urban life, the domestic role of women, the dangers of Popery, the hatred of unions, and, of course, the urgency of being born again through Christ". She also wrote poems, two of which, "The Maiden City" and "No
Surrender,"
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Charlotte became a novelist after the death of her father because "a small annuity was all that mother could depend on". Her religious conversion also had a great impact on her writing career. At her first husband's estate in Dublin, she had an epiphany and for six months "experienced the mighty
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People praised her ability to creatively instruct children in her children's stories as she frequently used, "nature in religious analogies in both her prose and poems" to help children learn how to live. These analogies can be seen in works such as
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volumes between 1843 and 1844, the book adequately described the sickly and dirty lifestyle London workers endured during the
Victorian era. She reflects, concerning the benefit for masters in maintaining low wages and poor conditions for the poor,
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Sympathetic towards the Jewish community despite desiring their conversion to
Christianity, she believed that "Jews might retain their traditional rituals and still reach salvation by accepting Jesus Christ as the Messiah." In 1843, she published
164:, who contributed greatly to the development of Tonna's strong faith and devotion to God, the consequence of being raised in a "Tory, royalist, Church-of-England family". Her mother Charlotte was the daughter of local physician Dr. John Murray.
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in which the following characteristic quote appears: "Our greatest blessings come to us by prayer, and the studying of God's word." As
Isabella A. Owen remarked in 1901, "She was above all else an anti-Romanist, a most protesting
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As a woman active in public service, Tonna "began a Sunday school in her cottage, did charity work in the Irish ghetto in London, and established a
Protestant Church in St. Giles in the early 1830s"
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of sight for some months." After this period of temporary vision impairment, she suffered permanent hearing loss at the age of ten, "due to medication she was taking for other ailments."
919:
Life of Charlotte Elizabeth: as contained in her Personal recollections: with explanatory notes and a memoir embracing the period from the close of Personal recollections to her death
222:. Despite Captain Phelan's abuse of her and their separation, after his death she took care of his mother and sister which spoke "volumes of her benevolence and Christian principle".
229:. Her second marriage to Tonna was a much happier one, he being an "excellent husband" who was very active in London society. Also a Protestant writer, he wrote a memoir entitled
397:"thin characterizations" and long tangents that disrupted the plot, but still praised her ability to describe in intense details the poor working conditions of labour workers in
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In early 1844, a cancerous mass appeared under Tonna's left axilla, eventually causing "her death by attacking an artery and causing exhaustion from loss of blood." She died at
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Due to her popularity, her works were translated into many diverse languages such as "French, Italian, Marathi, and the Mpongwe language of Gabon in West Africa." In 1845, the
206:, County Westmeath, Ireland, in 1829." After the death of her brother, "she undertook the sole charge of the education and maintenance of his two sons." She later moved to
797:
Rubinstein, Hilary L. (1998), "A pioneering philosemite: Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna (1790-1846) and the Jews", Jewish Historical Studies, Vol. 35 (1996-1998), pp. 103-118.
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power of God" at work in her life. At that moment she devoted her career to attempting to converting "everyone, especially Irish Catholics to Evangelical Protestantism".
148:(1841): "We know of no piece of autobiography in the English language which can compare with this in richness of feeling and description and power of exciting interest."
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202:. Shortly thereafter, she was deprived of her sibling's support, as, "tragically, John Murray Browne drowned in a boating accident whilst posted with his regiment in
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due to her interest in Protestant martyrs. She was so intrigued with martyrs that she once asked her father, "Papa, may I be a martyr?" during her childhood.
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119:. She was "a woman of strong mind, powerful feeling, and of no inconsiderable share of tact." Her work focused on promoting women's rights (see her books
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praised her work and declared that Tonna had "secured an unhesitating reception amongst most of those called Evangelical Christians."
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Her concern for the social and economic conditions of women expressed in her writing helped gather support for passage of the London
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also mentioned Tonna's "unbalanced" style but claimed her vulnerability and "intensity of feeling" in her writing" atoned for it.
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1208:"Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna's Domestic Feminism As a Response to Child and Female Employment in Early Victorian England"
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stated that these "are extremely vigorous and popular. They are quite the best Orange songs that have been written."
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Throughout her life, Charlotte Tonna was very popular amongst Evangelical Protestant communities. Critics from the
115:(1 October 1790 – 12 July 1846) was a popular Victorian English writer and novelist who wrote under the pseudonym
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which told the story of cotton mill child labour workers, which was serialised between 1839 and March 1841 in
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Born on 1 October 1790, Tonna was the daughter of Reverend Michael Browne, rector of St. Giles's Church and
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The Perils of the Nation: An Appeal to the Legislature, The Clergy, and the Higher and Middle Classes
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725:(New York: Lane & Tippett for the Sunday-School Union of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1846)(
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from 1841 until her death, with "her writings being dictated when was unable to hold the pen." In
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The Bee, The Swan, The Wasp, The Bow and the Cloud, The Willow Tree, and The Hen and Her Chickens.
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She was baptised on 22 October 1790 at St. Martin-at-Palace Church in her hometown of Norwich.
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Mrs. Phelan subsequently resided with her brother, Captain John Browne, for two years at
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as her last book-length work of fiction which focused upon Jewish beliefs and culture.
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187:(1817–1819). They then returned to Ireland, where Phelan owned a small estate near
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Judea Capta: an Historical Sketch of the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans
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876:"Shaping the Values of Youth: Sunday School Books in 19th Century America"
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990:. Vol. XXVI. London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son. 1846. p. 433
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Deaf persons in the arts and sciences : a biographical dictionary
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about the same subject, where the drama made a greater public impact.
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183:, and spent two years with him while he served with his regiment in
1319: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
282:, and some of her publications are said to have been placed on the
1239:. Nineteenth Century Collections Online. 1 March 1848. p. 84
647:(with introduction by Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 2nd edit. New York, 1845)
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A Memoir of Charlotte Elizabeth by Lewis Hippolytus Joseph Tonna
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715:(Sunday-School Union of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 18--?)(
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Kindness to Animals: or, The Sin of Cruelty Exposed and Rebuked
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Kindness to Animals, Or, The Sin of Cruelty Exposed and Rebuked
1032:. Vol. 14, no. 51. 21 December 1843. p. 204.
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Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region.
421:, who also used religious analogies to instruct children.
1768:
List of 19th-century British children's literature titles
1106:"Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna in British Children's Writers"
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from "Dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return."
903:. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
1058:"Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna's Personal Recollections"
942:"England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975"
695:(Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1845) (
384:(1845), an early work supportive of animal welfare.
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1259:"The Long View - The Drama of Scandal - BBC Sounds"
1166:"The Wrongs of Woman, by Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna"
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1294:Shaping the Values of Youth: Elizabeth, Charolotte
901:England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975
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1104:Gibson, Lois Rauch; Holmes, Madelyn (1800–1880).
179:In 1813 she married Captain George Phelan of the
1237:The Christian Lady's Magazine (London, England)
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1342:. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
982:"Obituary. - Mrs. Tonna (Charlotte Elizabeth)"
757:(London: R. B. Seeley & W. Burnside, 1841)
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1028:"CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH". American Periodicals.
339:Her drive for social change was prominent in
296:The Female Martyrs of the English Reformation
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495:Principalities and Powers in Heavenly Places
1371:Works by or about Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
1362:Works by or about Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
907:. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013.
905:England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975
763:(London: Seeley, Burnside and Seeley, 1843)
236:in 1869 to celebrate his late wife's life.
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735:(New York: American Tract Society, 185-?)(
705:(New York: American Tract Society, 18--?)(
31:
20:
940:Browne, Charlotte Elizabeth (1538–1975).
525:Osric: a Missionary Tale, and other Poems
288:. In 1837 she published an abridgment of
749:The Newfoundland fisherman: a true story
399:Helen Fleetwood: A Tale of the Factories
354:Helen Fleetwood: A Tale of the Factories
133:Protection; or, The Candle and the Dog,
1233:"Literary Notice - War With the Saints"
812:
413:She was inspired by Protestant authors
1304:Protection; or, the Candle and the Dog
1284:Personal Recollections – Victorian Web
1196:. London: W.H. Dalton. pp. 21–22.
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651:Protection; or, the Candle and the Dog
531:Izram: a Mexican Tale, and other Poems
16:Victorian English novelist (1790–1846)
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1064:. Canterbury Christ Church University
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799:https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779981
537:The System: a Tale of the West Indies
198:, where she made the acquaintance of
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751:(N.Y. American Tract Society, 18--?)
745:(N.Y. American Tract Society, 185-?)
1426:Victorian-era children's literature
1030:The New York Evangelist (1830-1902)
921:. New York: M.W. Dodd. p. 14.
561:Alice Benden, or the Bowed Shilling
1861:19th-century English women writers
1141:"Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth"
627:The Wrongs of Woman, in four parts
352:Another popular work by Tonna was
14:
1871:English women non-fiction writers
1382:
1339:Dictionary of National Biography
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1289:Charlotte Elizabeth – Acadiensis
1150:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1147:Dictionary of National Biography
1110:Dictionary of Literary Biography
323:were written especially for the
218:In 1837 Captain Phelan died in
838:"Protection :: Chapbooks"
633:The Church Visible in all Ages
358:The Christian Lady's Magazine.
320:The Christian Lady's Magazine,
294:and also an abridgment called
1:
1190:Elizabeth, Charlotte (1844).
713:Patty; or, Beware of Meddling
687:Charlotte Elizabeth's Stories
403:The Christian Ladies Magazine
312:The Christian Lady's Magazine
227:Lewis Hippolytus Joseph Tonna
1866:19th-century British writers
1390:Children's literature portal
1353:Works by Charlotte Elizabeth
917:Charlotte Elizabeth (1848).
645:Works of Charlotte Elizabeth
501:Zadoc, the Outcast of Israel
485:Resources in other libraries
469:By Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
461:Resources in other libraries
278:She was very hostile to the
1193:The Wrongs of woman. Part 4
1056:Walker, Dr. Teresa (2004).
689:(collected, New York, 1868)
543:The Rockite: an Irish Story
234:Life of Charlotte Elizabeth
225:In 1841, Charlotte married
1907:
1856:English children's writers
1330:Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth
1124:– via Gale Research.
669:Short Stories for Children
653:(Lane & Tippett, 1846)
364:of 1844, 1847, and 1848.
1841:English religious writers
1634:Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
1459:Christabel Rose Coleridge
480:Resources in your library
456:Resources in your library
447:Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
302:Protestant editorial work
129:evangelical Protestantism
113:Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
37:Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
30:
25:Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
1810:Frederick Warne & Co
1604:Elizabeth Missing Sewell
987:The Gentleman's Magazine
335:Writing on social causes
327:cause. Writing in 1899,
274:Anti-Catholic sentiments
1876:Women religious writers
1524:Frances Hodgson Burnett
1439:Henry Cadwallader Adams
1326:O'Donoghue, David James
1136:O'Donoghue, David James
927:2027/inu.32000000666992
733:The Bible The Best Book
675:Tales and Illustrations
316:The Protestant Magazine
1639:Charlotte Maria Tucker
1624:Robert Louis Stevenson
1569:Mary Louisa Molesworth
1449:Lucy Lyttelton Cameron
774:Lang, Harry G (1995).
755:Personal Recollections
681:Stories from the Bible
609:Personal Recollections
350:
291:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
210:, and then to London.
146:Personal Recollections
131:, as seen in her book
100:evangelical Protestant
1851:Evangelical Anglicans
1805:Marcus Ward & Co.
1594:William Brighty Rands
1489:Juliana Horatia Ewing
657:Bible Characteristics
581:(1833; 10th ed. 1847)
567:Letters from Ireland,
308:The Protestant Annual
142:Harriet Beecher Stowe
106:Children's Literature
1732:Harold Robert Millar
1644:Charlotte Mary Yonge
1614:Mary Martha Sherwood
1484:Evelyn Everett-Green
1212:www.victorianweb.org
1062:www.victorianweb.org
507:Perseverance: a Tale
341:The Wrongs of Woman,
144:wrote of her memoir
1891:English deaf people
1886:People from Norwich
880:digital.lib.msu.edu
782:. Greenwood Press.
663:War with the Saints
603:Falsehood and Truth
585:Chapters on Flowers
569:1837 (London, 1838)
519:Consistency: a Tale
394:New York Evangelist
285:Index Expurgatorius
121:The Wrongs of Women
117:Charlotte Elizabeth
83:Charlotte Elizabeth
1675:Randolph Caldecott
1665:Eleanor Vere Boyle
1599:Talbot Baines Reed
1584:Frances Mary Peard
1494:Frederic W. Farrar
743:The Burying-ground
615:Dangers and Duties
591:Conformity: a Tale
426:Christian Examiner
388:Literary reception
265:Religious outreach
58:, Norfolk, England
1846:English Anglicans
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1800:Blackie & Son
1747:Millicent Sowerby
1722:Sydney Prior Hall
1690:George Cruikshank
1619:Flora Annie Steel
1559:Frederick Marryat
1544:W. H. G. Kingston
1534:Richard Jefferies
1464:Harry Collingwood
1357:Project Gutenberg
723:Richard and Rover
605:(Liverpool, 1841)
442:Library resources
162:Norwich Cathedral
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91:Writer (novelist)
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1881:Anglican writers
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1539:Charles Kingsley
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513:Rachel: a Tale
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1711:Edmund Evans
1685:Walter Crane
1680:Thomas Crane
1658:Illustrators
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1499:G. E. Farrow
1474:Frank Cowper
1469:E. E. Cowper
1337:
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842:libx.bsu.edu
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66:12 July 1846
18:
1836:1846 deaths
1831:1790 births
1727:Edward Lear
1609:Anna Sewell
1574:Kirk Munroe
1554:Andrew Lang
1519:G. A. Henty
1514:L. T. Meade
1334:Lee, Sidney
1310:Attribution
1243:20 February
1217:20 February
1175:20 February
1120:20 February
1068:19 February
994:13 February
951:20 February
885:20 February
847:13 February
419:Isaac Watts
415:John Bunyan
306:She edited
200:Hannah More
185:Nova Scotia
158:minor canon
102:literature,
1825:Categories
1793:Publishers
1713:(engraver)
1697:(engraver)
1375:HathiTrust
805:References
549:The Museum
329:O'Donoghue
138:Protestant
88:Occupation
49:1790-10-01
1579:E. Nesbit
1328:(1899). "
1116:: 307–315
1038:125471701
809:Endnotes
208:Sandhurst
204:Mullingar
1784:Toy book
1164:Willem.
1034:ProQuest
573:Derriana
555:The Mole
249:Ramsgate
189:Kilkenny
80:Pen name
73:Ramsgate
1432:Authors
1364:at the
1336:(ed.).
1323::
1268:6 March
196:Clifton
104:poetry,
56:Norwich
1332:". In
1279:Texts
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575:(1833)
444:about
325:Orange
220:Dublin
127:) and
1777:Types
1761:Books
579:Derry
436:Works
243:Death
96:Genre
1270:2024
1245:2019
1219:2019
1177:2019
1122:2019
1070:2019
996:2018
953:2019
887:2019
849:2018
784:ISBN
417:and
152:Life
123:and
63:Died
43:Born
1373:at
1355:at
1114:163
923:hdl
231:The
160:of
140:."
1827::
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