87:
828:
2. Coupled
Photochemical and Enzymatic Mn(II) Oxidation Pathways of a Planktonic Roseobacter-Like Bacterium Colleen M. Hansel and Chris A. Francis* Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115 Received 28 September 2005/ Accepted 17
257:
to form their own organic compounds. Chemoheterotrophs can be chemolithoheterotrophs, utilizing inorganic electron sources such as sulfur, or, much more commonly, chemoorganoheterotrophs, utilizing organic electron sources such as
498:
545:
1600:
853:
336:. Iron has a widespread distribution globally and is considered one of the most abundant in the Earth's crust, soil, and sediments. Iron is a trace element in
1744:
1814:
1351:
2415:
310:. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved
1824:
1552:
787:
751:
724:
697:
670:
643:
580:
1829:
1386:
687:
660:
2017:
1434:
804:
1770:
1593:
846:
714:
1106:
616:
1849:
1562:
1429:
1141:
597:
2107:
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1879:
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1834:
1586:
839:
1712:
2405:
2069:
960:
633:
2134:
1854:
1058:
955:
215:
384:
2315:
1927:
1819:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1048:
74:. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around
2074:
2410:
2305:
2300:
2270:
1537:
1419:
192:
460:
Rich Boden, Kathleen M. Scott, J. Williams, S. Russel, K. Antonen, Alexander W. Rae, Lee P. Hutt (June 2017).
325:
2149:
2012:
1922:
1790:
1672:
1642:
1499:
1464:
1184:
1151:
1126:
283:
230:, originally was defined as the energy production by oxidation of inorganic substances in association with
2295:
2239:
2174:
2037:
1972:
1907:
1567:
1469:
1257:
965:
945:
413:"The Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism of the Hydrothermal Vent Chemolithoautotroph Thiomicrospira crunogena"
2199:
2144:
2007:
1992:
1775:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1474:
1454:
1310:
1300:
1242:
1237:
1073:
925:
539:
125:
2420:
2325:
2290:
2285:
2209:
2204:
2159:
2057:
2027:
2022:
1874:
1737:
1727:
1272:
1111:
900:
333:
188:
34:
Greek words āchemoā (meaning chemical) and ātrophā (meaning nourishment) is an organism that obtains
831:
2375:
2350:
2214:
2184:
2129:
2042:
1932:
1917:
1864:
1697:
1632:
1514:
1444:
975:
1578:
2386:
2335:
2330:
2139:
2102:
1800:
1765:
1622:
1547:
1449:
1381:
1371:
1305:
1252:
1063:
1008:
970:
895:
823:
Microbiology of a
Sediment Pond and the Underlying Young, Cold, Hydrologically Active Ridge Flank
389:
75:
55:
1844:
86:
2275:
2244:
2032:
1859:
1667:
1532:
1509:
1366:
1247:
1023:
935:
920:
905:
885:
783:
757:
747:
720:
693:
666:
639:
612:
576:
560:
527:
442:
118:
114:
2229:
2092:
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2002:
1884:
1869:
1805:
1785:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1652:
1484:
1424:
1295:
1096:
1038:
950:
910:
568:
517:
507:
432:
424:
341:
204:
176:
137:
129:
51:
47:
2365:
2224:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2112:
2097:
1977:
1957:
1839:
1707:
1613:
1504:
1414:
1356:
1341:
940:
866:
337:
317:
254:
227:
59:
2345:
2169:
2122:
2052:
2047:
1942:
1809:
1682:
1489:
1479:
1459:
1336:
1262:
1227:
1166:
1043:
998:
890:
437:
412:
353:
145:
133:
110:
95:
43:
27:
Organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments
2399:
2370:
1346:
1320:
1277:
1267:
1222:
1209:
1189:
1081:
915:
870:
428:
220:
196:
172:
2355:
2340:
1997:
1967:
1912:
1795:
1760:
1637:
1136:
363:
259:
160:
91:
778:
Madigan, Michael T.; Martinko, John M.; Stahl, David A.; Clark, David P. (2012).
1647:
1376:
1194:
1156:
1131:
1121:
1086:
1033:
1013:
157:
106:
71:
2360:
1937:
1902:
1542:
1494:
1439:
1409:
1315:
1232:
1176:
1053:
604:
358:
329:
231:
209:
184:
63:
761:
572:
2265:
2219:
1947:
1391:
1361:
1161:
1116:
1091:
1028:
1018:
993:
985:
930:
803:
Bruslind, Linda (2019-08-01). "Chemolithotrophy & Nitrogen
Metabolism".
300:
271:
180:
122:
67:
39:
531:
512:
461:
446:
17:
741:
2320:
2249:
1780:
1287:
1199:
1146:
1101:
292:
164:
149:
522:
2310:
2117:
1987:
1982:
1609:
1557:
1217:
862:
304:
267:
200:
168:
153:
311:
296:
141:
35:
659:
Lengeler, Joseph W.; Drews, Gerhart; Schlegel, Hans GĆ¼nter (1999).
270:. Most animals and fungi are examples of chemoheterotrophs, as are
321:
263:
85:
499:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
719:(9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 427.
307:
156:
or organic sources to produce energy. Most chemoautotrophs are
1582:
835:
366:ā expedition that discovered high temperature vent communities
213:. Chemolithotrophic growth can be dramatically fast, such as
242:, that is, it can be seen as a synonym of chemoautotrophy.
136:. Chemoautotrophs can use inorganic energy sources such as
782:(13th ed.). Boston: Benjamim Cummings. p. 1155.
183:. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups:
171:
that live in otherwise hostile environments (such as
2258:
2158:
2083:
1956:
1893:
1753:
1621:
1523:
1402:
1329:
1286:
1208:
1175:
1072:
984:
878:
635:
Principles of environmental engineering and science
320:has many existing roles in biology not related to
207:. An example of one of these prokaryotes would be
62:). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to
98:, providing energy and nutrients for chemotrophs
713:Bergey, David Hendricks; Holt, John G. (1994).
689:The Prokaryotes: Ecophysiology and biochemistry
66:, which use photons. Chemotrophs can be either
486:, and reclassification of all four species of
46:in their environments. These molecules can be
1594:
847:
716:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology
253:(or chemotrophic heterotrophs) are unable to
226:The term "chemosynthesis", coined in 1897 by
8:
544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
385:"Visions of Life on Mars in Earth's Depths"
1815:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1601:
1587:
1579:
854:
840:
832:
773:
771:
632:Davis, Mackenzie Leo; et al. (2004).
340:. Its role as the electron donor for some
825:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
521:
511:
436:
238:. Later, the term would include also the
1713:Predatorāprey (LotkaāVolterra) equations
1352:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
567:. New York: Springer. pp. 441ā456.
1745:Random generalized LotkaāVolterra model
692:(3rd ed.). Springer. p. 989.
375:
1553:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
611:. Vol. 2, Part I. pp. 9ā60.
537:
474:: reclassification of four species of
314:is needed to carry out the oxidation.
278:Iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria
7:
1568:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
665:. Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 238.
383:Chang, Kenneth (12 September 2016).
2018:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
561:"The Chemolithotrophic Prokaryotes"
1771:Ecological effects of biodiversity
559:Kelly, D. P.; Wood, A. P. (2006).
25:
1107:Generalist and specialist species
1830:Occupancyāabundance relationship
598:"Mechanisms of Chemo-Autotrophy"
429:10.1128/JB.187.16.5761-5766.2005
1850:Relative abundance distribution
1563:Plant defense against herbivory
1430:Competitive exclusion principle
1142:Mesopredator release hypothesis
780:Brock biology of microorganisms
234:ā what would be named today as
128:and synthesizing all necessary
2416:Microbial growth and nutrition
1435:Consumerāresource interactions
1:
2281:Biological data visualization
2108:Environmental niche modelling
1835:Population viability analysis
1766:Density-dependent inhibition
324:reactions; examples include
2235:Liebig's law of the minimum
2070:Resource selection function
961:Metabolic theory of ecology
109:organisms that can rely on
2437:
2135:Niche apportionment models
1855:Relative species abundance
1059:Primary nutritional groups
956:List of feeding behaviours
662:Biology of the Prokaryotes
344:is probably very ancient.
281:
216:Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus
2384:
2316:Ecosystem based fisheries
1928:Interspecific competition
1820:Minimum viable population
1678:Maximum sustainable yield
1663:Intraspecific competition
1658:Effective population size
1538:Anti-predator adaptations
1049:Photosynthetic efficiency
411:Dobrinski, K. P. (2005).
2306:Ecological stoichiometry
2271:Alternative stable state
743:Metallomics and the cell
686:Dworkin, Martin (2006).
638:. ęø
å大å¦åŗēē¤¾. p. 133.
596:Schlegel, H. G. (1975).
573:10.1007/0-387-30742-7_15
2150:Ontogenetic niche shift
2013:Ideal free distribution
1923:Ecological facilitation
1673:Malthusian growth model
1643:Consumer-resource model
1500:Paradox of the plankton
1465:Energy systems language
1185:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1152:Optimal foraging theory
1127:Heterotrophic nutrition
746:. Dordrecht: Springer.
740:Banci, L., ed. (2013).
417:Journal of Bacteriology
289:Iron-oxidizing bacteria
284:Iron-oxidizing bacteria
2296:Ecological forecasting
2240:Marginal value theorem
2038:Landscape epidemiology
1973:Cross-boundary subsidy
1908:Biological interaction
1258:Microbial intelligence
946:Green world hypothesis
821:1. Katrina Edwards.
513:10.1099/ijsem.0.001855
334:coordination complexes
99:
2301:Ecological humanities
2200:Ecological energetics
2145:Niche differentiation
2008:Habitat fragmentation
1776:Ecological extinction
1723:Small population size
1475:Feed conversion ratio
1455:Ecological succession
1387:San Francisco Estuary
1301:Ecological efficiency
1243:Microbial cooperation
240:chemoorganoautotrophy
89:
2326:Evolutionary ecology
2291:Ecological footprint
2286:Ecological economics
2210:Ecological threshold
2205:Ecological indicator
2075:Sourceāsink dynamics
2028:Land change modeling
2023:Insular biogeography
1875:Species distribution
1614:Modelling ecosystems
1273:Microbial metabolism
1112:Intraguild predation
901:Biogeochemical cycle
867:Modelling ecosystems
806:General Microbiology
326:ironāsulfur proteins
236:chemolithoautotrophy
2406:Biology terminology
2376:Theoretical ecology
2351:Natural environment
2215:Ecosystem diversity
2185:Ecological collapse
2175:Bateman's principle
2130:Limiting similarity
2043:Landscape limnology
1865:Species homogeneity
1703:Population modeling
1698:Population dynamics
1515:Trophic state index
488:Thioalkalimicrobium
472:Thioalkalimicrobium
338:marine environments
2387:Outline of ecology
2336:Industrial ecology
2331:Functional ecology
2195:Ecological deficit
2140:Niche construction
2103:Ecosystem engineer
1880:Speciesāarea curve
1801:Introduced species
1616:: Other components
1548:Deimatic behaviour
1450:Ecological network
1382:North Pacific Gyre
1367:hydrothermal vents
1306:Ecological pyramid
1253:Microbial food web
1064:Primary production
1009:Foundation species
462:"An evaluation of
390:The New York Times
119:chemical reactions
100:
76:hydrothermal vents
2393:
2392:
2276:Balance of nature
2033:Landscape ecology
1918:Community ecology
1860:Species diversity
1796:Indicator species
1791:Gradient analysis
1668:Logistic function
1576:
1575:
1533:Animal coloration
1510:Trophic mutualism
1248:Microbial ecology
1039:Photoheterotrophs
1024:Myco-heterotrophy
936:Ecosystem ecology
921:Carrying capacity
886:Abiotic component
789:978-0-321-64963-8
753:978-94-007-5561-1
726:978-0-683-00603-2
699:978-0-387-25492-0
672:978-3-13-108411-8
645:978-7-302-09724-2
582:978-0-387-25492-0
423:(16): 5761ā5766.
291:are chemotrophic
251:Chemoheterotrophs
223:around one hour.
205:thermoacidophiles
177:primary producers
130:organic compounds
121:of environmental
115:biological energy
52:chemoorganotrophs
16:(Redirected from
2428:
2093:Ecological niche
2065:selection theory
1885:Umbrella species
1870:Species richness
1806:Invasive species
1786:Flagship species
1693:Population cycle
1688:Overexploitation
1653:Ecological yield
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1485:Mesotrophic soil
1425:Climax community
1357:Marine food webs
1296:Biomagnification
1097:Chemoorganotroph
951:Keystone species
911:Biotic component
856:
849:
842:
833:
811:
810:
800:
794:
793:
775:
766:
765:
737:
731:
730:
710:
704:
703:
683:
677:
676:
656:
650:
649:
629:
623:
622:
602:
593:
587:
586:
556:
550:
549:
543:
535:
525:
515:
506:(5): 1140ā1151.
480:Thiomicrorhabdus
457:
451:
450:
440:
408:
402:
401:
399:
397:
380:
342:chemolithotrophs
246:Chemoheterotroph
189:sulfur oxidizers
138:hydrogen sulfide
113:, i.e. deriving
60:chemolithotrophs
21:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2411:Trophic ecology
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2366:Systems ecology
2254:
2225:Extinction debt
2190:Ecological debt
2180:Bioluminescence
2161:
2154:
2123:marine habitats
2098:Ecological trap
2079:
1959:
1952:
1895:
1889:
1845:Rapoport's rule
1840:Priority effect
1781:Endemic species
1749:
1708:Population size
1624:
1617:
1607:
1577:
1572:
1525:
1519:
1505:Trophic cascade
1415:Bioaccumulation
1398:
1325:
1282:
1204:
1171:
1068:
980:
941:Ecosystem model
874:
860:
819:
814:
802:
801:
797:
790:
777:
776:
769:
754:
739:
738:
734:
727:
712:
711:
707:
700:
685:
684:
680:
673:
658:
657:
653:
646:
631:
630:
626:
619:
600:
595:
594:
590:
583:
565:The Prokaryotes
558:
557:
553:
536:
484:Hydrogenovibrio
468:Hydrogenovibrio
459:
458:
454:
410:
409:
405:
395:
393:
382:
381:
377:
373:
350:
286:
280:
248:
228:Wilhelm Pfeffer
103:Chemoautotrophs
84:
44:electron donors
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:Microecosystem
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2245:Thorson's rule
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Assembly rules
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2055:
2053:Patch dynamics
2050:
2048:Metapopulation
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1943:Storage effect
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Neutral theory
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Native species
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Overpopulation
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:Nutrient cycle
1487:
1482:
1480:Feeding frenzy
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:Energy quality
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:Cascade effect
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Microbial loop
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Lithoautotroph
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:Microorganisms
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1167:Prey switching
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Photosynthesis
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Chemosynthesis
996:
990:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
891:Abiotic stress
888:
882:
880:
876:
875:
861:
859:
858:
851:
844:
836:
829:February 2006
818:
815:
813:
812:
795:
788:
767:
752:
732:
725:
705:
698:
678:
671:
651:
644:
624:
617:
609:Marine Ecology
588:
581:
551:
492:Thiomicrospira
482:gen. nov. and
476:Thiomicrospira
464:Thiomicrospira
452:
403:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
361:
356:
354:Chemosynthesis
349:
346:
279:
276:
247:
244:
203:bacteria, and
175:) and are the
173:deep sea vents
134:carbon dioxide
111:chemosynthesis
96:Atlantic Ocean
83:
82:Chemoautotroph
80:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2433:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Urban ecology
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
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2314:
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2309:
2307:
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2299:
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2279:
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2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
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2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Kleiber's law
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
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2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2091:
2090:
2088:
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2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
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2060:
2056:
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2049:
2046:
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2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Foster's rule
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
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1911:
1909:
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1900:
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1886:
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1878:
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1536:
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1522:
1516:
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1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
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1481:
1478:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
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1451:
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1446:
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1433:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
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1418:
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1408:
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1401:
1393:
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1368:
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1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1321:Trophic level
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1278:Phage ecology
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Microbial mat
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Bacteriophage
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Decomposition
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Mesopredators
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Apex predator
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
983:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Biotic stress
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
838:
837:
834:
830:
826:
824:
816:
808:
807:
799:
796:
791:
785:
781:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
749:
745:
744:
736:
733:
728:
722:
718:
717:
709:
706:
701:
695:
691:
690:
682:
679:
674:
668:
664:
663:
655:
652:
647:
641:
637:
636:
628:
625:
620:
618:0-471-48004-5
614:
610:
606:
599:
592:
589:
584:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
552:
547:
541:
533:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
505:
501:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
453:
448:
444:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
407:
404:
392:
391:
386:
379:
376:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:carbohydrates
256:
252:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
221:doubling time
218:
217:
212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:extremophiles
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
97:
93:
88:
81:
79:
77:
73:
72:heterotrophic
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2356:Regime shift
2341:Macroecology
2062:
2058:
1998:Edge effects
1968:Biogeography
1913:Commensalism
1761:Biodiversity
1638:Allee effect
1377:kelp forests
1330:Example webs
1195:Detritivores
1034:Organotrophs
1014:Kinetotrophs
1003:
966:Productivity
827:
822:
820:
805:
798:
779:
742:
735:
715:
708:
688:
681:
661:
654:
634:
627:
608:
591:
564:
554:
540:cite journal
523:10026.1/8374
503:
497:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
420:
416:
406:
396:12 September
394:. Retrieved
388:
378:
364:RISE project
316:
295:that derive
288:
287:
250:
249:
239:
235:
225:
214:
208:
148:, molecular
146:ferrous iron
140:, elemental
102:
101:
94:vent in the
92:black smoker
31:
29:
2421:Planktology
1993:Disturbance
1896:interaction
1718:Recruitment
1648:Depensation
1440:Copiotrophs
1311:Energy flow
1233:Lithotrophy
1177:Decomposers
1157:Planktivore
1132:Insectivore
1122:Heterotroph
1087:Bacterivore
1054:Phototrophs
1004:Chemotrophs
976:Restoration
926:Competition
185:methanogens
158:prokaryotic
107:autotrophic
68:autotrophic
64:phototrophs
18:Chemotrophy
2400:Categories
2361:Sexecology
1938:Parasitism
1903:Antibiosis
1738:Resistance
1733:Resilience
1623:Population
1543:Camouflage
1495:Oligotroph
1410:Ascendency
1372:intertidal
1362:cold seeps
1316:Food chain
1117:Herbivores
1092:Carnivores
1019:Mixotrophs
994:Autotrophs
873:components
817:References
359:Lithotroph
330:hemoglobin
303:dissolved
282:See also:
272:halophiles
255:fix carbon
232:autotrophy
210:Sulfolobus
197:nitrifiers
181:ecosystems
126:substrates
32:chemotroph
2266:Allometry
2220:Emergence
1948:Symbiosis
1933:Mutualism
1728:Stability
1633:Abundance
1445:Dominance
1403:Processes
1392:tide pool
1288:Food webs
1162:Predation
1147:Omnivores
1074:Consumers
1029:Mycotroph
986:Producers
931:Ecosystem
896:Behaviour
762:841263185
605:Kinne, O.
301:oxidizing
123:inorganic
56:inorganic
40:oxidation
2321:Endolith
2250:Xerosere
2162:networks
1978:Ecocline
1524:Defense,
1200:Detritus
1102:Foraging
971:Resource
532:28581925
478:to each
447:16077123
348:See also
293:bacteria
268:proteins
193:reducers
179:in such
165:bacteria
150:hydrogen
2311:Ecopath
2118:Habitat
1988:Ecotype
1983:Ecotone
1960:ecology
1958:Spatial
1894:Species
1754:Species
1625:ecology
1610:Ecology
1558:Mimicry
1526:counter
1470:f-ratio
1218:Archaea
906:Biomass
879:General
871:Trophic
863:Ecology
607:(ed.).
438:1196061
305:ferrous
219:with a
201:anammox
169:archaea
154:ammonia
48:organic
38:by the
1342:Rivers
1238:Marine
786:
760:
750:
723:
696:
669:
642:
615:
579:
530:
445:
435:
332:, and
312:oxygen
297:energy
266:, and
264:lipids
152:, and
142:sulfur
36:energy
2259:Other
2160:Other
2113:Guild
2085:Niche
1337:Lakes
603:. In
601:(PDF)
371:Notes
322:redox
132:from
117:from
54:) or
1347:Soil
784:ISBN
758:OCLC
748:ISBN
721:ISBN
694:ISBN
667:ISBN
640:ISBN
613:ISBN
577:ISBN
546:link
528:PMID
470:and
443:PMID
398:2016
318:Iron
308:iron
191:and
105:are
569:doi
518:hdl
508:doi
490:to
433:PMC
425:doi
421:187
299:by
187:,
167:or
70:or
42:of
2402::
1808:/
1612::
869::
865::
770:^
756:.
575:.
563:.
542:}}
538:{{
526:.
516:.
504:67
502:.
496:.
466:,
441:.
431:.
419:.
415:.
387:.
328:,
274:.
262:,
199:,
195:,
163:,
144:,
90:A
78:.
30:A
2063:K
2061:/
2059:r
1602:e
1595:t
1588:v
855:e
848:t
841:v
809:.
792:.
764:.
729:.
702:.
675:.
648:.
621:.
585:.
571::
548:)
534:.
520::
510::
494:"
449:.
427::
400:.
58:(
50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
