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that people on both sides of the river were artists who created jewelry and other items carved out of bone. Spondylus shells, known for being precious goods at the time, were made into beads by locals who lived close to the temples. This shows an implication that artists were likely of high social status. People who lived closer to the temples were supplied with only the finest meat, usually llama meat. This llama meat was brought by the residents of the surrounding high-altitude communities. In contrast, those who lived in rural areas consumed lower-quality food and used
299:, between the coast and the jungle, made it an ideal location for the dissemination and collection of both ideas and material goods. This archaeological site is a large ceremonial center that has revealed a great deal about the Chavín culture. Chavín de Huántar served as a gathering place for people of the region to come together and worship. The transformation of the center into a valley-dominating monument made it a pan-regional place of importance. People went to Chavín de Huántar as a center: to attend and participate in rituals, consult an oracle, or enter a cult.
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476:. Llama meat was extremely important as it was eaten by almost all the inhabitants in the area. Those who lived in the western half of the town ate younger and more delectable animals as opposed to the eastern side of town, whose residents ate lower-quality meat. These clear examples of social hierarchies show the differences between the people inside of town and those who lived in rural areas. While these social differences can be seen it is impossible to say how much of this social order was changed into a class system with multiple levels.
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552:, meaning center, expressing its significance to local indigenous communities at the time. After investigation at the site, Lumbreas theorized that elites in the communities may have developed the ritual at the site. He also believed that they may have persuaded followers to the temple in order to maintain their political and social structure.
404:, which is assumed to be a supreme deity of Chavín de Huántar. The figure is anthropomorphic, with a feline head and human body. Mortars, pestles, conch-shell trumpets, and many other items have also been found. Many of these artifacts have an anthropomorphic design or decoration and are thought to be associated with Chavín rituals.
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de Huántar, no later than 500 BC, a small village replaced the
Circular Plaza. The plaza was occupied by a succession of cultural groups, and residents salvaged building stones and stone carvings to use in house walls. Multiple occupation floors indicate the village was continuously occupied through the 1940s.
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The religious significance of Chavín de Huántar was inspired by the geography of the site. The confluence of two large rivers has been considered to have spiritual importance in many cultures. Similarly, Chavín de Huántar was developed as a religious ceremonial center. The confluence of two rivers is
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Chavín de Huántar was constructed over many stages starting prior to 1200 BC, with most major construction over by 750 BC. The site continued in use as a ceremonial center until around 500 BC, but its primary religious function had ceased prior to 400 BC. The site was increasingly occupied by casual
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Findings at Chavín de Huántar indicate that social instability and upheaval began to occur between 500 and 300 BC, at the same time that the larger Chavín culture began to decline. Large ceremonial sites were abandoned, some unfinished, and were replaced by villages and agricultural land. At Chavín
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in an effort to determine whether it was "planned by an elite or had resulted from some grassroots religious fervor." The technique was used to create digital blueprints. Because details such as stair placement remain constant throughout generations of builders, the site may be a very early example
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as "the birthplace of South
American culture", in recognition of its significance as a center of power for the Chavín culture, which he believed was the oldest in the highlands. Chavín de Huántar is located north of modern-day Lima at the confluence of two rivers: the Mosna and the Huanchecsa. This
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came to similar conclusions about the development of religious practices. Rick theorizes that the higher-ups (typically priests) at the temple would use deliberate techniques, material goods, and intricate architectural features to persuade and gain followers. These theories could be evidence that
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In Chavin de
Huantar the surrounding city and rural areas around the ceremonial centers show social inequalities. More gold jewelry, well-made ceramics, and higher-quality meals are available in the town east of the temple than in the village to the west. Investigations done by archaeologists show
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The architectural design of Chavín de Huántar changed over time as an old temple development was added to with a new temple. Changes were more complex than in one stage of renovation. Smaller renovations happened consistently over the Chavín horizon, ending by about 500 BC, when the new temple was
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surrounded by lower platforms. It is a U-shaped plaza with a sunken circular court in the center. The inside of the temple walls are decorated with sculptures and carvings. During its heyday, Chavín de Huántar was used as a religious center for ceremonies and events, perhaps a home for an oracle.
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After the new temple was complete, Chavín de Huántar still embodied a U-shaped ceremonial center design. The renovations enlarged the site considerably and added a larger, sunken rectangular plaza. The main objective of the renovations appears to have been to enable more people to gather in one
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stabilizing primary monuments, repairing underground structures, documenting the site with high precision instruments, locating underground structures with non-intrusive technologies, revealing, assessing and when appropriate removing post-Chavín structures to reveal original architecture;
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to at least 3000 BC, with ceremonial center activity occurring primarily toward the end of the second millennium, and through the middle of the first millennium BC. While the fairly large population was based on an agricultural economy, the city's location at the headwaters of the
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The site contains a number of major structures, including
Temples A, B, C and D, and areas and buildings designated as the Major Plaza, the Circular Plaza, the Old Temple and New Temple. But the latter two designations are no longer accurate in light of recent research advances.
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cataloguing (sic) artifacts, and improving site interpretation facilities, while the local community is engaged through conservation and craft training, employment, tourism entrepreneurship and regular consultations regarding the management of the site and its environs."
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In 2018, Rick's group used four-wheel-drive robots to search the temple. They discovered 30 tunnels, as well as the graves of several people buried under rocks. Further research is needed to study the human remains and any associated grave goods.
528:, which can be defined as the harmonious meeting of opposing forces. Chavín de Huántar likely was thought to have been a meeting place of natural and cosmic forces. The area is known to have natural hot springs and an awe-inspiring view of the
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The plaza in the classic period, after 700 BC, is bounded on three sides by major
Temples A, B, and C. The plaza is perfectly circular and is close to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter, with a floor consisted of pillow-shaped pavers of yellow
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The "Old Temple", dating from the site's early history, was an inward-facing structure composed primarily of passageways built around a circular courtyard. The structure contained obelisks and stone monuments with relief carvings depicting
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Chavín de Huántar is located in a lowland valley at the confluence of the Mosna and the
Huanchecsa. High altitude valleys are located nearby. Consequently, the people at Chavín de Huántar were able to cultivate both lowland crops such as
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completed. With the simpler design of the old temple, Chavín de Huántar followed the U-shaped ceremonial center design accompanied by a sunken circular plaza that was typical of many coastal settlements in the Early
Horizon period.
504:, also known as Caral-Supe, as the site of the first civilization in the Americas and what is now Peru. Dated to 5,000 years ago, it covered an area across four river valleys, about 100 miles north of Lima.
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The "Circular Plaza" appears to have been a sacred and ritually important, open-air space within a ceremonial center. Prior to 800–700 BC, this location had a number of functions, including serving as an
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The "New Temple", constructed between 500 and 200 BC, is also based on a gallery and plaza design and contained many relief sculptures. The Lanzon deity is shown here, holding a
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of varying width. The two broadest courses were carved in arcs closest to the western staircase and in two pairs of terminal stones flanking the eastern staircase.
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The Chavín civilization was centered on the site of Chavín de Huántar, the religious center of the Chavín people and the political capital. The temple is a massive
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Building authority at Chavín de Huántar: Models of social organization and development in the initial period and early horizon". In
Silverman, Helaine (ed.).
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tools, while those who lived in urban areas imported high-quality obsidian to create sharper blades. Llama meat could be said to be freeze-fried to produce
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Excavation of burial sites has given evidence of a small elite class, whose tombs contained elaborate burial goods, consisting of precious metals, colorful
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591:. Their work is also directed at supporting local training and development of skills among the residents. According to GHF, their work has involved:
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Local style in art and decoration included scrolls, simple curves, straight lines, and images of wild animals. Chavín sculpture is usually of white
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Archaeologists continue to debate about the likely religious practices during the peak period at Chavín de Huántar. In the 1970s
Peruvian
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863:"Laser mapping tool traces ancient sites – Device made for contractors helps archaeologists create first-ever digital blueprints"
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in the high altitude areas for food and to serve as transport animals, to carry heavy loads on the steep slopes of the hills.
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Burger, Richard L (2008). "Chavín de Huántar and Its Sphere of
Influence". In Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (eds.).
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was found in a wide variety of forms, including bottles and bowls, decorated with a wider range of distinctive elements.
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visited the site and learned some of the oral history from the locals. They believe the word Chavín comes from the
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research partnership (see Exploring Chavín de Huántar link above for additional contextual information)
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Detail of the stone engraving known as the Raimondi Stela, probably from the site of Chavín de Huántar.
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the temple and the priests in it exercised much power over local communities during its peak period.
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site allowed for easy access by the waterways and, at the same time, limited access to outsiders.
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Life Across the River: Agricultural, Ritual, and Production Practices at Chavín de Huántar, Peru
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Rick, John W (2005). "The Evolution of Authority and Power at Chavín de Huántar, Peru".
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But discoveries and excavations since the late 20th century have established the older
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279:. Some of the Chavín relics from this archaeological site are on display in the
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peak, both of which may have added to the religious significance of the site.
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slideshow, maps, and 3-D multimedia presentations about Chavín de Huántar
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The Lanzón Stela at Chavín, still image from a video of a photo-textured
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The site was described by early 20th-century Peruvian archaeologist
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This article is about the archaeological site. For the nation, see
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Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association
911:"Robots reveal possible 3,000-year-old human sacrifices in Peru"
261:, at an elevation of 3,180 meters (10,430 ft), east of the
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886:. Vol. Sphere of Influence. Springer. pp. 681–703.
712:(Second ed.). Routledge World Archaeology. p. 147.
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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for entering Temple A through the temple's north staircase.
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for the operations use of tunnels like the passageways of
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1094:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
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available, based on its 2005–2006 laser scanning and
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shell in the right hand, while the left hand holds a
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14.79 ha (36.5 acres; 1,592,000 sq ft)
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Chavin de Huantar: Organ World's largest and oldest?
1026:(Jul 2011). "Writing, Wheels, and Bucket Brigades".
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The area of the Chavín and site of Chavín de Huántar
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985:"Laser Scanning for Cultural Heritage Applications"
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939:Kembel, Silvia Rodriguez; Rick, John W (2004). "
488:El Castillo, part of the Chavín de Huántar ruins
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560:In the early 2000s John Rick and his team from
4456:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4441:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
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924:"Visiting Chavín de Huántar – Horizon Guides"
880:Chavín de Huántar and itItsphere of Influence
417:shell, considered to have sacred properties.
8:
34:
272:Chavín de Huántar has been designated as a
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804:"Chavín de Huántar Slideshow Introduction"
784:Global Heritage Fund (GHF) - Where We Work
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40:
33:
4446:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1215:Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
832:
625:Iperu, tourist information and assistance
290:Occupation at Chavín de Huántar has been
64:
3050:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
653:List of oldest buildings in the Americas
472:which is the inspiration for modern-day
425:place, as the site in general expanded.
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257:, 434 kilometers (270 mi) north of
1088:Chavín de Huántar Digital Media Archive
1072:Chavín de Huántar (archaeological site)
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884:Handbook of South American Archaeology
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584:(GHF) began conservation work at this
4546:Archaeological sites in Ancash Region
947:. Wiley / Blackwell. pp. 51–76.
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516:. The people were also domesticating
339:The Circular Plaza at Chavín in 2005.
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7:
4556:Tourist attractions in Ancash Region
1173:List of World Heritage Sites in Peru
744:
658:List of archaeological sites in Peru
253:culture. The site is located in the
3474:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
148:Before 1200 BC; 3223–3224 years ago
4466:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
3445:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
14:
3457:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3428:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1106:Chavín de Huántar project summary
999:from the original on 16 Oct 2014.
328:residents of the highly distinct
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3450:Archaeological sites in Colombia
3423:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1235:
1065:
922:Gasparovic, Mike (12 Dec 2020).
909:Gimeno, Fernando (21 Aug 2018).
873:from the original on 4 Jun 2019.
632:, said to be named by President
568:Rick also studied the site with
512:and high altitude crops such as
63:
56:
4541:Former populated places in Peru
3433:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
23:. For the modern district, see
1226:Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System
989:Professional Surveyor Magazine
1:
4377:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
3438:Archaeological sites in Chile
2563:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
573:of the use of a standardized
135:3,180 metres (10,430 ft)
46:Overview of Chavín de Huántar
4551:Archaeological sites in Peru
4536:World Heritage Sites in Peru
4471:Mesoamerican writing systems
3467:Archaeological sites in Peru
1352:Archaeological sites in Peru
1209:Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca
1004:Sayre, Matthew Paul (2010).
892:10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_35
355:data collected by nonprofit
184:Chavín (Archaeological Site)
4367:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
2668:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
1083:Exploring Chavín de Huántar
869:. San Francisco Chronicle.
630:Operation Chavín de Huántar
16:Archaeological site in Peru
4574:
4393:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4296:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
2263:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
1753:Huamanmarca, La Convención
861:Abate, Tom (17 Jan 2012).
648:Stela of the cactus bearer
174:UNESCO World Heritage Site
25:Chavín de Huantar District
18:
4494:
4436:
4427:
3791:
3618:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
1358:
1288:
1232:
1170:
1115:Explore Chavín de Huántar
1010:(PhD diss.). UC Berkeley.
913:. efe-epa. Archived from
710:The Ancient Central Andes
708:Quilter, Jeffery (2022).
536:Early religious practices
228:
167:
51:
39:
4505:Civilizations portal
3462:Cultural periods of Peru
2863:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
2558:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
2418:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
2348:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
1280:Rio Abiseo National Park
983:Risvetski, John (2006).
976:10.1525/ap3a.2004.14.071
285:Museo Nacional de Chavín
4399:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3245:Mesoamerican chronology
2063:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1853:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
1253:Huascarán National Park
1204:Historic Centre of Lima
1119:Global Heritage Network
793:Accessed on 2009-04-28.
789:April 11, 2009, at the
580:Beginning in 2004, the
29:Chavin (disambiguation)
3102:Archaeological periods
2708:The Toads of Wiraqucha
2158:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
2148:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
2058:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
1838:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
1273:Historic Sanctuary of
1124:MNSU Chavín de Huántar
928:horizontravelpress.com
696:Kembel & Rick 2004
598:
489:
368:
360:
340:
311:
27:. For other uses, see
4405:List of Conquistadors
4292:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3703:Quebrada de Humahuaca
3122:Caddoan Mississippian
2823:Ventanillas de Otuzco
2408:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
2153:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
2053:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1973:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1883:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1873:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
1833:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
487:
366:
346:
338:
309:
4372:Francisco de Montejo
4300:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
3413:Andean civilizations
3340:Shaft tomb tradition
2998:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
2553:Quriwayrachina, Anta
2273:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
2268:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
2173:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
2168:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
2163:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
2068:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
2013:Laguna de las Momias
1828:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
1823:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
1413:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
1368:Ahuila Gencha Machay
1211:and Pampas de Jumana
1160:World Heritage Sites
1110:Global Heritage Fund
1074:at Wikimedia Commons
867:SFGate – Innovations
609:digital preservation
582:Global Heritage Fund
332:cultural tradition.
265:at the start of the
194:Cultural: (iii)
116:9.59278°S 77.17833°W
4338:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3643:Manteño-Huancavilca
3112:Ancestral Puebloans
2648:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
2543:Qurimarka, Apurímac
2458:Purunllacta, Soloco
2423:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1848:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
1768:Huaycán de Pariachi
1563:Choquequirao Puquio
1523:Chauchilla Cemetery
1418:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
1195:Archaeological Site
1189:Archaeological Zone
1096:Stanford University
683:, pp. 681–706.
589:World Heritage Site
562:Stanford University
445:mortars and pestles
321:flat-topped pyramid
277:World Heritage Site
239:archaeological site
121:-9.59278; -77.17833
112: /
36:
4461:Columbian exchange
4451:Portal:Mesoamerica
3603:La Tolita (Tumaco)
3418:Indigenous peoples
3157:Hopewell tradition
3084:Indigenous peoples
2878:Wanakawri, Huánuco
2453:Purunllacta, Cheto
2313:Paracas Candelabra
1978:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1878:Inti Watana, Calca
1258:Manu National Park
945:Andean archaeology
490:
369:
361:
341:
312:
287:in Chavín itself.
281:Museo de la Nación
181:Official name
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4486:Pre-Columbian art
4422:
4421:
4416:Francisco Pizarro
4382:Pedro de Alvarado
3698:Pucará de Tilcara
3016:
3015:
2393:Pukara, Coporaque
2353:Pirca Pirca, Lima
1718:Huaca Huallamarca
1528:Chavín de Huantar
1318:
1317:
1070:Media related to
901:978-0-387-74906-8
480:Site significance
263:Cordillera Blanca
235:Chavín de Huántar
232:
231:
72:Shown within Peru
35:Chavín de Huántar
4563:
4503:
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4411:Spanish Conquest
4388:Spanish Conquest
4363:Spanish Conquest
4352:Spanish Conquest
3794:
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3036:
3029:
3020:
2873:Wanakawri, Cusco
2868:Wamanmarka, Lima
2703:Templo del Zorro
2548:Qurimarka, Cusco
2038:Llamachayuq Qaqa
2018:Lauricocha Caves
2003:K'allapayuq Urqu
1988:Kusichaka valley
1733:Huaca San Marcos
1708:Huaca del Dragón
1703:Huaca de la Luna
1373:Amaru Marka Wasi
1345:
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1130:
1092:creative commons
1069:
1055:
1032:(2nd ed.).
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930:. Archived from
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634:Alberto Fujimori
459:Social Structure
315:Site description
283:in Lima and the
267:Conchucos Valley
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3926:Human Sacrifice
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3915:Human Sacrifice
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3859:Mayan Languages
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3069:Genetic history
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2988:Wiraqucha Pirqa
2733:Toquepala Caves
2498:Qillqay Mach'ay
2398:Pukara, Fajardo
2123:Marcahuamachuco
2093:Machu Pitumarka
1923:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
1893:Intini Uyu Pata
1808:Incahuasi, Lima
1738:Huaca Santa Ana
1663:Guitarrero Cave
1488:Caves of Sumbay
1388:Asiru Phat'jata
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1024:Mann, Charles C
1022:
1019:
1017:Further reading
1014:
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934:on 28 Sep 2020.
921:
917:on 21 Aug 2018.
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833:Risvetski 2006
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814:on 30 Jun 2014
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4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4357:Hernán Cortés
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3405:South America
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3227:Weeden Island
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Poverty Point
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Mississippian
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3094:North America
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Paleo-Indians
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3008:Yuraq Mach'ay
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Usnu, Huánuco
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Qhapaq Kancha
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Puyupatamarca
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Ollantaytambo
2281:
2279:
2278:Ñusta Hispana
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Killa Mach'ay
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Inka Tunuwiri
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Huayna Picchu
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Huánuco Pampa
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Huaca del Sol
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Hatun Rumiyoc
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Guellayhuasin
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:El Cañoncillo
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Cajamarquilla
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Baths of Boza
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Auquilohuagra
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:City of Cuzco
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Vintage Books
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1002:
998:
995:(3 (March)).
994:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:
907:
903:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
858:
853:
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
813:
809:
805:
799:
796:
792:
788:
785:
780:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
759:, p. 62.
758:
753:
750:
746:
741:
738:
734:
729:
726:
721:
719:9780367481513
715:
711:
704:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
592:
590:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:building code
571:
566:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
521:
519:
515:
511:
505:
503:
498:
495:
486:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
426:
422:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
377:
375:
365:
358:
354:
350:
345:
337:
333:
331:
325:
322:
314:
308:
304:
300:
298:
297:Marañón River
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Ancash Region
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
223:
215:
211:
204:
201:
193:
191:
183:
175:
166:
161:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
125:
97:
93:
90:
86:
85:Ancash Region
83:
79:
59:
50:
43:
38:
30:
26:
22:
4518:
4496:
4429:
4279:Moctezuma II
4236:Inca history
4161:Andean Music
4105:Architecture
4100:Architecture
4095:Architecture
4090:Architecture
4086:Architecture
4080:Gender Roles
3825:Tenochtitlan
3748:Timoto–Cuica
3743:Tierradentro
3528:Casma–Sechin
3260:Chalcatzingo
2938:Wayna Q'inti
2928:Wat'a, Cusco
2888:Waqra Pukara
2838:Vilcashuamán
2608:Sacsayhuamán
2538:Quri Winchus
2468:Pusuquy Pata
2443:Puqin Kancha
2403:Pukara, Puno
2098:Machu Q'inti
2083:Machu Picchu
1948:Killarumiyuq
1898:Intipa Ñawin
1818:Inka Mach'ay
1793:Huchuy Qosqo
1723:Huaca Prieta
1668:Hatun Machay
1648:Gran Pajatén
1558:Choquequirao
1553:Choquepuquio
1548:Chipaw Marka
1498:Cerro Pátapo
1275:Machu Picchu
1192:
1027:
1006:
992:
988:
967:
963:
944:
940:
932:the original
927:
915:the original
883:
879:
866:
840:
828:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
807:
798:
779:
752:
740:
728:
709:
703:
637:
613:
599:
594:
579:
567:
559:
549:
539:
525:
522:
506:
499:
491:
462:
434:
427:
423:
419:
412:
406:
390:
378:
370:
326:
318:
301:
292:carbon-dated
289:
271:
234:
233:
4342:Túpac Amaru
4326:Manco Cápac
4275:Moctezuma I
4186:Agriculture
4181:Agriculture
4176:Agriculture
4167:Agriculture
4110:Road System
3999:Mathematics
3864:Muysc Cubun
3718:San Agustín
3668:Monte Verde
3345:Teotihuacan
3237:Mesoamerica
3132:Coles Creek
3117:Anishinaabe
3074:Archaeology
2983:Wiñay Wayna
2978:Willkaraqay
2963:Wila Wilani
2918:Wari Willka
2908:Waraqu Urqu
2853:Waman Pirqa
2758:Tunay Q'asa
2738:Toro Muerto
2688:Taqrachullu
2678:Tanqa Tanqa
2673:Tampukancha
2663:Tambomachay
2658:Tambo Totem
2528:Qunchamarka
2518:Qullqapampa
2428:Pumaq Hirka
2378:Puka Pukara
2343:Pinkuylluna
2333:Pikimach'ay
2248:Nazca Lines
2243:Muyuq Marka
2228:Mullu Q'awa
2203:Mirq'imarka
2178:Mawk'ataray
2113:Maray Qalla
2103:Mallkuamaya
2088:Machu Pirqa
2078:Machu Colca
2033:Llamachayuq
1968:Kuntur Wasi
1863:Inkilltambo
1788:Huayrapongo
1748:Hualpayunca
1743:Huacramarca
1683:Hatun Uchku
1653:Gran Vilaya
1453:Buena Vista
1408:Awkin Punta
1040:. pp.
845:Gimeno 2018
681:Burger 2008
603:has made a
502:Norte Chico
349:point cloud
209:Inscription
119: /
95:Coordinates
4525:Categories
4313:Tisquesusa
4287:Cuauhtémoc
4283:Cuitláhuac
3613:Lauricocha
3583:Gran Chaco
3573:Cupisnique
3558:Chinchorro
3533:Chachapoya
3523:Caral–Supe
3365:Tlaxcaltec
3355:Teuchitlán
3270:Chupícuaro
3197:Plum Bayou
3192:Plaquemine
3162:Marksville
3127:Chichimeca
2973:Wilcahuaín
2913:Warawtampu
2883:Waqlamarka
2833:Vilcabamba
2788:Uskallaqta
2753:Tunanmarca
2698:Tarmatambo
2633:Sillustani
2618:Sayacmarca
2603:Runkuraqay
2533:Qunchupata
2508:Quillarumi
2488:Qillqatani
2383:Puka Tampu
2358:Pirhuaylla
2328:Pikillaqta
2323:Patallaqta
2298:Pachatusan
2293:Pachacamac
2208:Miyu Pampa
2198:Miraflores
2138:Markapukyu
2133:Markansaya
2128:Markahirka
2118:Marayniyoq
2073:Llaqtapata
2008:K'ipakhara
1993:Khichuqaqa
1888:Intikancha
1868:Inti Punku
1858:Inkapintay
1698:Honcopampa
1693:Hatunmarka
1688:Hatun Usnu
1638:El Paraíso
1633:El Ingenio
1608:Coricancha
1598:Condorcaga
1588:Colcampata
1578:Cochabamba
1543:Chichakuri
1533:Chawaytiri
1518:Chanquillo
1508:Chacamarca
1493:Cerro Baúl
1398:Auga Punta
1221:Caral-Supe
772:Abate 2012
757:Sayre 2010
664:References
474:beef jerky
449:tapestries
439:and black
353:laser scan
212:1985 (9th
163:Site notes
107:77°10′42″W
4334:Atahualpa
4330:Pachacuti
4305:Nemequene
4171:Chinampas
3993:Astronomy
3982:Astronomy
3962:Mythology
3957:Mythology
3952:Mythology
3947:Mythology
3943:Mythology
3773:Wankarani
3763:Tuncahuán
3653:Marajoara
3608:Las Vegas
3494:Atacameño
3390:Xochipala
3330:Purépecha
3290:Epi-Olmec
3280:Cuicuilco
3222:Troyville
3212:St. Johns
2903:Waraqayuq
2898:Warahirka
2858:Wamanilla
2828:Ventarron
2803:Usnu Muqu
2763:Tupu Inka
2743:Trinchera
2693:Tarahuasi
2683:Tantarica
2653:Susupillu
2613:Sara Sara
2588:Rumicolca
2568:Qasa Pata
2523:Qulu Qulu
2478:Qaqapatan
2448:Puruchuco
2388:Puka Urqu
2308:Pañamarca
2288:Pacatnamu
2258:Ninamarca
2253:Nina Kiru
2238:Muyu Urqu
2233:Muyu Muyu
2223:Mulinuyuq
1928:Kanamarka
1908:Iskuqucha
1813:Ingatambo
1763:Huankarán
1613:Cumbemayo
1603:Cota Coca
1583:Cochapata
1513:Chan Chan
1473:Carachupa
1468:Cao Viejo
1448:Bandurria
1433:Ayawayq'u
1428:Ayamachay
1378:Arhuaturo
1294:Argentina
1187:Chan Chan
970:: 71–89.
745:Rick 2005
611:project.
441:limestone
414:Spondylus
382:diatomite
199:Reference
104:9°35′34″S
4430:See also
4348:Conquest
4321:Zoratama
3988:Calendar
3977:Calendar
3972:Calendar
3968:Calendar
3937:Religion
3932:Religion
3921:Religion
3910:Religion
3906:Religion
3895:Numerals
3889:Numerals
3850:Language
3830:Multiple
3768:Valdivia
3753:Tiwanaku
3713:Saladoid
3708:Quimbaya
3598:Kuhikugu
3578:Diaguita
3568:Chorrera
3385:Veraguas
3380:Veracruz
3360:Tlatilco
3172:Mogollon
3079:Cultures
3057:Americas
2953:Wichqana
2728:Titiqaqa
2623:Sayhuite
2593:Rumiwasi
2513:Quishuar
2433:Pumawasi
2413:Pukarani
2368:Pirwayuq
2338:Pilluchu
2318:Paraccra
2043:Llamayuq
1983:Kuntuyuq
1918:Jinkiori
1803:Inca Uyo
1623:El Brujo
1568:Churajón
1538:Cheqollo
1458:Cahuachi
1438:Azángaro
1423:Aya Muqu
1306:Colombia
1180:Cultural
1034:New York
997:Archived
871:Archived
787:Archived
619:See also
514:potatoes
430:textiles
409:strombus
190:Criteria
153:Cultures
81:Location
4317:Tundama
4246:Peoples
4231:History
4226:History
4221:History
4217:History
4211:Cuisine
4206:Cuisine
4201:Cuisine
4196:Cuisine
4192:Cuisine
4050:Warfare
4045:Warfare
4040:Warfare
4036:Warfare
4030:Society
4025:Economy
4014:Society
4009:Society
4005:Society
3875:Writing
3869:Quechua
3854:Nahuatl
3821:Capital
3758:Toyopán
3738:Tairona
3648:Mapuche
3563:Chiripa
3538:Chancay
3509:Cañaris
3484:Amotape
3479:El Abra
3395:Zapotec
3375:Totonac
3350:Tepanec
3335:Quelepa
3305:Mezcala
3295:Huastec
3265:Cholula
3255:Capacha
3250:Acolhua
3207:Sinagua
3182:Patayan
3152:Hohokam
3142:Fremont
2958:Wich'un
2948:Wichama
2813:Uyu Uyu
2808:Usqunta
2598:Runayoc
2578:Raqch'i
2463:Pusharo
2438:Punkuri
2213:Molloko
2188:Miculla
2108:Mameria
2048:Llamuqa
2028:Llactan
1933:Kanichi
1758:Huamboy
1643:Garagay
1618:Cutimbo
1478:Carajía
1310:Ecuador
1298:Bolivia
1246:Natural
1042:273–274
854:Sources
638:Huántar
550:chaupin
546:Quechua
530:Wantsan
470:charqui
453:Pottery
437:granite
398:caimans
394:jaguars
386:courses
214:Session
145:Founded
140:History
4260:Muisca
4255:Mayans
4250:Aztecs
3884:Script
3879:Script
3839:Bacatá
3810:Muisca
3693:Pucará
3688:Piaroa
3683:Paiján
3678:Omagua
3633:Lupaca
3628:Lokono
3593:Kalina
3588:Huetar
3548:Chavín
3543:Chango
3518:Nariño
3514:Capulí
3504:Calima
3499:Aymara
3489:Arawak
3370:Toltec
3320:Olmecs
3315:Nicoya
3310:Mixtec
3285:Diquis
3187:Picosa
3177:Oshara
3147:Glades
3137:Dorset
2993:Yanaca
2893:Waqutu
2848:Vitcos
2783:Urpish
2768:T'akaq
2748:Túcume
2718:Tinyaq
2643:Sóndor
2628:Sechín
2583:Revash
2503:Quiaca
2493:Qillqa
2363:Piruro
2303:Paiján
2193:Millka
2023:Layzón
1963:Kukuli
1958:Kuelap
1953:Kotosh
1798:Huiñao
1593:Collor
1393:Aspero
1363:Acaray
1308:, and
1193:Chavín
1048:
951:
898:
818:12 Oct
716:
586:UNESCO
548:word,
526:tinkuy
518:llamas
402:Lanzón
374:atrium
351:using
330:Huaraz
274:UNESCO
247:Chavín
237:is an
132:Height
4265:Incas
4156:Music
4151:Music
4146:Music
4142:Music
4075:Women
4070:Women
4065:Women
4061:Women
4019:Trade
3900:Quipu
3844:Cusco
3835:Hunza
3800:Aztec
3733:Taíno
3728:Sican
3723:Shuar
3673:Nazca
3663:Mollo
3658:Moche
3638:Luzia
3553:Chimú
3325:Pipil
3300:Izapa
3275:Coclé
3217:Thule
3107:Adena
3003:Yaynu
2968:Wilca
2923:Waruq
2723:Tipón
2713:Tikra
2638:Sipán
2483:Qenko
2373:Písac
2218:Moray
2183:Mazur
2143:Marpa
1938:Kenko
1778:Huari
1573:Chuya
1483:Caral
1383:Asana
1302:Chile
1292:with
1267:Mixed
1100:CyArk
808:CyArk
601:CyArk
510:maize
466:chert
357:CyArk
4055:Army
3837:and
3815:Inca
3805:Maya
3783:Zenú
3778:Wari
3623:Lima
1913:Isog
1164:Peru
1046:ISBN
949:ISBN
896:ISBN
820:2014
714:ISBN
259:Lima
251:Inca
243:Peru
221:Area
89:Peru
4136:Art
4131:Art
4126:Art
4121:Art
4117:Art
1162:in
1117:on
1108:at
972:doi
888:doi
241:in
203:330
4527::
4374:)
1304:,
1300:,
1296:,
1044:.
1036::
993:26
991:.
987:.
968:14
966:.
926:.
894:.
882:.
865:.
806:.
764:^
688:^
671:^
577:.
451:.
396:,
269:.
87:,
4418:)
4414:(
4407:)
4403:(
4401:)
4397:(
4395:)
4391:(
4384:)
4380:(
4370:(
4359:)
4355:(
4112:)
4108:(
4021:)
4017:(
3995:)
3991:(
3984:)
3980:(
3928:)
3924:(
3917:)
3913:(
3891:)
3887:(
3516:/
3042:e
3035:t
3028:v
1344:e
1337:t
1330:v
1152:e
1145:t
1138:v
1098:/
1090:(
1054:.
978:.
974::
957:.
941:4
904:.
890::
847:.
835:.
822:.
774:.
747:.
735:.
722:.
698:.
359:.
216:)
31:.
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