20:
268:) the Romans were unable to capture or kill Arminius, who escaped. There were Chauci among the Roman auxiliaries, and they were rumored to have allowed the escape. In one of the campaigns a Roman fleet (probably riverine, not ocean-going) was broken up by a storm, causing many casualties. Germanicus himself managed to survive by reaching the lands of the Chauci, who provided him with a safe haven. Germanicus' campaigns had resulted in recovery of two of three Aquila lost in the
567:, and the Romans began a defensive system of protection especially along the coasts of Britain and the Continent. This system would be continually maintained and improved upon, which the Romans would not have done unless there was a continuing threat to be addressed. The system would continue to evolve through the disappearance of Chauci raiders and their replacement by the Frankish and Saxon ones, up to the end of the fourth century. By then it would be known as the
2514:
125:
303:
108:
The Chauci entered the historical record in descriptions of them by classical Roman sources late in the first century BC in the context of Roman military campaigns and sea raiding. For the next 200 years the Chauci provided Roman auxiliaries through treaty obligations, but they also appear in their
187:
Pliny (AD 23–79) had visited the coastal region and described the Chauci who lived there. He said that they were "wretched natives" living on a barren coast in small cottages (or huts) on hilltops, or on mounds of turf built high enough to stay dry during the highest tide (i.e.,
283:. They had not supported the German cause led by Arminius in 9 AD and had been ostracized as a result. The Chauci had suffered no such disaffection from the other Germanic tribes in the aftermath of Teutoburg Forest, nor had they alienated the Romans. Many years later,
263:
initiated destructive campaigns against those
Germans whom the Romans blamed for their defeat. The Chauci were not among them, and were said to have promised aid, and were associated with the Romans in "military fellowship". However, in defeating Arminius' own tribe (the
584:
has been interpreted as one of the last mentions of the Chauci, and one where they are specifically mentioned as a Saxon group; but it depends upon whether we can equate them with the "Kouadoi" in
Zosimus's Greek, a name he had apparently used wrongly.
617:, it makes frequent references to the peoples who are a part of the story, and efforts have been made to connect those peoples with peoples mentioned in ancient historical records. The "Hugas" of the poem are said to be a reference to the Chauci.
789:. The referenced footnote notes that the Chauci heartland between the Elbe and Weser contained huge cremation cemeteries with a uniform range of poor quality grave goods. In the second century aristocratic cemeteries with rich grave goods appear.
109:
own right in concert with other
Germanic tribes, opposing the Romans. Accounts of wars therefore mention the Chauci on both sides of the conflict, though the actions of troops under treaty obligation were separate from the policies of the tribe.
994:, Bk XVI, Ch 17. Events of 65–66 (Rome and Parthia—Campaigns of Corbulo in the East). Tacitus makes the parenthetical comment that Corbulo had driven the Chauci out of the provinces of Lower Germany which they had invaded in AD 47.
423:
in AD 41, long before they participated in further raids of the same coasts under
Gannascus in AD 47. It is likely that their raiding was endemic over the years, as the few surviving accounts probably do not reflect all occurrences.
194:). They fished for food, and unlike their neighbors (i.e., those living inland, away from the coast) they had no cattle, and had nothing to drink except rainwater caught in ditches. They used a type of dried mud (i.e., "surface
52:, built high enough to remain dry during the highest tide. A dense population of Chauci lived further inland, and they are presumed to have lived in a manner similar to the lives of the other Germanic peoples of the region.
105:, whereby they gained a border with the Frisians to the west. The Romans referred to the Chauci living between the Weser and Elbe as the 'Greater Chauci' and those living between the Ems and Weser as the 'Lesser Chauci'.
355:
A negotiation between the Romans and
Gannascus was arranged under the auspices of the 'Greater Chauci', which the Romans used as an opportunity to assassinate their opponent. The Chauci were outraged by the act of
705:. The Ampsivarii had not supported the German cause and had been ostracised as a result. Many years later, c. AD 58, the Chauci then took the opportunity to expel them and occupy their land at the mouth of the
448:–175. While there are no historical sources to inform us one way or the other, it is likely that the Chauci continued their raiding and then played a role in the formation of the new Germanic powers, the
184:, saying that they were the noblest of the Germans, preferring justice to violence, being neither aggressive nor predatory, but militarily capable and always prepared for war if the need arose.
198:") as fuel for cooking and heating. He also mentioned their spirit of independence, saying that even though they had nothing of value, they would deeply resent any attempt to conquer them.
352:
and sent his smaller vessels up the estuaries and canals. The
Germanic flotilla was destroyed in a naval engagement, Gannascus was driven out, and Frisian territory was forcibly occupied.
593:
in 358. According to
Zosimus, this happened in response to an attack from the sea by the "Kouadoi" Saxons which affected both Romans and Salians, who had been living in the river delta.
180:, writing in AD 98, described the inland, non-coastal Chauci homeland as immense, densely populated, and well-stocked with horses. He was effusive in his praise of their
216:, written in 117. Many parts of his works have not survived, including an entire section covering the years AD 38–46, as well as the years after AD 69.
151:, speaking of the fifth century, describes the 'Continental Saxons' (which then included the Chauci) as having powerful local families and a dominant military leader.
227:
campaigned against those
Germans along the lower Rhine, and after devastating the lands west and north of the Rhine he won over (or defeated or intimidated) the
94:. All of these peoples shared a common material culture, and so cannot be defined archaeologically. The Chauci originally centered on the Weser and Elbe, but in
1424:
2471:
415:
The Chauci were one of the most prominent early
Germanic sea raiders. They are probable participants in the Germanic flotilla that was destroyed by
2489:
832:, Bk IV, Ch 28: Germany. A footnote suggests that the two references to the Cimbri in two different groups were not references to the same people.
392:, the Romans gave as good as they had gotten, ultimately forcing a humiliating peace on the Batavi and stationing a legion on their territory.
811:
407:
of Chauci and
Frisians had been trapped and burned. The Chauci had supported Civilis in their own name, providing him with reinforcements.
112:
The Chauci lost their separate identity in the third century when they merged with the Saxons, after which time they were considered to be
657:. Haywood uses the term 'North German' to distinguish them from the 'Rhine Germans' (the Caninnefates, Batavians, and "Frankish" tribes).
147:, 1999) says the Chauci were originally neither highly centralised nor highly stratified, though they became more so after 100 AD.
434:(AD 98), but this is in a passage describing the non-coastal, inland Chauci, whereas sea raiders are necessarily a coastal people.
219:
The earliest mention of the Chauci is from 12 BC and suggests that they were assisting other Germanic tribes in a war against the
158:
said that the Germanic tribes were members of separate groups of people, suggesting a distinction among them. He said that the Chauci,
348:
was made the local Roman military commander. He successfully engaged the Germans on both land and water, occupied the Rhine with his
1570:
1324:
1293:
1275:
1207:
459:
There is archaeological evidence of destruction by raiders between 170–200, ranging along the Continental coast down to the
1532:
2543:
2538:
2494:
1702:
589:
fought against Saxons and Franks, including the Salians, but then allowed the Salians "descended from the Franks" to settle in
2484:
1752:
1557:
1417:
702:
269:
256:
272:
defeat; the third legionary standard was recovered in AD 41 by Publius Gabinius from the Chauci during the reign of
1633:
2553:
2499:
1512:
864:, Bk XVI, Ch I: Countries that have no trees. Pliny also notes that the Chauci lived between the Rivers Ems and Elbe.
384:, they inflicted huge casualties on the Romans, including the destruction of a Roman fleet by a Germanic one off the
395:
Both the Chauci and the Frisians had auxiliaries serving under the Romans, and in a siege and assault by Civilis at
1660:
389:
2517:
1697:
1604:
1597:
1575:
1410:
698:
252:
1737:
1722:
1537:
1522:
1306:
631:
190:
48:
19:
1852:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1547:
1527:
1484:
941:
373:
364:
forbade further attacks on the Germans in an effort to ease tensions, and the Romans withdrew to the Rhine.
345:
314:
In AD 47 (and perhaps for some time earlier), the Chauci along with the Frisians were led by a certain
174:(a "Cimbri" people were also given as members of a different group, and this is likely a different people).
290:, the Chauci seized upon an opportunity to expel the Ampsivarii and occupy their lands at the mouth of the
2254:
1687:
1682:
1665:
1609:
1504:
404:
338:), and the Chauci made inroads into the region that would later become the neighbouring Roman province of
1552:
1442:
535:
437:
By the late second century Chauci raiding was ongoing and more serious than before, continuing in the
1643:
1614:
1517:
607:
416:
381:
377:
224:
46:
and ranging as far inland as the upper Weser. Along the coast they lived on artificial mounds called
2548:
2479:
1692:
581:
1862:
1714:
1653:
1542:
1474:
1450:
1310:
573:
83:
1638:
1489:
1464:
1348:
1320:
1289:
1271:
1203:
807:
524:
339:
307:
1238:
1197:
2061:
1433:
586:
512:
208:
60:
56:
31:
1670:
1648:
1592:
1562:
1446:
1333:
1302:
438:
430:
206:
The record is incomplete. The bulk of historical information about the Chauci is from the
155:
1383:, vol. II, translated by Fyfe, W. Hamilton, Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 1912)
1270:, vol. VI, translated by Cary, Earnest, London: William Heinemann (published 1917),
1225:
2344:
2128:
1792:
1479:
539:
476:
420:
323:
129:
79:
2532:
2205:
2103:
2066:
2026:
1892:
1621:
1580:
799:
610:
508:
472:
460:
331:
148:
804:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600–800
231:. He was in the process of attacking the Chauci when his vessels were trapped by an
1797:
1787:
1770:
1587:
248:
220:
531:). The perpetrators are unknown, but Chauci raiders are among the prime suspects.
1392:
1378:
1364:
1337:
1314:
1265:
143:
and added that they were kings "as far as the Germans are under kings". Haywood (
135:
The Germans of the region were not strongly hierarchical. This had been noted by
2279:
2237:
2160:
2073:
1941:
1931:
1842:
1626:
1261:
937:
706:
568:
553:
319:
291:
124:
116:. The circumstances of the merger are an unsettled issue of scholarly research.
35:
1199:
Dark Age Naval Power: A Re-Assessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring ...
2456:
2244:
2227:
2175:
2165:
2150:
2118:
2108:
1986:
1936:
1812:
1807:
1775:
1494:
504:
500:
280:
260:
171:
102:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2369:
2274:
2170:
2133:
2123:
2083:
2036:
2031:
1981:
1921:
1847:
1837:
1817:
1780:
1765:
590:
557:
385:
357:
315:
139:, for example when he mentioned the names of two kings of the first century
87:
302:
342:, in the area of the Rhine delta in what is now the southern Netherlands.
2424:
2409:
2389:
2374:
2354:
2329:
2314:
2309:
2289:
2259:
2249:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2016:
2001:
1976:
1956:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1802:
1760:
1469:
1366:
The Germany and the Agricola of Tacitus (revised translation, with notes)
694:
543:
520:
516:
480:
361:
273:
265:
244:
2441:
2429:
2419:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2359:
2349:
2324:
2264:
2222:
2195:
2113:
2046:
2041:
2021:
2011:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1887:
1872:
1822:
1388:
1374:
1360:
614:
602:
548:
488:
464:
425:
400:
380:, becoming a general uprising by all the Germans in the region. Led by
349:
213:
177:
167:
163:
136:
91:
18:
2461:
2414:
2399:
2364:
2339:
2304:
2299:
2232:
2217:
2155:
2093:
2078:
2056:
2006:
1991:
1904:
1899:
1857:
1827:
1355:, vol. I, London: John Murray (published 1872), pp. 605–606
613:
where the hero (Beowulf) engages in battles with antagonists. Set in
528:
468:
453:
449:
228:
159:
140:
113:
75:
71:
1402:
1286:
Dark Age Naval Power: Frankish & Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity
2334:
2319:
2294:
2284:
2269:
2212:
2180:
2145:
2140:
2098:
2088:
1971:
1832:
1675:
626:
496:
492:
484:
335:
327:
301:
181:
170:
and for some distance inland—were members of a group called
123:
43:
2404:
2051:
232:
195:
39:
1406:
1391:(117), Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson (eds.),
693:, Bk XIII, Ch 55. Events of AD 54–58. The Germans under
294:, whereby they gained a border with the Frisians to the west.
725:. Haywood cites Tacitus as well as a number of other sources.
101:
they expanded to the River Ems by expelling the neighboring
1243:
Beowulf, An Old English Poem, translated into modern rhymes
1074:, Bk V, Ch 19. A footnote makes reference to "Cp IV.79".
55:
Their ultimate origins are not well understood. In the
495:), to coastal Britain (e.g., fire destruction at the
419:
in 12 BC. They were raiding the coasts of Roman
259:
in AD 9. The Romans recoiled at first but then
2470:
1751:
1713:
1503:
1457:
1288:(revised ed.), Frithgarth: Anglo-Saxon Books,
1010:, Bk XI, Ch 18–19. Events of AD 47–48.
978:, Bk XI, Ch 18–19. Events of AD 47–48.
34:living in the low-lying region between the Rivers
806:, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, p. 59,
376:and other tribes rose against Roman rule in the
857:
825:
534:The Romans responded with defensive measures.
322:. They raided along the then-wealthy coast of
1418:
1342:, vol. III, London: George Bell and Sons
1336:(1892) , Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. (eds.),
1245:, London: C. Kegan Paul & Co., p. 77
166:—the people from the River Ems through
8:
1397:, London: MacMillan and Co. (published 1895)
1449:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1394:Annals of Tacitus (translated into English)
962:, Bk XIII, Ch 55. Events of AD 54–58.
773:, Bk XIII, Ch 54. Events of AD 54–58.
675:The Northern Barbarians 100 BC–AD 300
1425:
1411:
1403:
873:
428:describes the Chauci as 'peaceful' in his
235:. Drusus gave up the attack and withdrew.
1353:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
928:, Bk II, Ch 24. Events of AD 16–19.
310:(Rhine flotilla) in the first century AD.
912:, Bk II, Ch 17. Events of AD 16–19
896:, Bk I, Ch 60. Events of AD 15–16.
306:Reconstruction of a fluvial boat of the
2490:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1179:
1163:
1147:
1131:
1099:
1083:
1042:, Translator's Summary of Chief Events.
1019:
782:
750:
718:
666:
650:
643:
456:who were raiders in the third century.
1319:, vol. I, London: Henry G. Bohn,
1067:
1051:
1035:
1003:
987:
971:
955:
921:
905:
889:
766:
734:
686:
1115:
841:
7:
741:, Translator's note on Bk XI, Ch 19.
697:had wiped out 3 Roman legions under
239:Aftermath of Teutoburg Forest, c. 15
298:Roman war against Gannascus, c. 47
279:A parenthetical note concerns the
14:
397:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis
2513:
2512:
441:until their last recorded raids
2495:Christianization of Scandinavia
1369:, Chicago: C. M. Barnes Company
2485:Christianization of the Franks
1558:Continental Germanic mythology
1196:Haywood, John (January 1991),
802:(2006), Robbins, Keith (ed.),
703:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
270:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
257:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
1:
561:
442:
326:(i.e., the land south of the
284:
95:
70:) the Chauci and the related
64:
1339:The Natural History of Pliny
1316:The Natural History of Pliny
2500:Christianization of Iceland
1351:, in Smith, William (ed.),
1239:"The Fire Drake (Part III)"
677:(1987) for this conclusion.
467:(e.g., fire destruction at
2570:
1389:Tacitus, Publius Cornelius
1375:Tacitus, Publius Cornelius
1361:Tacitus, Publius Cornelius
1347:Schmitz, Leonhard (1853),
2508:
1440:
571:, a name given it by the
276:, brother of Germanicus.
1738:North Germanic languages
1723:Germanic parent language
632:List of Germanic peoples
330:and north of the Rivers
86:European coast from the
1743:West Germanic languages
1733:East Germanic languages
1728:Proto-Germanic language
1548:Proto-Germanic folklore
1485:Romano-Germanic culture
1237:Lumsden, H. W. (1881),
673:. Haywood cites Todd's
202:Classical Roman history
154:Writing in AD 79,
42:, on both sides of the
2544:Early Germanic peoples
2539:History of East Frisia
1284:Haywood, John (1999),
368:Batavian Revolt, c. 69
311:
132:
23:
16:Ancient Germanic tribe
1553:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1443:Ethnolinguistic group
580:A passage written by
560:) were all fortified
305:
182:character as a people
127:
22:
1184:Dark Age Naval Power
1168:Dark Age Naval Power
1152:Dark Age Naval Power
1136:Dark Age Naval Power
1104:Dark Age Naval Power
1088:Dark Age Naval Power
1024:Dark Age Naval Power
787:Dark Age Naval Power
755:Dark Age Naval Power
723:Dark Age Naval Power
671:Dark Age Naval Power
655:Dark Age Naval Power
615:long-ago Scandinavia
378:Revolt of the Batavi
145:Dark Age Naval Power
2480:Gothic Christianity
1267:Dio's Roman History
858:Pliny the Elder 79b
826:Pliny the Elder 79a
2554:North Sea Germanic
1863:Germani cisrhenani
1571:Funerary practices
1475:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1451:Germanic languages
945:Book LX, Chapter 8
574:Notitia Dignitatum
536:Caistor-by-Norwich
372:In AD 69 the
312:
243:The Germans under
133:
68: 300 AD
24:
2526:
2525:
1698:Gothic and Vandal
1490:Germanic Iron Age
1465:Nordic Bronze Age
1447:Northern European
813:978-0-582-77292-2
538:, Chelmsford and
525:Great Chesterford
360:, so the emperor
340:Germania Inferior
308:Classis Germanica
288: AD 58
99: AD 58
2561:
2516:
2515:
2472:Christianization
2062:Ripuarian Franks
1434:Germanic peoples
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1343:
1329:
1298:
1280:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1123:
1116:Tacitus & 98
1113:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1001:
995:
985:
979:
969:
963:
953:
947:
935:
929:
919:
913:
903:
897:
887:
881:
880:, Bk LIV, Ch 32.
871:
865:
855:
849:
842:Tacitus & 98
839:
833:
823:
817:
816:
796:
790:
780:
774:
764:
758:
748:
742:
732:
726:
716:
710:
684:
678:
664:
658:
648:
566:
563:
447:
444:
289:
286:
247:had destroyed 3
120:Society and life
100:
97:
69:
66:
61:Migration Period
30:were an ancient
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2504:
2466:
1747:
1709:
1671:Gothic alphabet
1563:Norse mythology
1499:
1453:
1436:
1431:
1401:
1387:
1373:
1359:
1346:
1334:Pliny the Elder
1332:
1327:
1303:Pliny the Elder
1301:
1296:
1283:
1278:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1058:, Bk IV, Ch 79.
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
970:
966:
954:
950:
936:
932:
920:
916:
904:
900:
888:
884:
874:Cassius Dio 229
872:
868:
862:Natural History
856:
852:
840:
836:
830:Natural History
824:
820:
814:
798:
797:
793:
781:
777:
765:
761:
749:
745:
733:
729:
717:
713:
685:
681:
665:
661:
649:
645:
640:
623:
599:
564:
463:, to northwest
445:
439:English Channel
413:
388:coast. Led by
370:
300:
287:
241:
204:
156:Pliny the Elder
122:
98:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:Thracian Goths
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Roman Iron Age
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1344:
1330:
1325:
1299:
1294:
1281:
1276:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1202:, p. 42,
1188:
1172:
1156:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1028:
1012:
996:
980:
964:
948:
930:
914:
898:
882:
866:
850:
834:
818:
812:
800:Yorke, Barbara
791:
775:
759:
743:
727:
711:
679:
659:
642:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
629:
622:
619:
598:
595:
540:Forum Hadriani
477:Vendeuil-Caply
412:
409:
369:
366:
324:Gallia Belgica
299:
296:
240:
237:
203:
200:
121:
118:
82:inhabited the
63:(i.e., before
32:Germanic tribe
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2566:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
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2391:
2388:
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2373:
2371:
2368:
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2363:
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2353:
2351:
2348:
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2341:
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2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Crimean Goths
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:Salian Franks
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
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1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1505:Early culture
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:The Histories
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:9780598910738
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1307:Bostock, John
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:1-898281-43-2
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1277:9780674990920
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:Nova Historia
1218:
1215:
1211:
1209:9780415063746
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:The Histories
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:The Histories
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:The Histories
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
984:
981:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
952:
949:
946:
944:
943:Roman History
939:
934:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
891:
886:
883:
879:
878:Roman History
875:
870:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
815:
809:
805:
801:
795:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
768:
763:
760:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
736:
731:
728:
724:
720:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
616:
612:
609:
605:
604:
597:In literature
596:
594:
592:
588:
583:
578:
576:
575:
570:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
542:(present day
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Gestingthorpe
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Bay of Biscay
457:
455:
451:
440:
435:
433:
432:
427:
422:
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
304:
297:
295:
293:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Roman legions
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
210:
201:
199:
197:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
149:Barbara Yorke
146:
142:
138:
131:
126:
119:
117:
115:
110:
106:
104:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
62:
58:
53:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1996:
1798:Anglo-Saxons
1788:Adrabaecampi
1771:Bucinobantes
1513:Architecture
1393:
1379:
1365:
1352:
1338:
1315:
1311:Riley, H. T.
1285:
1266:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1180:Haywood 1999
1175:
1167:
1164:Haywood 1999
1159:
1151:
1148:Haywood 1999
1143:
1135:
1132:Haywood 1999
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1100:Haywood 1999
1095:
1087:
1084:Haywood 1999
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1020:Haywood 1999
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
942:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
803:
794:
786:
783:Haywood 1999
778:
770:
762:
754:
751:Haywood 1999
746:
738:
730:
722:
719:Haywood 1999
714:
690:
682:
674:
670:
667:Haywood 1999
662:
654:
651:Haywood 1999
646:
601:
600:
579:
572:
554:Canninefates
547:
533:
458:
436:
429:
414:
396:
394:
371:
354:
344:
320:Canninefates
313:
278:
242:
218:
207:
205:
189:
186:
176:
153:
144:
134:
130:hallig Hooge
111:
107:
54:
47:
27:
25:
2238:Nahanarvali
2161:Hilleviones
2074:Frisiavones
1942:Cananefates
1932:Burgundians
1843:Banochaemae
1693:Anglo-Saxon
1644:Anglo-Saxon
1610:Anglo-Saxon
1593:Anglo-Saxon
1576:Anglo-Saxon
1262:Cassius Dio
1120:The Germany
1068:Tacitus 105
1052:Tacitus 105
1036:Tacitus 105
1004:Tacitus 117
988:Tacitus 117
972:Tacitus 117
956:Tacitus 117
938:Cassius Dio
922:Tacitus 117
906:Tacitus 117
890:Tacitus 117
846:The Germany
767:Tacitus 117
735:Tacitus 117
687:Tacitus 117
611:heroic poem
608:Old English
569:Saxon Shore
411:Sea raiding
399:(at modern
84:Continental
2549:Ingaevones
2533:Categories
2457:Vinoviloth
2245:Marcomanni
2228:Helveconae
2206:Heaðobards
2176:Istvaeones
2166:Ingaevones
2151:Hermunduri
2119:Ostrogoths
2109:Greuthungi
1987:Chattuarii
1813:Angrivarii
1808:Ampsivarii
1776:Lentienses
1605:Literature
1495:Viking Age
1254:References
1008:The Annals
992:The Annals
976:The Annals
960:The Annals
958::253–254,
926:The Annals
910:The Annals
894:The Annals
828::346–347,
771:The Annals
739:The Annals
691:The Annals
689::253–254,
565: 200
505:Billericay
501:Chelmsford
473:Thérouanne
446: 170
281:Ampsivarii
261:Germanicus
172:Ingaevones
128:Terpen on
103:Ampsivarii
88:Zuyder Zee
2452:Vidivarii
2447:Victohali
2437:Vangiones
2370:Thuringii
2275:Nuithones
2171:Irminones
2134:Visigoths
2124:Thervingi
2084:Gambrivii
2037:Dulgubnii
2032:Dauciones
1982:Chasuarii
1922:Brondings
1848:Bastarnae
1838:Baiuvarii
1818:Armalausi
1781:Raetovari
1715:Languages
1683:Symbology
1543:Folklore
1538:Festivals
1363:(1897) ,
1305:(1855) ,
707:River Ems
591:Toxandria
558:The Hague
513:Braintree
499:sites of
386:North Sea
358:bad faith
316:Gannascus
292:River Ems
90:to south
2518:Category
2425:Hasdingi
2410:Usipetes
2390:Tubantes
2375:Toxandri
2355:Tencteri
2330:Suarines
2315:Sicambri
2310:Semnones
2290:Reudigni
2260:Mattiaci
2250:Marsacii
2201:Lombards
2191:Lacringi
2186:Juthungi
2017:Corconti
2002:Cherusci
1977:Charudes
1957:Chaedini
1927:Bructeri
1912:Bateinoi
1883:Eburones
1878:Condrusi
1873:Caeroesi
1868:Atuatuci
1803:Ambrones
1766:Brisgavi
1761:Alemanni
1639:Paganism
1528:Clothing
1523:Calendar
1470:Germania
1349:"CHAUCI"
1313:(eds.),
1226:Book III
1221:Zosimus
1182::24–28,
1166::24–25,
1118::61–62,
1022::22–23,
844::61–62,
785::19–20,
721::17–19,
695:Arminius
669::17–19,
621:See also
544:Voorburg
521:Kelvedon
517:Wickford
481:Beauvais
431:Germania
390:Cerialis
362:Claudius
350:triremes
274:Claudius
266:Cherusci
245:Arminius
233:ebb tide
229:Frisians
141:Frisians
72:Frisians
57:Germanic
2442:Varisci
2430:Silingi
2420:Vandals
2395:Tulingi
2385:Triboci
2380:Treveri
2360:Teutons
2350:Taifals
2325:Sitones
2265:Nemetes
2223:Helisii
2196:Lemovii
2114:Gutones
2047:Firaesi
2042:Favonae
2022:Cugerni
2012:Cobandi
1967:Chamavi
1962:Chaemae
1952:Casuari
1947:Caritni
1917:Betasii
1888:Paemani
1823:Auiones
1688:Warfare
1666:Scripts
1634:Numbers
1458:History
1377:(105),
1264:(229),
1122:, XXXV.
848:, XXXV.
701:at the
603:Beowulf
582:Zosimus
552:of the
549:civitas
546:) (the
489:Tournai
465:Belgica
426:Tacitus
421:Belgica
401:Cologne
382:Civilis
346:Corbulo
318:of the
255:at the
214:Tacitus
178:Tacitus
168:Jutland
164:Teutoni
137:Tacitus
92:Jutland
2462:Warini
2415:Vagoth
2400:Tungri
2365:Thelir
2345:Swedes
2340:Sunici
2305:Saxons
2300:Rugini
2233:Manimi
2218:Diduni
2156:Heruli
2094:Gepids
2079:Frisii
2057:Franks
2007:Cimbri
1997:Chauci
1992:Chatti
1905:Nervii
1900:Morini
1858:Belgae
1853:Batavi
1828:Avarpi
1793:Angles
1753:Groups
1703:Viking
1649:Gothic
1627:Gothic
1533:Family
1323:
1292:
1274:
1206:
1070::222,
1054::193,
1006::190,
990::400,
974::189,
876::365,
860::339,
810:
769::253,
737::355,
606:is an
587:Julian
529:Harlow
527:, and
491:, and
469:Amiens
454:Saxons
450:Franks
417:Drusus
405:cohort
374:Batavi
251:under
225:Drusus
221:Romans
209:Annals
191:terpen
160:Cimbri
114:Saxons
80:Angles
78:, and
76:Saxons
49:terpen
28:Chauci
2335:Suebi
2320:Sciri
2295:Rugii
2285:Quadi
2270:Njars
2255:Marsi
2213:Lugii
2181:Jutes
2146:Harii
2141:Gutes
2099:Goths
2089:Geats
2027:Danes
1972:Chali
1893:Segni
1833:Baemi
1676:Runes
1661:Rings
1654:Norse
1622:Names
1615:Norse
1598:Norse
1581:Norse
1150::24,
1134::28,
1102::21,
1086::15,
924::50,
908::48,
892::30,
753::28,
699:Varus
653::14,
638:Notes
627:Cauci
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497:Essex
493:Arras
485:Bavai
403:), a
336:Seine
332:Marne
328:Rhine
253:Varus
44:Weser
2405:Ubii
2052:Fosi
1937:Buri
1321:ISBN
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1272:ISBN
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1038::7,
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452:and
334:and
196:peat
162:and
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2280:Osi
1588:Law
1518:Art
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