411:
the direction of the place LĂ©on-Blum, so as to force the demonstrators into a more constrained movement. There were therefore no other possible exits for the demonstrators than the small side streets, the carriage entrances of the buildings, where some managed to take refuge, sometimes pursued up to the upper floors by the police, or the entrances to the
Charonne metro station. Some of the demonstrators tried to take refuge in one of these metro entrances, the gates of which, according to the official version of the Ministry of the Interior, had been closed. In reality, it is now established that at the time of the police charge, the gates of the metro station were open, that the police pursued the demonstrators inside the corridors and on the platforms of the station, as this is proven by the fact that, in some cases, the bodies were evacuated by the metro and could be found in the neighboring stations Rue des Boulets - Rue de Montreuil et Voltaire - LĂ©on Blum, which explains the initial uncertainty about the causes of the deaths, which were only established at the autopsy.
403:
420:
normally fixed to the perimeter of the trees of the avenue, and of ventilation grilles of the metro, which are regularly found at the level of the sidewalks of the roadway. These metal parts are very heavy (40kg for the first, 26kg for the seconds). Some witnesses said they saw officers throwing grates at protesters inside the subway entrance. This fact seems established, and it is common ground that at least three of these grilles were found after the demonstration at the bottom of the stairs at the metro entrance and recovered there by station employees.
238:
339:
supposedly less seasoned than the first, 3 Republican
Security Companies (CRS), i.e. 360 men and a few hundred General Service "peacekeepers". There were therefore fewer law enforcement personnel than on 19 December 1961 - when the police headquarters had put 5,556 officers in front of the demonstrators, but more than on 17 October 1961 - when 1,658 officers were in front of the 20,000 or 30,000 protesters. Each squadron of mobile gendarmes is normally paired with an intervention company, and the whole is under the command of a
351:
stations (Ledru-Rollin, Sully - Morland, Filles du
Calvaire and Gare de Lyon) and St. Antoine Street. They should stop 50 or 75 meters from the police lines. The leaders of the processions should then read the press release prepared during the night and give the order to disperse at 7:30 p.m. According to Brunet, the organizers knew that the processions had little chance of reaching the Bastille, but they believed that the police would not charge static demonstrators.
399:, was charged by a unit of the special companies of intervention by the police headquarters when the dispersal order had just been given and the procession was beginning to disperse: "When the police charged, the first row of demonstrators had turned around and was looking in the direction of Place LĂ©on-Blum, because they wanted to show that the demonstration was over and that we had to break up. So they couldn't see the police coming and I saw them fall immediately."
1665:
29:
1676:
425:
died of suffocation; in other cases, the death appeared to be due to fractures of the skull under the effect of baton blows received. Such was also the cause of the ninth death, which occurred several months later, in hospital, as a result of these injuries. All the victims were union members of the CGT and, with one exception, members of the
Communist Party:
231:). Several protestors were killed during the attack, either by shots, heavy hand beating or were drowned. There were also cases of torture and executions of arrested protestors. For several days, corpses were found on the surface of the river Seine. The French government denied the events and censored the press, until 1998, when it acknowledged 40 deaths.
347:
number and the actions of the demonstrators made it necessary, the police should "show their energy" and use tear gas canisters and defense batons. Defense sticks commonly referred to as "bidules" were hardwood sticks 85 cm long and 4 cm in diameter. They were distributed to the police before contact with the demonstrators.
471:
The Prime
Minister, Michel Debré, went to the premises of the Paris police on 12 February 1962, to "bring the testimony of his confidence and his admiration"; then, on 13 April of the same year, he wrote a letter to Papon, paying "a particular tribute to qualities as a leader and organizer, as well
419:
Mention should be made here of the fact reported by certain witnesses, heard at the inquest, who indicated that they had witnessed acts of violence committed by some members of the police and which appeared to be highly reprehensible. These include the throwing of elements of iron grilles, which are
410:
The action came from the 31st
Division, commanded by Commissar Yser, to whom the order to charge "Disperse energetically" had just been given by the Prefecture at 7:37 p.m. At the same time, Commissar Dauvergne, commanding the 61st division, received the order to block the boulevard Voltaire in
203:
in Paris, but thousands of people, especially students, who were unable to enter the hall, came up against the forces of the police. Processions that formed in the Latin
Quarter were dispersed with beatings. Police violence also affected passers-by and journalists. According to Jean-Paul Brunet, the
338:
When questioned, General
Intelligence predicted 10,000 to 15,000 demonstrators. The prefecture, revising these forecasts downwards, was counting on a range of 6,000 to 7,000 and set up 13 intervention companies (CI), i.e. 1,000 seasoned police officers, 11 mobile gendarmerie squadrons, i.e. 825 men
296:
The
Communist Party and the CGT were determined to act quickly. The CFTC, which wondered about the type of action to be implemented, opted for the organization of a mass demonstration. The evening of 7 February, the leaders of the CGT and the CFTC met and decided to call for a massive demonstration
257:
At the beginning of 1962, under the impetus of André Canal, the OAS multiplied the attacks in the Paris region. On 4 January 1962, a commando in a car machine-gunned the
Communist Party building on Place Kossuth, seriously injuring a militant on the 2nd floor balcony. The communist demonstration of
253:
The demonstration of 19 December 1961 - convened in the Paris region by the CGT, the CFTC and the UNEF was part of a "day of action against the OAS and for peace in Algeria". The police let the demonstrators gather in Bastille but opposed any movement by part of the protestors. The director general
424:
Thus, it was indeed the "grids" launched by the police that were the origin of certain deaths. The metro station was not closed until 8:15 p.m., due to the persistence of tear gas, following the intervention of the police in the station. In the immediate future, there were eight victims. Some
346:
The instructions given to the police were to proceed from 6 p.m. to the mixing and dispersal of the demonstrators on the places of assembly, with arrests in the event of refusal. From 6:30 p.m., each officer was recommended to be "especially active", and not to tolerate any gatherings. If the
350:
At 2:00 p.m., the organizers of the demonstration broadcast a press release on the radio asking the demonstrators to show the greatest calm. At the beginning of the afternoon, the unions were instructed to try to reach the Bastille by five processions formed at 6:30 p.m. at four metro
306:
The OAS assassins have redoubled their activity. Several times during the day on Wednesday, the OAS attempted against the lives of political, trade union, academic, press and literary figures. Injuries are to be deplored; the writer Pozner is in serious condition. A 4-year-old girl is seriously
254:
of the municipal police reported 20,000 demonstrators. Among these, some refused to obey the dispersal orders given by the police and were charged. Young demonstrators fought back. The clashes resulted in 40 wounded among the police and hundreds among the protestors, two thirds of which women.
370:
The first clashes take place on Boulevard Beaumarchais where a few thousand demonstrators were massed. In the Bastille - Chemin-Vert sector, the security forces charged the demonstrators without having, it seems, been attacked, while in the northern sector of Boulevard Beaumarchais, groups of
310:
Once again, the proof is made that the anti-fascists can only count on their forces, on their union, on their action. The undersigned organizations call on workers and all anti-fascists in the Paris region to proclaim their indignation, their desire to defeat fascism and impose peace in
307:
injured. We must put an end to these actions of the Fascist killers. It is necessary to impose their putting out of harm's way. The complicity and impunity from which they benefit from the power, despite speeches and official declarations, encourage the criminal acts of the OAS.
414:
In the mouth of the metro, the crowding caused the fall of several people on whom the following piled up, clubbed by the police who projected gratings of trees on them, as well as ventilation grilles of the metro unsealed for this purpose. The public prosecutor writes:
198:
took the initiative to contact the trade union organizations to organize demonstrations to encourage the government to resume negotiations. The first demonstration of a certain magnitude took place on 27 October 1960. A meeting had been authorized at the
527:
and the arrival of the left in power, a commemoration plaque was raised in the Charonne metro station to honor the victims of the victims of the 1962 massacre. The plaque was announced on the 20th anniversary of the event and raised on 20 March 1982.
245:
From November 1961, protests with thousands of inhabitants started taking place again. The demonstration were both to stimulate the peace process and to demand from the government a more resolute attitude against the far-right paramilitary
382:
and the procession which had been able to form at the Lyons station. With demonstrators turned back from Boulevard Beaumarchais, that made some 4,000 people who found themselves at the crossroads of Boulevard Voltaire and Rue de Charonne.
207:
Smaller demonstrations were held during the first 9 months of 1961 and were easily dispersed by the police. The protests started to grow in the fall with the apparent breakdown of negotiations between the French government and the GPRA.
475:
The repression aroused great emotion and work stoppages were widely followed. All activity was interrupted in the Paris region and a crowd estimated at several hundred thousand people (one million, according to
258:
protest of January 6, 1962 took place without notable incident. On 24 January 1962, there were 21 explosions in the Seine department, targeting supposedly personalities or organizations hostile to OAS.
145:
Among the demonstrators who tried to take refuge in the metro station, eight people died, due to suffocation or skull fractures, and a ninth protestor died in hospital, as a result of his injuries.
335:, remained valid and prohibited demonstrations on the public highway. The delegates informed that they would maintain the peaceful demonstration. No other unofficial contact took place.
402:
1407:
1086:
363:
procession was an exception. The rue Saint-Antoine being blocked by the police, thousands of demonstrators found themselves on the Left Bank and were finally blocked on the
908:
191:
777:
1790:
1780:
1153:
315:
The text was signed by the trade unions CGT, CFTC, UNEF, SGEN, FEN and SNI. The PCF, the PSU and the Mouvement de la paix were associated with the call.
195:
1638:
175:
781:
171:
1700:
1099:
234:
The repression of the 17 October demonstration provoked a movement of indignation in left-wing circles but did not generate any massive response.
204:
repression of this demonstration revealed the bias of the police forces, which reacted much more sluggishly against supporters of French Algeria.
1417:
1770:
1765:
1009:
159:
Until 1960, demonstrations against the war in Algeria brought together only a few hundred participants, mostly intellectuals who denounced the
1524:
1424:
955:
1715:
1512:
1476:
759:
Appel du commissaire Yser consigné sur la feuille de trafic radio de l'état-major de la préfecture : « action », cité dans
1785:
1551:
1246:
261:
In the afternoon of 7 February, ten plastic charges exploded in the homes of various personalities: two law professors, Roger Pinto and
212:
1459:
1730:
1556:
1280:
1760:
1710:
1705:
1507:
1497:
1285:
1220:
978:
524:
183:
127:
1622:
1109:
247:
108:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1502:
1327:
160:
1258:
1725:
186:
trade union centers overcome their differences to work together for the peace movement in Algeria. After the failure of the
773:
1795:
1617:
1519:
1148:
511:
On 17 June 1966, an amnesty law was passed, covering in particular the repression of the demonstrations of 1961 and 1962.
360:
1775:
1169:
1241:
1740:
1563:
1049:
1044:
1002:
378:
ended up at the Voltaire - Charonne crossroads where it found a group which should have formed a procession at the
375:
1648:
1442:
1332:
505:
501:
200:
1385:
297:
the next day. The FEN and the UNEF were also represented at this meeting. A leaflet of appeal was thus drawn up:
1568:
1194:
1066:
731:
272:
237:
1680:
1720:
1270:
1054:
371:
demonstrators were much more aggressive and took the initiative to launch projectiles or storm police vans.
224:
1735:
1589:
1380:
1342:
1307:
1202:
870:
619:
607:
520:
364:
332:
216:
119:
1669:
1447:
1295:
995:
811:
340:
970:
500:, from 125,000 to 150,000 according to the Prefecture), in a large and imposing demonstration from the
1464:
1375:
1300:
1091:
379:
1600:
1594:
1208:
1034:
135:
99:
of 8 February 1962 demonstration was a case of police brutality that took place around and in the
1275:
396:
392:
1123:
1370:
1290:
1214:
974:
951:
179:
139:
331:
for the UNEF. Papon informed them that the decree of 23 April 1961, taken at the time of the
1412:
1365:
1358:
882:
280:
100:
816:
459:
1264:
1116:
324:
323:
Maurice Papon met on the morning of 8 February with a trade union delegation made up of
122:
and other left-wing organizations, had been banned, and the prefect of police of Paris,
1454:
1078:
1061:
472:
as to the way in which knew how to carry out a mission often delicate and difficult".
395:
200, two hundred meters beyond the Voltaire - Charonne crossroads, heading towards the
1694:
1609:
367:. The organizers read the text and the demonstration was dispersed without violence.
276:
262:
220:
123:
359:
The processions could not be formed, as planned, at the various metro stations. The
1471:
1136:
1018:
328:
228:
154:
112:
1142:
829:
Un déchaînement de violences policières qui fera neuf morts et plus de 250 blessés
945:
1573:
1129:
1104:
28:
131:
1163:
482:
267:
190:
talks conducted in the summer of 1960 between the French government and the
987:
1189:
913:
886:
488:
967:
Charonne, 8 février 1962: Anthropologie historique d'un massacre d'État
167:
1643:
401:
236:
187:
104:
909:"Commémoration en ordre dispersé pour les neuf morts de Charonne"
991:
496:(the latter favorable to the government), 150,000 according to
126:, had given the order to repress it, with the agreement of the
858:. No. 55315. London. 14 February 1962. col f, p. 12.
161:
torture and expeditious methods of the French army in Algeria
666:
664:
662:
649:
647:
645:
643:
508:, paid tribute to the victims and attended their funerals.
630:
628:
579:
577:
275:, seriously injured, two officers and Communist senator
374:
Part of the procession which should have formed at the
211:
On 17 October 1961, a demonstration of some 30,000 pro-
457:
More than 250 injured were also counted, according to
1408:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
730:
Procès-verbal d'audition du témoin Chagnon devant la
241:
Protest against the OAS in Toulouse, 16 January 1962.
1631:
1582:
1544:
1537:
1485:
1433:
1400:
1351:
1316:
1240:
1233:
1182:
1077:
1033:
1026:
85:
77:
69:
61:
53:
38:
871:"Les amnisties de la guerre d'Algérie (1962-1982)"
279:, whose wife was injured. A final attack aimed at
227:for his role under the collaborationist regime of
33:Commemorative plate at the Charonne subway station
219:under orders of the head of the Parisian police,
854:"France Stops For Riot Victims' Funeral". News.
417:
299:
283:disfigured a 4-year-old girl, Delphine Renard.
327:for the CGT, Robert Duvivier for the CFTC and
1003:
969:. Folio histoire (in French). Vol. 141.
406:One of the entrances to the Charonne station.
8:
776:de l'information criminelle, rédigée par le
21:
107:, against people demonstrating against the
1541:
1482:
1237:
1074:
1030:
1010:
996:
988:
391:One of the processions, whose head was at
265:, two journalists, Serge Bromberger, from
27:
20:
1639:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
812:"Ne pas oublier le massacre de Charonne"
841:
797:
785:
780:, datée du 27 juin 1962 et adressée au
760:
747:
735:
537:
486:, from 300,000 to 500,000 according to
302:ALL IN MASS, tonight at 18:30, Bastille
927:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
653:
634:
595:
583:
568:
556:
544:
97:massacre at the Charonne metro station
1525:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
7:
1675:
810:Eugénie Barbezat (7 February 2015).
166:After the week of the barricades in
118:The demonstration, organized by the
947:Charonne: lumières sur une tragédie
1791:20th-century mass murder in France
429:Jean-Pierre Bernard, 30 years old;
115:, ultimately killing nine people.
14:
1781:Massacres of protesters in Europe
1221:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
444:Édouard Lemarchand, 40 years old;
438:Anne-Claude Godeau, 24 years old;
217:was attacked by the French Police
1674:
1664:
1663:
447:Suzanne Martorell, 36 years old;
387:Repression at the Charonne metro
376:Filles du Calvaire metro station
319:Prohibition of the demonstration
788:, p. 492 et 823 (note 87).
450:Raymond Wintgens, 44 years old;
223:(who was convicted in 1998 for
65:Civilian massacre by the police
1701:February 1962 events in Europe
1259:Declaration of 1 November 1954
875:Revue d'histoire de la justice
453:Maurice Pochard, 48 years old.
355:Gathering of the demonstrators
1:
1771:Massacres committed by France
1766:Massacres in the Algerian War
1381:Proposed partition of Algeria
907:M. B.-R. (10 February 1982).
525:presidential election of 1981
441:Hippolyte Pina, 58 years old;
1472:Effects in Algerian politics
432:Fanny Dewerpe, 31 years old;
1716:Anti-war protests in France
1087:Algerian popular resistance
1812:
1786:Police brutality in France
1623:Organisation armée secrète
1564:Algerian National Movement
1286:Hijacking of the FLN plane
1045:French conquest of Algeria
944:Brunet, Jean-Paul (2003).
778:procureur de la RĂ©publique
734:, 14 mars 1962, cité dans
435:Daniel FĂ©ry, 15 years old;
380:Ledru-Rollin metro station
287:Protest of 8 February 1962
152:
1731:Paris in the Algerian War
1661:
1552:National Liberation Front
1494:1 November 1954 Stadiums
1333:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
1170:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
950:(in French). Flammarion.
213:National Liberation Front
136:President of the Republic
109:Secret Armed Organization
42:8 February 1962
26:
1761:1962 in the Algerian War
1711:Anti-communism in France
1706:Anti-communist terrorism
1569:Algerian Communist Party
1557:National Liberation Army
1338:Charonne subway massacre
1195:Decolonisation of Africa
128:Minister of the Interior
22:Charonne subway massacre
1618:Front Algérie Française
1271:Battle of Philippeville
965:Dewerpe, Alain (2006).
869:Stéphane Gacon (2005).
480:, 400,000 according to
225:crimes against humanity
57:Charonne subway station
16:1962 massacre in France
1756:1962 murders in France
1751:French Communist Party
1746:1960s murders in Paris
1203:Brazzaville Conference
772:Note de synthèse de l'
506:Père-Lachaise cemetery
502:Place de la RĂ©publique
422:
407:
365:boulevard Saint-Michel
333:Algiers putsch of 1961
313:
242:
201:Maison de la Mutualité
120:French Communist Party
101:Charonne metro station
1448:French Fifth Republic
1425:Algerian independence
519:After the victory of
405:
341:commissaire de police
240:
1796:Mass murder in Paris
1465:1962 Algerian crisis
1460:Aftermath in Algeria
1376:Manifesto of the 121
1360:Communauté française
1092:Algerian nationalism
887:10.3917/rhj.016.0271
774:enquête préliminaire
194:, the student union
1776:Massacres in France
1601:Commandos de Chasse
1595:French Armed Forces
1209:First Indochina War
1050:Invasion of Algiers
521:François Mitterrand
23:
1726:Paris MĂ©tro line 9
1296:Week of barricades
1276:Soummam conference
1096:Attempted reforms
930:, p. 298–299.
721:, p. 171–172.
709:, p. 159–160.
685:, p. 150–151.
673:, p. 127–137.
656:, p. 117–126.
408:
397:Place de la Nation
393:boulevard Voltaire
243:
86:Non-fatal injuries
1741:Massacres in 1962
1688:
1687:
1657:
1656:
1583:Anti-independence
1533:
1532:
1520:Martyrs' Memorial
1396:
1395:
1371:FLN football team
1291:Operation Corsica
1281:Battle of Algiers
1229:
1228:
1215:Malagasy Uprising
1178:
1177:
957:978-2-08-068341-0
782:procureur général
732:police judiciaire
637:, p. 93–101.
140:Charles de Gaulle
93:
92:
1803:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1545:Pro-independence
1542:
1483:
1389:
1366:Constantine Plan
1304:
1250:
1238:
1157:
1075:
1031:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
984:
961:
931:
925:
919:
918:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
866:
860:
859:
851:
845:
839:
833:
831:
826:
824:
807:
801:
795:
789:
770:
764:
757:
751:
745:
739:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
657:
651:
638:
632:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
598:, p. 89–90.
593:
587:
586:, p. 84–89.
581:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
547:, p. 77–78.
542:
215:(FLN) Algerians
49:
47:
31:
24:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1653:
1627:
1578:
1529:
1487:
1481:
1443:May 1958 crisis
1435:
1429:
1392:
1383:
1347:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1298:
1265:Toussaint Rouge
1251:
1244:
1225:
1199:
1174:
1151:
1124:Crémieux Decree
1117:Divide and rule
1073:
1036:
1022:
1016:
981:
964:
958:
943:
940:
935:
934:
926:
922:
906:
905:
901:
891:
889:
881:(16): 271–279.
868:
867:
863:
853:
852:
848:
840:
836:
822:
820:
809:
808:
804:
796:
792:
771:
767:
758:
754:
746:
742:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
689:
681:
677:
669:
660:
652:
641:
633:
626:
618:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
582:
575:
567:
563:
555:
551:
543:
539:
534:
517:
469:
389:
357:
321:
294:
292:Call to protest
289:
273:Vladimir Pozner
157:
151:
45:
43:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:1962 in France
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1488:commemorations
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1455:Year of Africa
1452:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1401:End of the war
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1343:Paris massacre
1340:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1308:Algiers putsch
1305:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:1943 manifesto
1107:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1079:French Algeria
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:Mokrani Revolt
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
979:
962:
956:
939:
936:
933:
932:
920:
899:
861:
846:
844:, p. 261.
834:
802:
800:, p. 165.
790:
765:
763:, p. 121.
752:
750:, p. 120.
740:
738:, p. 712.
723:
711:
699:
697:, p. 159.
687:
675:
658:
639:
624:
612:
600:
588:
573:
561:
549:
536:
535:
533:
530:
516:
513:
468:
465:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
388:
385:
356:
353:
320:
317:
293:
290:
288:
285:
153:Main article:
150:
147:
111:(OAS) and the
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1808:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:1962 in Paris
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1673: /
1672:
1671:
1660:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:La Main Rouge
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:Monuments and
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:Évian Accords
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:of key events
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:Other factors
1181:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:1920 petition
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
990:
982:
980:2-07-030770-0
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
953:
949:
948:
942:
941:
937:
929:
924:
921:
916:
915:
910:
903:
900:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
857:
850:
847:
843:
838:
835:
830:
819:
818:
813:
806:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
784:, citée dans
783:
779:
775:
769:
766:
762:
756:
753:
749:
744:
741:
737:
733:
727:
724:
720:
715:
712:
708:
703:
700:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
604:
601:
597:
592:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
571:, p. 81.
570:
565:
562:
559:, p. 80.
558:
553:
550:
546:
541:
538:
531:
529:
526:
522:
515:Commemoration
514:
512:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
473:
466:
464:
462:
461:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
412:
404:
400:
398:
394:
386:
384:
381:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
354:
352:
348:
344:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
291:
286:
284:
282:
281:André Malraux
278:
277:Raymond Guyot
274:
270:
269:
264:
263:Georges Vedel
259:
255:
251:
249:
239:
235:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:Maurice Papon
218:
214:
209:
205:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:in 1960, the
169:
164:
162:
156:
148:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:Maurice Papon
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:French police
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1679:
1668:
1632:Other groups
1608:
1599:
1359:
1337:
1319:human rights
1317:War crimes /
1263:
1162:
1149:Legal status
1141:
1137:French Union
1122:
1067:Deportations
1019:Algerian War
966:
946:
923:
912:
902:
890:. Retrieved
878:
874:
864:
855:
849:
842:Dewerpe 2006
837:
828:
821:. Retrieved
815:
805:
798:Dewerpe 2006
793:
786:Dewerpe 2006
768:
761:Dewerpe 2006
755:
748:Dewerpe 2006
743:
736:Dewerpe 2006
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
620:Einaudi 1991
615:
608:Einaudi 1991
603:
591:
564:
552:
540:
518:
510:
497:
493:
487:
481:
477:
474:
470:
458:
456:
423:
418:
413:
409:
390:
373:
369:
361:Gare de Lyon
358:
349:
345:
337:
329:Tony Dreyfus
325:André Tollet
322:
314:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
266:
260:
256:
252:
244:
233:
229:Vichy France
210:
206:
165:
158:
155:Algerian War
144:
117:
113:Algerian War
96:
94:
18:
1574:Oujda Group
1384: [
1299: [
1245: [
1152: [
1130:Kabyle myth
1105:Jonnart Law
1037:colonialism
1021:(1954–1962)
938:Works cited
928:Brunet 2003
892:26 February
823:26 February
719:Brunet 2003
707:Brunet 2003
695:Brunet 2003
683:Brunet 2003
671:Brunet 2003
654:Brunet 2003
635:Brunet 2003
596:Brunet 2003
584:Brunet 2003
569:Brunet 2003
557:Brunet 2003
545:Brunet 2003
70:Perpetrator
1695:Categories
1513:Tizi Ouzou
1434:Legacy and
1418:referendum
1321:violations
1242:Chronology
1055:Atrocities
1027:Background
817:L'Humanité
532:References
494:Paris Jour
478:L'Humanité
460:L'Humanité
149:Background
134:, and the
132:Roger Frey
46:1962-02-08
1436:aftermath
1352:Reactions
1217:(1947–49)
1211:(1946–54)
1164:Pied noir
1143:Indigénat
1119:policies
971:Gallimard
856:The Times
498:Le Figaro
483:The Times
467:Reactions
268:Le Figaro
1670:Category
1190:Cold War
914:Le Monde
489:Le Monde
311:Algeria.
54:Location
1681:Commons
1508:El Oued
1498:Algiers
1328:Torture
1035:Settler
622:, p.82.
610:, p.82.
523:in the
504:to the
168:Algiers
44: (
1644:Harkis
1590:France
1538:Groups
1205:(1944)
977:
954:
271:, and
78:Deaths
1649:Women
1503:Batna
1477:Films
1388:]
1303:]
1249:]
1156:]
188:Melun
105:Paris
975:ISBN
952:ISBN
894:2017
825:2017
492:and
196:UNEF
192:GPRA
182:and
176:CFTC
95:The
62:Type
39:Date
1234:War
883:doi
248:OAS
184:FEN
172:CGT
103:in
89:250
1697::
1386:fr
1301:fr
1247:fr
1154:fr
973:.
911:.
879:16
877:.
873:.
827:.
814:.
661:^
642:^
627:^
576:^
463:.
343:.
250:.
180:FO
178:,
174:,
163:.
142:.
138:,
130:,
1011:e
1004:t
997:v
983:.
960:.
917:.
896:.
885::
832:.
81:9
48:)
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