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94:
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1414:. The branch insignia, which was adopted in 1918 by the fledgling Chemical Service, measures .5 inches in height by 1.81 inches in width. Crossed shells with a dragon head was also commonly used in France for the Chemical service. The Chemical Warfare Service approved the insignia in 1921 and in 1924 the ring adopted the cobalt blue enamel. When the Chemical Warfare Service changed designations to the Chemical Corps in 1946 the symbol was retained.
635:
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49:
4268:
76:
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650:. Despite the lack of chemical warfare during the conflict, the CWS saw its funding and personnel increase substantially due to concerns that the Germans and Japanese had a formidable chemical weapons capability. By 1942 the CWS employed 60,000 soldiers and civilians and was appropriated $ 1 billion. The CWS completed a variety of non-chemical warfare related tasks and missions during the war including producing
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269:
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2103:
1094:. Upon assuming that position, Abrams and others began to address the reformation of the Army in the wake of Vietnam. Abrams investigated the possibility of merging Chemical Corps into other Army branches. An ad hoc committee, designed to study possibilities, recommended that the Chemical Corps' smoke and flame mission be integrated into the
1301:, maintained that the effective, U.S. threat of nuclear retaliation halted Hussein from employing his chemical weapons. The locations of many of Iraq's chemical stockpiles were never uncovered and there is widespread speculation that U.S. troops were exposed to chemical munitions while destroying weapons caches, particularly near the
891:
information and liaison office in Tokyo patterned on the
Frankfurt agency. The Chief Chemical Officer and Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACS/I) approved the recommendation and foresaw an activation date in financial year 1964. Two CCIA staff members again toured selected U.S. intelligence agencies in
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in 1990 and much of the world responded by amassing military assets in the region, the United States Army faced the possibility of experiencing chemical or biological (CB) attack. The possibility of CB attack forced the army to respond with NBC defense crash courses in theater. Troops deployed to the
586:
It is my thought that the major functions of the
Chemical Warfare Service are those of a "Service" rather than a "Corps." It is desirable to designate as a Corps only those supply branches of the Army which are included in the line of the Army. To have changed the name to the "Chemical Service" would
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I am doing everything in my power to discourage the use of gases and other chemicals in any war between nations. While, unfortunately, the defensive necessities of the United States call for study of the use of chemicals in warfare, I do not want the
Government of the United States to do anything to
1445:
written around it in gold lettering. The phrase translates to: "We rule the battle through the elements.". The regimental insignia incorporates specific symbolism in its design. The colors, gold and blue, are the colors of the
Chemical Corps, while the tree's trunk is battle scarred, a reference to
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had renounced the use of chemical weapons in 1989, many did not believe he would really honor that during a conflict with the United States and the broader coalition forces. As
American troops headed to the desert, analysts speculated about their vulnerability to CB attack. Although the location of
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in the third quarter of financial year 1962. The purposes were to establish liaison with the
Chemical Corps personnel, to reemphasize the importance of CBR intelligence, and to provide on the spot guidance and discuss the establishment of a U.S. Army Chemical Corps Information and Liaison Office in
533:
Before deploying to France in 1917 many of the soldiers in the 30th
Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame) spent their time stateside in training that did not emphasize any chemical warfare skills; instead the training focused on drill, marching, guard duty, and inspections. Despite the conventional
1462:
The
Chemical Corps Regimental Association operates the "Chemical Corps Hall of Fame". The list includes soldiers from many different eras of the Chemical Corps history, including Amos Fries, Earl J. Atkisson, and William L. Sibert. The organization conducts annual inductions, and the honor is
411:
The earliest predecessors to the United States Army
Chemical Corps owe their existence to changes of military technology early in World War I. By 1915, the combatants were using poison gases and chemical irritants on the battlefield. In that year, the United States War Department first became
890:
U.S. Army
Chemical Corps Information and Liaison Office, Europe (CCILO–E) was established and located in Frankfurt, Germany. During November and December 1961 two CCIA officers visited the Far East on an intelligence collection trip. This visit led to a recommendation by CCIA to establish an
497:
to house researchers. The U.S. military paid to convert classrooms into laboratories. Within a year of setting up the center, the number of scientists and technicians employed there would increase from 272 to over 1,000. Industrial plants were established in nearby cities to synthesize toxic
749:. Colonel George F. Unmacht (US Army) became commander of the Army's Chemical Warfare Service, Pacific Ocean Area in 1943. Along with that he was the Hawaii Territorial Coordinator for Civilian Gas Defense and Joint service Pacific theater chief chemical warfare officer under
979:
measures, among other missions. As the war progressed into the late 1960s, public sentiment against the Chemical Corps increased because of the Army's continued use of herbicides, criticized in the press as being against the Geneva Protocol; napalm; and riot control agents.
1278:
Gulf with protective masks at the ready, protective clothing was made available to those troops whose vicinity to the enemy or mission required it. Large scale drills were conducted in the desert to better acclimatize troops to wearing the bulky protective clothing (called
740:
wrote in 1944, "We Should Have Used Gas at Tarawa because "You Can Cook 'Em Better with Gas". Despite rising between 1944 and 1945, popular public opinion never rose above 40 percent in favor of the use of gas weapons. Where there was support for Chemical Warfare was in
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had to approve the move, because it had officially established the Chemical Corps in 1946. Congress chose to table action on the fate of the Chemical Corps, leaving it in limbo for several years. Recruitment and career advancement was halted and the Chemical School at
824:
made great strides in their biological warfare programs, especially concerning delivery systems. During the Korean War (1950–53) chemical soldiers had to again man the 4.2 inch chemical mortar for smoke and high explosive munitions delivery. During the war, the
529:
directed that the Gas Service Section consist of four majors, six captains, 10 first lieutenants and 15 second lieutenants. Additional War Department orders established a Chemical Service Section that included 47 commissioned officers and 95 enlisted personnel.
467:, the council appointed a Subcommittee on Noxious Gases. Manning recruited chemists from industry, universities, and government to help study mustard-gas poisoning, investigate and mass-produce new toxic chemicals, and develop gas-masks and other treatments.
591:
I have a far more important objection to this change of name. It has been and is the policy of this Government to do everything in its power to outlaw the use of chemicals in warfare. Such use is inhuman and contrary to what modern civilization should stand
565:, the CWS chief from 1920–29, viewed chemical disarmament as a Communist plot. Through his instigation and lobbying, the CWS and its various Congressional, chemist, and chemical company allies were able to halt the U.S. Senate's ratification of the 1925
549:
On 28 June 1918, the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) was officially formed and encompassed the "Gas Service" and "Chemical Service" Sections. By 1 November 1918 the CWS included 1,654 commissioned officers and 18,027 enlisted personnel. Major General
382:
from its positions. Doughty included a detailed drawing of the shell with his letter. It is unknown how the military reacted to Doughty's proposal but the letter was unnoticed in a pile of old official documents until modern times. Another American,
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4318:
956:. The chemicals were color-coded based on what compound they contained. The U.S. and its allies officially argued that herbicides and defoliants fell outside the definition of "chemical weapons", since these substances were not designed to
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1358:
1054:
reaffirmed a no first-use policy on chemical weapons as well as renouncing the use of biological weapons (BW). When the U.S. BW program ended in 1969, it had developed seven standardized biological weapons in the form of agents that cause
1034:(Cut Holes and Sink 'Em) was exposed, which sought to dump chemical weapons 250 miles (400 km) off of the Florida coast, spurring concerns over the damage to the ocean environment and risk of chemical munitions washing up on shore.
1037:
Beginning in the late 1960s, the chemical warfare capabilities of the United States began to decline due to, in part, a decline in public opinion concerning the corps. The corps continued to be plagued with bad press and mishaps. A
534:
training, the public perceived the 30th as dealing mainly with "poisonous gas and hell fire". By the time those in the 30th Engineers arrived in France most of them knew nothing of chemical warfare and had no specialized equipment.
709:, causing 83 deaths and about 600 hospitalized military victims plus a larger number of civilian casualties. In the event, neither chemical nor biological weapons were used on the battlefield by any combatant during World War II.
724:
pushed superiors to approve the use of poison gas against Japan. "We have an overwhelming advantage in the use of gas. Properly used gas could shorten the war in the Pacific and prevent loss of many American lives," Porter said.
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for failure to address shortcoming identified five years earlier during combat in the Persian Gulf War. These shortcomings included inadequate training, a lack of decontamination kits and other equipment, and vaccine shortages.
1003:
4293:
712:
Though the political leadership of the United States remained decidedly against the use of chemical weapons, there were those within the military command structure who advocated the use of such weapons. Following the
3200:
1436:
translates to: "We rule the battle by means of the elements." The Chemical Corps regimental insignia was approved on 2 May 1986. The insignia consists of a 1.2 inch shield of gold and blue emblazoned with a
2500:
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3424:
3806:
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which forbade "first use" of chemical weapons. Even countries who had signed the Geneva Protocol still produced and stockpiled chemical weapons, since the Protocol did not prohibit retaliation in kind.
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1454:. The mythical chlorine breathing green dragon symbolizes the first use of chemical weapons in warfare (chlorine). Individual Chemical Corps soldiers are often referred to as "Dragon Soldiers."
1403:
The Chemical Corps, like all branches of the U.S. Army, uses specific insignia to indicate a soldier's affiliation with the corps. The Chemical Corps branch insignia consists of a cobalt blue,
1102:. The groups recommendations were accepted in December 1972 and the United States Army Chemical Corps was officially disbanded, but not formally disestablished, by the Army on 11 January 1973.
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1247:
By 1982 the Chemical Corps was running smoothly once again. In an effort to hasten chemical defense capabilities the corps restructured its doctrine, modernized its equipment, and altered its
4308:
840:
After the end of the Korean War, the Army decided to strip the Chemical Corps of the 4.2 inch mortar system and made that an infantry weapon, given its utility against Chinese mortars.
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3340:
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2848:
1305:
storage site. After the war, analysis suggested the chemical defense capabilities of U.S. forces were woefully inadequate during and after the conflict. In addition, some experts, such as
3454:
887:. Its mission was to support the national intelligence effort with particular emphasis on the military aspects of Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) intelligence information.
597:
aggrandize or make permanent any special bureau of the Army or the Navy engaged in these studies. I hope the time will come when the Chemical Warfare Service can be entirely abolished.
3350:
2281:
801:
In 1946, the Chemical Warfare Service was re-designated as the "U.S. Army Chemical Corps", a name the branch still uses. With the change came the added mission of defending against
1478:
served in the 1st Gas Regiment during World War I. Rickey spent over four months as a member of the CWS. Other Hall of Famers also served in the CWS during World War I, among them
399:
but may have succeeded in driving enemy soldiers from their positions. Shepherd was a well-known geologist at the time and his proposal was in the form of a letter directly to the
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3240:
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3013:
3484:
3335:
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834:
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Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Letter to the Senate on Chemicals in Warfare.," 4 August 1937. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
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3330:
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1943:
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The school trains officers and enlisted personnel in CBRN warfare and defense with a mission is "To protect the force and allow the Army to fight and win against a
323:
3801:
3494:
3165:
3106:
3071:
1577:
1050:, while cleaning sarin-filled bombs, created international concern while revealing the presence of chemical munitions in Southeast Asia. Also in 1969, President
3857:
3572:
3386:
3008:
2820:
2815:
1809:
809:(BW) agents went from "factory-level to laboratory-level". Meanwhile, work on BW delivery systems increased. Live testing in Panama was carried out during the
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3476:
2424:
1951:
1490:
served in the CWS making poison gas during World War I, and he later earned the Nobel Prize in 1966 for his work on the electronic structure of molecules.
1365:, Missouri. There are approximately 22,000 members of the Chemical Corps in the U.S. Army, spread among the Active, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard.
521:
was the 30th Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame). The 30th was activated on 15 August 1917 at Camp American University A 17 October 1917 memorandum from the
1869:
1325:
passed laws to implement a program to train civilian, law enforcement, and fire agencies on responding to incidents involving chemical agents. Further,
805:, in addition, the corps continued to refine its offensive and defensive chemical capabilities. Immediately following World War II, production of U.S.
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2121:
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3439:
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the historical beginnings of U.S. chemical warfare, battered tree trunks were often the only reference points that chemical mortar teams had across
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3260:
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2471:
983:
Besides supplying flame weapons, and preparing for any eventuality of weapons of mass destruction, the Vietnam-era Chemical Corps also developed "
464:
335:
1822:
1251:. This shift led to every unit in the army having chemical specialists in-house by the mid-1980s. Between 1979 and 1989 the Army established 28
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oversaw the creation of a new military unit dealing with gas, the Gas Service Section. The government recruited soldiers for it to be based at
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561:, the Chemical Warfare Service maintained its arsenal despite public pressure and presidential wishes in favor of disarmament. Major General
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to assist the Army and Navy in creating a gas war program. Researchers at the Bureau of Mines had experience in developing gas masks for
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Popular support was not completely lacking. Some newspaper editorials supported the use of chemical weapons in the Pacific theater. The
1336:
report concluded that U.S. troops remained highly vulnerable to attack from both chemical and biological agents. The report blamed the
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Arlington Hall Station, Photographs, Written, Historical and Descriptive Data, Historic American Buildings Survey, Mid-Atlantic Region
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3366:
3300:
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3280:
3215:
3210:
2946:
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2746:
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1486:; Mathewson suffered lung damage after inhaling gas in a training accident, which contributed to his later death from tuberculosis.
1362:
1099:
2091:. Maryland: US Army Chemical Corps Historical Office, Army Chemical Center via rockymountainarsenalarchive.wordpress.com blog. 1962
1930:, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 7, Issue 3 pp.124–28, June 2007, accessed 16 October 2008.
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3429:
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3250:
3023:
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1333:
880:
3964:
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614:
The CWS provided support for flame weapons, such as this flame thrower being employed during the Battle of Tarawa, during WWII.
421:
364:
2021:
1646:
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3589:
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was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of the
2702:
130:
2463:
3524:
3514:
2566:
452:
388:
31:
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1549:
van Courtland Moon, John Ellis. "United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?" (
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856:
343:
339:
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Marsh, Hannah. "Memory in World War I American museum exhibits" (Master of Arts thesis, Kansas State University, 2015,
416:
and they tasked the Medical Department with developing the technology. Nevertheless, troops were neither supplied with
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3614:
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3139:
2366:
1426:
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876:
686:
437:
433:
278:
2195:
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During all parts of the war, use of chemical and biological weapons were extremely limited by both sides. Italy used
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284:
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3129:
3119:
3114:
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2914:
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1337:
1329:
chemical units began fielding equipment and training Soldiers to perform mass casualty decontamination operations.
1326:
770:
2088:
1022:
was one of several key events which increased the growing public furor against the corps. An open air spraying of
4001:
3811:
3567:
3041:
2988:
1318:
1144:
667:
623:
601:
To dignify this Service by calling it the "Chemical Corps" is, in my judgment, contrary to a sound public policy.
460:
2435:
3124:
3003:
2998:
1126:
By the mid–1970s the chemical warfare and defense capability of the United States had degraded and by 1978 the
1115:
884:
872:
746:
514:
1992:
CHAPTER XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa, WWII Chemical in Combat, Dec 2001, p. 558
1866:
1980:
United States Army in World War II, The Technical Services, The Chemical Warfare Service; Chemicals in Combat
4151:
3882:
3519:
2763:
2249:
754:
736:
4192:
4146:
4116:
4076:
4071:
4066:
3862:
3842:
2128:
1279:
860:
420:
nor trained for offensive gas warfare until the U.S. became involved in World War I in 1917. By 1917, the
2223:
1853:
LVT4 Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Unarmored (Mark IV), John Pike, GlobalSecurity.Org, July 2011, paragraph 5
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3687:
2285:
2055:
1133:
1027:
1019:
992:
579:
425:
3677:
459:, drawing poisonous air through an activated carbon filter. After the Director of the Bureau of Mines,
1972:
618:
4272:
4056:
3943:
3852:
3305:
937:
474:
1030:. The Army eventually settled the case and paid the ranchers. Meanwhile, another incident involving
4126:
3974:
3827:
3672:
2919:
2669:
988:
730:
642:
The Chemical Warfare Service deployed and prepared gas weapons for use throughout the world during
490:
478:
315:
167:
17:
2488:
996:
554:
served as the first director of the CWS on the day it was created, and he resigned in April 1920.
4218:
3993:
3969:
2924:
2786:
2402:
2253:
1827:
1487:
1451:
1306:
1274:
1136:
968:
941:
826:
806:
794:
774:
762:
742:
671:
538:
526:
499:
375:
360:
303:
99:
3619:
610:
2219:
4121:
4106:
3979:
3912:
3583:
2723:
2645:
2618:
2587:
2546:
2390:
2370:
2289:
2025:
1919:
1899:
1733:
1701:
1697:
1666:
1660:
1618:
1483:
1264:
1140:
1130:
characterized U.S. ability to conduct operations in a chemical environment as "not prepared."
1039:
896:
778:
721:
551:
392:
251:
144:
2739:
2639:
2612:
2461:
Chemical and Biological Defense: Emphasis Remains Insufficient to Resolve Continuing Problems
2305:
Hoeber, Amoretta M. and Douglass, Jr. Joseph D. "The Neglected Threat of Chemical Warfare", (
1777:
1729:
1614:
1380:. Provide the Army with the combat multipliers of smoke, obscurant, and flame capabilities."
4260:
4111:
4061:
4040:
3552:
2750:
1955:
1722:
1694:
Finding My Father's War: A Baby Boomer and the 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion in World War II
1662:
Finding My Father's War: A Baby Boomer and the 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion in World War II
1447:
1087:
1023:
1007:
810:
717:, during which the U.S. forces suffered more than 3,400 casualties in three days, CWS chief
714:
706:
634:
522:
518:
510:
503:
494:
482:
448:
413:
384:
379:
311:
109:
1993:
3959:
3667:
3662:
3529:
2594:
2570:
2521:
2495:
2467:
2230:
2202:
1873:
1801:
1795:
Appendix B: Principal Officials of the War Department and Department of the Army 1900–1963
1404:
1393:
1248:
1031:
984:
802:
587:
have been more in keeping with its functions than to designate it as the "Chemical Corps."
566:
558:
307:
48:
3733:
1923:
769:
produced more flamethrowing tanks than commercial production in the States. The Army and
1841:
1757:
4197:
2338:
1350:
1298:
1286:
1111:
1047:
900:
844:
821:
750:
698:
429:
319:
158:
789:
693:
against Jews, political prisoners and other victims in extermination camps during the
541:
and deployed to assist and support Army gas operations, both offensive and defensive.
4282:
4023:
3927:
3225:
2150:
2107:
2043:
1982:, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington DC, pp. 558–583, 586
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1369:
1322:
1106:
1051:
718:
655:
368:
237:
81:
924:
4136:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
3922:
3682:
3175:
1947:
1373:
976:
953:
833:. North Korea, the Soviet Union and China leveled accusations at the United States
830:
663:
651:
643:
268:
212:
1794:
498:
chemicals for use in research and armaments. Shells were filled with toxic gas in
2278:
Chemical-Biological Defense: U.S. Military Policies and Decisions in the Gulf War
1823:
General Sibert Resigns: Head of Army's Chemical Warfare Service Resented Transfer
964:
humans, but to destroy plants which provided cover or concealment to the enemy.
781:. The Marines felt they were the best weapon they had in the taking of Iwo Jima.
4166:
4034:
3917:
2460:
1252:
1064:
933:
908:
829:
was opened and used for BW production, and research facilities were expanded at
702:
678:
400:
222:
207:
2563:
1359:
United States Army Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) School
3557:
1302:
1294:
957:
949:
817:
659:
627:
562:
396:
232:
217:
2514:
2313:, Volume 3, Number 1. (Summer, 1978), pages 55–82. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
1309:, suggest that the Iraqis did indeed employ chemical weapons during the war.
1290:
Hussein's chemical munitions was unknown, their existence was never doubted.
1143:
ordered the resumption of Chemical Corps officer commissioning. However, the
412:
interested in providing individual soldiers with personal protection against
4187:
4156:
4101:
2406:
1578:"Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory"
1513:, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr.–Jun., 1970), pp. 297–304. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
1139:
rescinded the 1972 recommendations, and in 1976 Army Chief of Staff General
1060:
945:
912:
694:
1450:
during World War I. The tree design was taken from the coat of arms of the
4314:
Military units and formations of the United States Army in the Vietnam War
4161:
4018:
4007:
2528:, United States Army — Fort Leonard Wood. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
2330:
1535:, Vol. 20, No. 4. (Winter, 1956), pp. 217–226. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
1268:
1076:
864:
697:, and Japan employed chemical and biological weapons in China. In 1943 a
690:
682:
537:
In 1918, the 30th Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame) was redesignated the
463:, formally offered the bureau's service to the Military Committee of the
417:
372:
227:
148:
2696:
Behind the Gas Mask: The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service in War and Peace.
2425:"U.S. Army Reserve Support for Domestic Response to a Chemical Incident"
1441:
and a tree. The shield is enclosed on three sides by a blue ribbon with
4319:
Military units and formations of the United States Army in World War II
4233:
2306:
2170:, Vol. 10, No. 3. (Mar., 1970), pp. 209–229. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
2163:
1557:, Vol. 60, No. 3. (Jul., 1996), pp. 495–511. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
1550:
1528:
1506:
1479:
1407:
1148:
1068:
1056:
967:
The Chemical Corps continued to support U.S. forces through the use of
327:
2755:
2708:
Mims, Samuel E. "Survey: Perceptions About the Army Chemical Corps" (
1438:
1411:
972:
961:
928:
A defoliant run during the Vietnam War, part of Operation Ranch Hand.
904:
766:
758:
647:
638:
The CB-H2 flamethrower seen here on Iwo Jima had a range of 150 yards
456:
2407:
Evidence Iraq Used Chemical Weapons During the 1991 Persian Gulf War
1882:, August/September 1985, Vol. 36, Issue 5, accessed 16 October 2008.
1297:
unleashing chemical or biological munitions; Eric R. Taylor, of the
1002:
753:. Under his leadership the research, development, and production of
2501:
Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
1973:"Chapter XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa"
936:, the Chemical Corps operated a program that would become known as
4028:
1421:
1392:
1043:
1001:
923:
892:
788:
633:
617:
609:
469:
119:
27:
U.S. Army's branch for CBRN/WMD defense, research and counterforce
3807:
Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives
2705:), about the Chemical Corps Museum at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri
2149:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2106:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1505:
Miles, Wyndham. "The Idea of Chemical Warfare in Modern Times," (
1042:, in which 23 soldiers and one Japanese civilian were exposed to
3737:
2759:
1321:
and the growing concern about a terrorist chemical attack, the
2257:
2089:"Summary of Major Events and Problems: Fiscal Years 1961–1962"
1349:
From 1952 until 1999 the Chemical Corps School was located at
843:
From 1952 until 1999 the Chemical Corps School was located at
835:
claiming the U.S. used biological agents during the Korean War
793:
As in World War II, chemical soldiers would have employed the
4294:
Army units and formations of the United States in World War I
2391:
Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence
582:
opposed changing the name of the Service to Corps, stating:
283:
267:
662:
and other weapons. Chemical soldiers were also involved in
2162:
Neilands, J. B. "Vietnam: Progress of the Chemical War," (
1806:
From Root to McNamara Army Organization and Administration
1641:
United States Army: Office of the Judge Advocate General.
489:
A center for chemical weapons research was established at
4329:
United States Army units and formations in the Korean War
2331:
Are Our Troops Ready for Biological and Chemical Attacks?
883:. The CCIA accomplished the intelligence function of the
3796:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
2504:, The Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
1376:
which serve as a deterrent to any adversary possessing
1944:
United States Chemical Policy: Response Considerations
705:
as a precautionary retaliatory measure was sunk in an
485:
commemorating the formation of the Army Chemical Corps
4244:
2698:
Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2014.
2196:
The US Army Chemical Corps: Past, Present, and Future
1842:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15443
1372:
threat. Develop doctrine, equipment and training for
387:, also proposed a chemical weapon attack against the
30:
For the offensive U.S. chemical weapons program, see
4229:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
2588:
2006 U.S. Army Chemical Corps Hall of Fame Inductees
2127:(Report). Department of the Interior. Archived from
1026:
was blamed for killing over 4,000 sheep near the US
701:
carrying a secret Chemical Warfare Service cargo of
4211:
4175:
4049:
3992:
3952:
3936:
3900:
3891:
3820:
3771:
3655:
3538:
3503:
3475:
3415:
3359:
3323:
3153:
3105:
3032:
2970:
2939:
2898:
2793:
1098:and the chemical operations be integrated into the
1086:During the summer of 1972, Nixon nominated General
734:proclaimed in 1943, "We Should Gas Japan", and the
346:. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps.
277:
263:
258:
246:
200:
192:
176:
154:
140:
125:
115:
105:
87:
69:
61:
41:
2016:Croddy, Eric C. and Hart, C. Perez-Armendariz J.,
851:Creation of the Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency
172:'We rule the battle through the elements.'
4309:Military units and formations established in 1918
2601:, July—December 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
1649:), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921, p. 399.
1527:Brophy, Leo P. "Origins of the Chemical Corp," (
859:(CCIA) was founded in 1955 within a facility at
2413:, Spring/Summer 1997, accessed 12 October 2008.
2237:, July–December 2005, accessed 16 October 2008.
2048:DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
1334:United States Government Accountability Office
502:. Women were employed to produce gas masks in
3858:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
3791:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
3749:
2771:
2245:
2243:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1700:), PageFree Publishing, Inc., 2004, p. 246, (
1617:), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 93, (
1463:considered the highest offered by the corps.
773:felt the tanks saved many American troops on
8:
2577:, official site. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
2341:, 5 February 2003, accessed 12 October 2008.
2060:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2044:"US Army Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency"
1867:Why We Didn't Use Poison Gas in World War II
1861:
1859:
1812:, United States Army, Washington D.C.: 1975.
837:; an assertion the U.S. government denied.
820:, the U.S. Army, the Chemical Corps and the
646:. However, these weapons were never used in
574:Roosevelt on renaming Service to Corps, 1937
2586:Whitacre, Kimberly S. and Jones, Ricardo. "
2254:Fort Detrick: From Biowarfare To Biodefense
1971:Kelber, Brookes E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990),
1966:
1964:
1952:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
1357:in 1999, the Army's Chemical Corps and the
991:led chemical soldiers, who became known as
689:, Germany employed chemical agents such as
3897:
3756:
3742:
3734:
2936:
2880:Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces
2778:
2764:
2756:
2644:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 80.
2478:, 12 March 1996, accessed 12 October 2008.
2393:", 9 April 1997, accessed 12 October 2008.
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2260:, 1 August 2008, accessed 10 October 2008.
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
1938:
1936:
1748:
1746:
517:, Washington, D.C. The predecessor to the
371:resident John Doughty proposed the use of
359:Discussion of the topic dates back to the
47:
2930:Reorganization plan of United States Army
2870:House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces
2726:, Pennsylvania, accessed 12 October 2008.
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
1831:, 7 April 1920, accessed 16 October 2008.
1643:Military Laws of the United States (Army)
1083:was produced as an incapacitating agent.
816:From the end of World War II through the
797:in Korea, had chemical weapons been used.
785:Post World War II and Korean War, 1945–53
4289:1918 establishments in the United States
2389:Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force. "
1920:Torald Sollmann’s Studies of Mustard Gas
1760:), Houghton Mifflin Co., 1919, pp. 1–11.
1726:To Conquer Hell: The Meuse-Argonne, 1918
1718:
1716:
1714:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1474:baseball player, manager, and executive
1410:ring superimposed over two crossed gold
1158:
1105:To formally disestablish the corps, the
395:, an attack that would have likely been
338:. It was made a permanent branch of the
306:tasked with defending against and using
4251:
3878:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
2472:United States General Accounting Office
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1605:
1603:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1498:
1263:Further information on this topic:
987:", a type of personnel detector. Major
3765:United States chemical weapons program
2668:. HistoricBaseball.com. Archived from
2369:), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, (
2053:
1914:
1912:
1611:Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army
1545:
1543:
1541:
995:and developed techniques for clearing
38:
3802:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
2575:Chemical Corps Regimental Association
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2042:David, Arredondo , Depositor (1962).
1774:Annual Report of the Secretary of War
1665:. Otsego, MI: PageFree. p. 246.
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1128:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
674:to support armor and infantry units.
7:
3014:Surface Deployment and Distribution
2614:Branch Rickey: A Biography, rev. ed
2363:Poison Gas: The Myth Versus Reality
1958:, Kansas, accessed 16 October 2008.
1754:The Story of the First Gas Regiment
1161:Changes in Chemical Corps post-1980
1010:, seen here in 1968, was appointed
447:In 1917, Secretary of the Interior
444:, occurring daily in some regions.
18:Chemical Corps (United States Army)
4299:Branches of the United States Army
3908:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
2876:Senate Committee on Armed Services
1319:sarin gas attack on a Tokyo subway
1293:Gulf War I was fought without the
1225:centralized: Division NBC command
857:Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency
25:
3698:United States Army Hospital Corps
2856:Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer
2545:), Naval Institute Press, 2006, (
2476:Federation of American Scientists
1282:gear) in hot weather conditions.
432:had become commonplace along the
42:United States Army Chemical Corps
4266:
4254:
3717:
3716:
2889:
2747:Works by or about Chemical Corps
2144:
2101:
1576:Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015).
881:National Intelligence University
336:United States federal government
129:
92:
74:
4324:Organizations based in Missouri
3647:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra
3067:Military District of Washington
3057:Criminal Investigation Division
2024:), Springer, 2002, pp. 30–31, (
2018:Chemical and Biological Warfare
1782:U.S. Government Printing Office
1732:), Macmillan, 2008, p. 77–78, (
1555:The Journal of Military History
1511:Journal of the History of Ideas
391:. Shepherd's proposal involved
3241:Judge Advocate General's Corps
2866:House Armed Services Committee
1:
3525:Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps
3402:Military Academy (West Point)
2209:. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
1202:minimize mission degradation
1147:at Fort McClellan, Anniston,
932:Beginning in 1962 during the
187:Cobalt blue and golden yellow
32:U.S. chemical weapons program
3965:Operation Davy Jones' Locker
3868:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity
3693:United States Colored Troops
3171:Air Defense Artillery Branch
2032:), accessed 24 October 2008.
1770:United States War Department
1659:Eldredge, Walter J. (2004).
1355:Base Realignment and Closure
1255:chemical defense companies.
1081:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
344:National Defense Act of 1920
4013:Methylphosphonyl difluoride
3626:The Army Goes Rolling Along
3615:U.S. Army Regimental System
3266:Military Intelligence Corps
2806:Under Secretary of the Army
2411:The Nonproliferation Review
1906:, accessed 16 October 2008.
1378:weapons of mass destruction
1353:. Since its closure due to
1151:did not reopen until 1980.
1114:was shut down and moved to
877:Defense Intelligence Agency
687:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
135:U.S. Department of the Army
4345:
3848:Edgewood Chemical Activity
3833:Anniston Chemical Activity
3573:Center of Military History
3331:United States and overseas
3087:Acquisition Support Center
2861:Sergeant Major of the Army
2207:Army Historical Foundation
1810:Center of Military History
1443:Elementis regamus proelium
1434:Elementis Regamus Proelium
1338:U.S. Department of Defense
1327:United States Army Reserve
1262:
668:Chemical mortar battalions
196:28 June (Organization Day)
163:Elementis regamus proelium
29:
4002:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
3812:Chemical mortar battalion
3711:
3568:Army of the United States
3236:Inspector General's Corps
3052:Intelligence and Security
3019:Space and Missile Defense
2887:
2617:. McFarland. p. 76.
2526:U.S. Army Chemical School
2423:Haraburda, Scott (2007).
1872:29 September 2007 at the
1238:complete decontamination
1145:U.S. Army Chemical School
664:smoke generation missions
624:chemical mortar battalion
465:National Research Council
46:
4304:NBC units and formations
3786:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
3703:U.S. Sanitary Commission
3286:Psychological operations
3261:Medical Specialist Corps
3166:Adjutant General's Corps
2520:12 November 2007 at the
1345:Organization and mission
1317:As a result of the 1995
1241:partial decontamination
1228:decentralized: Flexible
1155:Restructuring, 1980–1989
1116:Aberdeen Proving Grounds
885:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
873:National Security Agency
867:. which also housed the
795:4.2-inch chemical mortar
672:4.2-inch chemical mortar
515:Camp American University
367:dated 5 April 1862 from
332:Chemical Warfare Service
4152:XM736 8-inch projectile
3883:Umatilla Chemical Depot
3092:Installation Management
2611:Polner, Murray (2007).
2494:26 October 2007 at the
2434:: 46–50. Archived from
2120:National Park Service.
1928:Molecular Interventions
1800:23 January 2017 at the
1752:Addison, James Thayer.
737:Washington Times Herald
509:On 5 July 1917 General
422:use of chemical weapons
141:Regimental Headquarters
4147:M687 155 mm projectile
4117:M360 105 mm projectile
4077:M121 155 mm projectile
4072:M110 155 mm projectile
4067:M104 155 mm projectile
3863:Newport Chemical Depot
3843:Deseret Chemical Depot
3781:2nd Chemical Battalion
3774:centers and institutes
3425:Awards and decorations
3221:Field Artillery Branch
2569:18 August 2007 at the
2466:13 August 2016 at the
2311:International Security
1865:Bernstein, Barton J. "
1793:Hewes, James E., Jr. "
1458:Regimental association
1432:The regimental motto,
1429:
1400:
1015:
929:
861:Arlington Hall Station
798:
639:
631:
615:
603:
486:
288:
272:
162:
4224:Dugway sheep incident
4142:M60 105 mm projectile
4132:M44 generator cluster
3873:Pueblo Chemical Depot
3838:Blue Grass Army Depot
3821:Industrial facilities
3578:Institute of Heraldry
3271:Military Police Corps
3256:Medical Service Corps
2962:Training and Doctrine
2801:Secretary of the Army
2286:Westport, Connecticut
2229:25 March 2009 at the
1472:Baseball Hall of Fame
1425:
1396:
1221:Control of NBC assets
1134:Secretary of the Army
1122:Post Vietnam, 1975–80
1028:Dugway Proving Ground
1020:Dugway sheep incident
1005:
927:
792:
637:
621:
613:
584:
473:
302:is the branch of the
287:
271:
252:U.S. Army CBRN School
4176:Protective equipment
4057:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb
3944:Operation Ranch Hand
3853:Hawthorne Army Depot
3306:Transportation Corps
2641:Ty Cobb: A Biography
2638:Holmes, Dan (2004).
2599:Army Chemical Review
2593:11 June 2007 at the
2432:Army Chemical Review
2288:: 1998, pages 2–3, (
2276:*Mauroni, Albert J.
2235:Army Chemical Review
2218:Lillie, Stanley H. "
2201:27 July 2007 at the
1692:Eldredge, Walter J.
1199:minimize casualties
1186:Chemical Corps only
938:Operation Ranch Hand
869:Army Security Agency
4127:M43 BZ cluster bomb
3975:Operation Steel Box
3828:Anniston Army Depot
3673:Army Service Forces
3490:Crew-served weapons
3291:Quartermaster Corps
3201:Civil Affairs Corps
3072:Test and Evaluation
2920:Army National Guard
2816:Vice Chief of Staff
2666:"Christy Mathewson"
2539:Where are the WMDs?
2537:Mauroni, Albert J.
2403:Tucker, Jonathan B.
1942:Vandyke, Lewis L. "
1427:Regimental insignia
1418:Regimental insignia
1275:Iraq invaded Kuwait
1195:Operations emphasis
1163:
1092:Army Chief of Staff
1018:In March 1968, the
1012:Army Chief of Staff
944:program which used
940:. Ranch Hand was a
755:flamethrowing tanks
731:New York Daily News
578:In 1937, President
491:American University
479:American University
279:Regimental insignia
4219:CB military symbol
3970:Operation Geranium
3772:Units, formations,
3678:Women's Army Corps
3632:Division nicknames
3485:Individual weapons
3206:Corps of Engineers
3062:Corps of Engineers
3009:Special Operations
2787:United States Army
2361:Hammond, James W.
1904:Globalsecurity.org
1828:The New York Times
1488:Robert S. Mulliken
1452:First Gas Regiment
1430:
1401:
1307:Jonathan B. Tucker
1159:
1137:Martin R. Hoffmann
1016:
969:incendiary weapons
942:herbicidal warfare
930:
827:Pine Bluff Arsenal
807:biological warfare
799:
763:Schofield Barracks
743:V Amphibious Corps
640:
632:
616:
539:First Gas Regiment
527:Chief of Engineers
500:Edgewood, Maryland
487:
363:. A letter to the
361:American Civil War
304:United States Army
289:
273:
4242:
4241:
4122:M426 8-inch shell
4107:M23 chemical mine
3988:
3987:
3980:Operation Red Hat
3913:Operation Top Hat
3731:
3730:
3605:West Point Museum
3319:
3318:
3161:Acquisition Corps
2724:Carlisle Barracks
2694:Faith, Thomas I.
2651:978-0-313-32869-5
2624:978-0-7864-2643-0
2329:Taylor, Eric R. "
2220:Chief of Chemical
2134:on 7 January 2014
1879:American Heritage
1723:Lengel, Edward G.
1609:Brown, Jerold E.
1484:Christy Mathewson
1363:Fort Leonard Wood
1265:Gulf War Syndrome
1245:
1244:
1215:intelligent risk
1182:Doctrine/training
1141:Bernard W. Rogers
1046:on the island of
722:William N. Porter
707:air raid in Italy
685:during the short
552:William L. Sibert
393:hydrogen chloride
293:
292:
171:
145:Fort Leonard Wood
16:(Redirected from
4336:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4112:M34 cluster bomb
4062:M1 chemical mine
3898:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3720:
3719:
3663:Buffalo Soldiers
3590:Army Art Program
3553:Continental Army
3311:Veterinary Corps
3246:Logistics Branch
3077:Military Academy
3033:Direct reporting
2937:
2893:
2892:
2825:3-star generals
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2751:Internet Archive
2743:
2742:
2740:Official website
2719:Army War College
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2608:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2560:
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2529:
2515:Regimental Crest
2511:
2505:
2485:
2479:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2429:
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2104:
2100:
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2085:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2039:
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2014:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1956:Fort Leavenworth
1950:), 7 June 1991,
1940:
1931:
1916:
1907:
1896:
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1854:
1851:
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1832:
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1758:Internet Archive
1750:
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1558:
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1536:
1533:Military Affairs
1525:
1514:
1503:
1164:
1090:for the post of
1088:Creighton Abrams
1008:Creighton Abrams
811:San Jose Project
715:Battle of Tarawa
523:Adjutant General
519:1st Gas Regiment
511:John J. Pershing
504:Long Island City
495:Washington, D.C.
483:Washington, D.C.
449:Franklin K. Lane
414:chemical warfare
385:Forrest Shepherd
380:Confederate Army
254:
238:War on Terrorism
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186:
183:
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3960:Operation CHASE
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3887:
3816:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3732:
3727:
3707:
3668:Army Air Forces
3651:
3642:Service numbers
3620:Soldier's Creed
3600:National Museum
3540:
3534:
3530:West Point Band
3515:Army Field Band
3506:
3499:
3471:
3417:
3411:
3355:
3315:
3231:Infantry Branch
3181:Aviation Branch
3149:
3101:
3034:
3028:
2972:
2966:
2935:
2932:
2902:
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2894:
2890:
2885:
2821:4-star generals
2789:
2784:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2716:), April 1992,
2690:
2688:Further reading
2685:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2595:Wayback Machine
2585:
2581:
2571:Wayback Machine
2561:
2557:
2536:
2532:
2522:Wayback Machine
2512:
2508:
2496:Wayback Machine
2486:
2482:
2468:Wayback Machine
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2441:on 24 June 2015
2438:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2360:
2345:
2335:Policy Analysis
2328:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2275:
2264:
2248:
2241:
2231:Wayback Machine
2217:
2213:
2203:Wayback Machine
2193:
2174:
2161:
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2040:
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1975:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1948:Master's thesis
1941:
1934:
1918:Cox, Brian M. "
1917:
1910:
1897:
1886:
1874:Wayback Machine
1864:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
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1816:
1802:Wayback Machine
1792:
1788:
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1744:
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1517:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1469:
1467:Notable members
1460:
1420:
1398:Branch Insignia
1391:
1389:Branch insignia
1386:
1361:are located at
1347:
1315:
1271:
1261:
1249:force structure
1157:
1124:
1079:. In addition,
1032:Operation CHASE
985:people sniffers
922:
853:
803:nuclear warfare
787:
765:. His crews of
608:
598:
593:
588:
576:
567:Geneva Protocol
559:interwar period
547:
453:Bureau of Mines
451:, directed the
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4212:Related topics
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2732:External links
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2672:on 15 May 2015
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2194:Mauroni, Al. "
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1996:
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1900:Chemical Corps
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1287:Saddam Hussein
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1100:Ordnance Corps
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875:(NSA) and the
852:
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822:U.S. Air Force
786:
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761:took place at
656:flame throwers
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461:Van H. Manning
442:Italian Fronts
430:Central Powers
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3683:Rough Riders
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3460:World War II
3416:Uniforms and
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3107:Field armies
2925:Active Units
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3276:Nurse Corps
3097:War College
3042:Second Army
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2250:Bowman, Tom
2095:18 February
1253:active duty
1065:brucellosis
993:tunnel rats
934:Vietnam War
909:Philippines
751:Adm. Nimitz
747:X U.S. Army
703:mustard gas
679:mustard gas
660:flame tanks
407:World War I
401:White House
208:World War I
4283:Categories
4137:M55 rocket
3892:Operations
3798:(USAMRICD)
3656:Historical
3558:Union Army
3541:traditions
2973:components
2899:Components
2794:Leadership
2676:28 October
2551:1591144868
2375:0313310386
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1384:Traditions
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1295:Iraqi Army
1189:Army wide
971:, such as
958:asphyxiate
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946:herbicides
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628:Utah Beach
563:Amos Fries
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312:biological
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4261:Chemistry
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4050:Munitions
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3507:ensembles
3477:Equipment
3186:Army Band
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2829:1798–1959
1175:Post-1980
1061:tularemia
913:Hong Kong
699:U.S. ship
695:Holocaust
670:used the
580:Roosevelt
545:Formation
4162:M47 bomb
4019:Phosgene
4008:Chlorine
3953:Disposal
3901:Research
3722:Category
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3467:Uniforms
3450:Enlisted
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2710:Abstract
2591:Archived
2567:Archived
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1212:no risk
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149:Missouri
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4037:(HD)
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