Chenin blanc - Knowledge

941:, than in nearby Vouvray or Montlouis. While all three AOCs produce sweet, botrytized wine, less vintage variation is found in the Coteaux du Layon. The cool continental influence in Montlouis and Vouvray lends itself to producing a wide range of Chenin blanc, including grapes with the necessary balance of acidity to sugar needed to produce sparkling wine. In the AOC of Savennières, less fog and mist from the nearby rivers occur and more wind that makes botrytis taking root more difficult. This is part of the reason why Savennières is the one Loire AOC that produces predominantly dry Chenin blanc. In the south of France, the warm 1396:-styles of Chenin blanc is the fermentation temperature. Old World-style producers in the Loire tend to ferment their Chenin blanc at higher temperatures, 60-68°F (16-20°C), than New World producers in South Africa and elsewhere, usually fermenting their whites at temperatures around 50-54°F (10-12°C). This is because Old World wine producers tend not to put a premium on the tropical fruit flavors and aromas that come out more vividly with cooler fermentation temperatures. Chenin blanc can accommodate some skin contact and 1353: 3059: 2767: 576: 1029: 806: 63: 742:

individual grapes are harvested by hand during a period that could last four to six weeks and include three to six passes through the vineyard. For the production of sweet botrytized wines, pickers look for the grapes that have achieved the necessary amount of the noble rot. In hot and dry years where no noble rot occurs, pickers may leave ripened grapes on the vine long enough to shrivel, or

1086: 331: 690: 1453: 891:. The wines of the Coteaux du Layon, Bonnezeaux, and Quarts de Chaume are produced as sweet dessert wines, while Savennières produce predominantly dry wines. The wines of Anjou, Crémant de Loire, Coteaux de l'Aubance, Jasnières, Montlouis, Saumur, and Vouvray have a wide range of sweetness levels, from dry to semi-sweet to sweet. 1604:), Pineau de Briollay, Pineau de la Loire (in Indre-et-Loire), Pineau de Savennières, Pineau Gros, Pineau Gros de Vouvray, Pineau Nantais, Plant d’Anjou (in Indre-et-Loire), Plant de Brézé, Plant de Salces, Plant de Salles, Plant du Clair de Lune, Quefort, Rajoulin, Ronchalin, Rouchelein, Rouchelin (in 1881:

of the following French :Ce faict, et bergiers et bergieres feirent chere lye avecques ces fouaces et beaulx raisins, et se rigollerent ensemble au son de la belle bouzine, se mocquans de ces beaulx fouaciers glorieux, qui avoient trouvé male encontre par faulte de s'estre seignez de la bonne main au

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vessels. During this time, the focus was on producing off-dry, clean, and crisp wine that was mostly neutral in flavor and could capitalize on the wine market's demand for white wine. Near the end of the 20th century, several Chenin blanc specialist producers emerged and worked with vineyard managers

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variation, winemakers may decide on a day-by-day basis what style and dryness of Chenin blanc they could make, with the grapes harvested during each try going to different styles of wine. For some producers in Vouvray, which may have up to six tries during harvest, the first few could go to sparkling

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average of 10 tons per acre (175 hl/ha), Chenin's flavors become more bland and neutral. The vine is naturally vigorous and prone to overcropping if not kept in check. In fertile soils, as in parts of South Africa, Chenin blanc can easily produce yields of 240 hl/ha. To keep yields in check, vineyard

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This done, the shepherds and shepherdesses made merry with these cakes and fine grapes, and sported themselves together at the sound of the pretty small pipe, scoffing and laughing at those vainglorious cake-bakers, who had that day met with a mischief for want of crossing themselves with a good hand

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year. However, in warm years, the balance between the Loire's marginal climate and the warmth needed to attain full ripeness has the potential of producing wines with some depth of complexity and finesse. The age of the vine can have an influence on wine quality, with older vines producing naturally

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break down, they add complexity and depth to the wine. Some off-dry or "demi-sec" examples may need at least 10 years before they start drinking at peak levels and could continue to develop for another 20 to 30 years. Sparkling and dry examples of Chenin blanc from premium production and favorable

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in mass-produced blends. The success of some critically acclaimed New Zealand Chenin blancs has sparked interest in planting the variety. As experts such as Oz Clarke have noted, though, as long as the value of New Zealand Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc stays high, little economic reason exists to

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With optimal ripeness and balance between acidity and sugars being such a viticultural priority for Chenin blanc, many growers (such as those in the Loire Valley) harvest the grapes in "tries" or successive pickings through the vineyards. During each series of picking, only the ripest clusters or

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development during the ripening phase. Six of these new clones have been officially sanctioned by the French government. The vine is semi-upright in habit with three- to five-lobed leaves. It tends to break bud early, with conical, winged bunches containing yellow-green grapes that ripen late. The

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In South Africa, Chenin blanc is the most widely planted variety, accounting for nearly one-fifth (18.6%) of all vineyard plantings in the early 21st century. In 2008, 18,852 hectares (46,580 acres) of the grape were planted, nearly twice the amount of Chenin blanc planted in France. Most of the

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in the Maine-et-Loire having the most significant plantings with 5,044 hectares (12,460 acres) in 2008. While Chenin blanc still accounts for around 1.2% of all French plantings, these numbers are a significant drop from the 16,594 hectares (41,000 acres) of grapevines that were in cultivation in

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had experienced a series of favorable vintages that gave a dramatic increase in prices as supply began to dwindle in face of high demand. Wine consumers who had developed an appreciation for these sweet wines began to look to the Loire as another source. The 1990s brought a string of successful

1064:, the variety was known as Steen. Ampelographers were not able to concretely identify the numerous plantings of Steen around the country as being Chenin blanc until 1965. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Chenin blanc was the principal grape in the South African wine industry's "white wine 1532:

The aging ability of sweet Loire Chenin blanc is among the longest-lived in the world of wine, with well-made examples from favorable vintages regularly having the potential to last for at least 100 years. This longevity is attributed to the grape's naturally high acidity, which acts as a

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The climate of the wine region tends to dictate what style of Chenin blanc is most prevalent in the area. In the northernmost reaches of Jasnières, Chenin blanc is at its limits for cultivation, with the wines being mostly dry and thin. While most of the Middle Loire experiences a

482:(both grapes the likely offspring of Savagnin), which strongly suggests that Chenin blanc is the offspring and Savagnin is the parent variety. Through Chenin's half-sibling relationship with Sauvignon blanc, the grape is related as an aunt/uncle variety to the 961:

are permitted in wines with the basic Anjou, Saumur, and Touraine designations. The high acidity of Chenin blanc lends itself well to sparkling-wine production, where it is an important component of Crémant de Loire, sparkling Vouvray, and in the

709:, the grapes do not retain any of Chenin blanc's distinctive character notes. In the Loire, French regulations mandate that yields be kept low (40-50 hl/ha). At these levels, more of Chenin blanc's varietal characteristics of floral, honeyed 1077:. Their goal was to produce wines that exhibited Chenin's unique aromas and traits. While plantings of Chenin blanc have decreased, the work of these producers resulted in improved quality profiles of South African Chenin blanc. 701:, the quality of Chenin blanc wine is intimately connected to the care taken in the vineyard. If the grapes are harvested too soon, before they ripen, the high acidity results in wine being (according to wine expert 1508:

minerals that develop into more honey, acacia, and quince aromas. New World styles of Chenin, such as those of South Africa, are more often made to be consume young and exhibit rich tropical fruit notes such as

290:'s treatment. In cool areas, the juice is sweet but high in acid with a full-bodied, fruity palate. In the unreliable summers of northern France, the acidity of under-ripened grapes was often masked with 1265:, some examples of New Zealand Chenin blanc have drawn favorable comparisons to the sweet dessert styles of Chenin from the Loire Valley. Historically, the grape has been used as a blending partner with 1600:, France), Franche, Gamet blanc (Aveyron, France), Gros Chenin (in Maine-et-Loire and Indre-et-Loire), Gros Pineau (in Touraine), Gros Pinot Blanc de la Loire, Gout Fort, Luarskoe, Pineau d'Anjou (in 1360:

Wine expert Jancis Robinson has noted that Chenin blanc is probably the world's most versatile grape, being able to produce quality wines of various sweetness, including dessert wines noted for their

777:, it is considered a "major" planting in only a few locations. Though France is the viticultural home of Chenin blanc, by the turn of the 21st century, twice as much Chenin blanc was planted in 1128:

had not started to make quality varietal Chenin blancs a specialty; Chenin blancs from these producers tend to show a characteristic musky melon aroma and have the potential to age well.

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notes. However, the wines produced in Western Australia have garnered more critical attention. In 2008, there were 1,586 acres (642 ha) of Chenin blanc in cultivation in Australia.

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industry had more acreage of Chenin blanc planted than France, though the plantings later steadily declined. By 2006, 13,000 acres (5,300 ha) were planted there, mostly in the hot

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wine, or it can add acidity as a blending component. Its ability to be crafted into premium-quality wines across a wide spectrum of dry and sweetness levels invites the comparison to

1903:. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germany. Archived from 1261:

In New Zealand, acreage of the variety fell to just under 250 acres (100 ha) by 2004. By 2008, that number had dropped to 124 acres (50 ha). Planted primarily on the

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The variety was most likely introduced to the country in the collection of cuttings sent to Jan van Riebeeck by the Dutch East India Company. For the next two hundred years of

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Over the years, Chenin blanc has been known under a variety of synonyms, including Agudelo (in Spain), Agudillo (Spain), Anjou, Blanc d'Aunis, Blanc d’Anjou, Capbreton blanc (

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Over the years, Chenin blanc has also been frequently confused with other grape varieties with which it does not seem to have a close genetic relationship. This includes the

1210:. In 1990, 44 acres (18 ha) of Chenin blanc were planted in Oregon, but by 2001, virtually all of it had been uprooted with only a few isolated plantings remaining. 789:". In the Loire Valley of France, it is prized as a premium quality wine grape able to produce world-class wines, while in many New World wine regions, it used as a " 314:, vintners aim for an off-dry style, developing honey and floral characteristics with age. In the best vintages, the grapes can be left on the vines to develop 693:

Producers often harvest Chenin blanc by hand in a succession of pickings known as "tries". The grapes may be harvested as whole clusters or individual berries.

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In Australia, the country's 1,500 acres (610 ha) of Chenin blanc are mostly grown as a blending variety often used with Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, and

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in 1685. Chenin blanc was often misidentified in Australia, as well, so tracing its early history in the country is not easy. It may have been introduced in

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region, while Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay had 74 acres (30 ha), 188 acres (76 ha), and 17 acres (6.9 ha) of grapevines planted, respectively.

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vintages to the Middle Loire that produced many highly rated Chenin wines affected by noble rot. As wine expert Oz Clarke noted, these wines became the "

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vintages have also shown longevity levels not commonly associated with white wine. However, as they age, Chenin blanc wines are prone to going through "

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and Touraine. In the 1980s, interest in the sweet dessert wines of the Loire renewed enthusiasm for Chenin blanc in the region. During this time, the

454:. In the 20th century, a subvariety of Chenin planted in the Loire was found to be not actually Chenin blanc at all, but rather the Portuguese grape 579:

Chenin blanc grapes, like these Sauvignon blanc grapes pictured, are highly sensitive to developing noble rot, which produces a unique style of wine.

1289:. The grape was used primarily in mass-produced white blends. In 2008, Argentina had 7,186 acres (2,908 ha) of Chenin blanc, most of it in the 1529:

for dessert styles Chenin rarely goes above 12%, which keeps the wines more in balance. Drier styles of Chenin are more likely to be around 13.5%.

843: 607:, which also lowers yields and adds and intensifies certain flavors, the wines develop less overtly floral aroma notes, but more depth and layers. 2993: 1105: 241:, although it can produce very bland, neutral wines if the vine's natural vigor is not controlled. Outside the Loire, it is found in most of the 1866: 189: 419:(1494–1553) wrote glowingly about the white wines of Anjou, and mentions the medicinal qualities of the grapes at the end of chapter XXV of 2815: 1042: 3089: 821:

region most closely associated with the variety. In 2008, 9,828 hectares (24,290 acres) of Chenin were planted in France, mostly in the

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blends. Chenin's natural acidity and ability to adapt to wines of varying degrees of sweetness made it an ideal blending partner with

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is up to each individual producer. Old World producers tend to shy away from the use of new oak barrels, which can impart flavors of

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The works of French writer François Rabelais indicate that Chenin blanc was a major grape in the Loire Valley by the 16th century.

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The climate of a wine region largely dictates whether Chenin blanc is produced in a predominantly sweet or dry manner, while the

1554:, but the wide range of wine styles needs to be taken into account. Lighter, dry styles can pair well with light dishes such as 2366: 2052: 1671: 1320:. In 2015, 112 hectares (280 acres) of the grape were planted, but this number may rise as DNA analysis in 2006 discovered the 1239: 2533: 658:

is plentiful in the soil, Chenin blanc grapes generally ripen earlier than in vineyards with predominantly clay-based soils.

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Outside the Loire, in addition to the Languedoc plantings in Limoux, other French plantings of Chenin blanc can be found in

797:. Throughout all its manifestations, Chenin blanc's characteristic acidity is found almost universally in all wine regions. 3019: 1054: 361:

as growing on the left bank of the Loire River in vineyards belonging to individuals with the name of Soulangé and Bessé.

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not far behind with 3,317 hectares (8,200 acres) and 2,521 hectares (6,230 acres), respectively, in cultivation in 2008.

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barrels for aging, though acacia can impart a yellow tint to the wine, and chestnut barrels may add some buttery notes.

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that could add to the complexity of the wine. Two of the aromas that skin contact can bring out is the characteristic

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to which Chenin is susceptible (apart from botrytis in less than ideal conditions) are damage from spring frost,

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soils tend to produce lighter styles of wine that mature more quickly. Chenin blanc planted in soils with a high

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with unsatisfactory results, whereas now, the less-ripened grapes are made into popular sparkling wines such as

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of the Languedoc region encourages the production of many more dry styles of Chenin blanc rather than sweet.

2919: 2292: 2128: 1413: 1305: 982:. The grape is also permitted in the still wines of Limoux, but is only blended with Mauzac and Chardonnay. 1300:

in the 20th century, where it is still found in limited quantities. Canada has Chenin blanc planted in the

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South African Chenin blancs tend to emphasize more tropical fruit flavors than their Loire counterparts.

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In the 1970s, plantings of Chenin blanc in the Loire were uprooted in favor of the more fashionable red

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by at least the 15th century. The grape may have been the variety described in two royal land grants of

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Viticultural and Oenological Research Institute, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa. March, 1985

2949: 2901: 2801: 2351: 2045: 1958: 1612:), Rouchalin, Rougelin, Steen (South Africa), Stein, Tête de Crabe, Vaalblaar Stein and Verdurant. 1593: 1352: 1069: 856: 814: 778: 439: 295: 222: 1385:, with Robinson noting that in many ways, Chenin blanc is France's answer to the German Riesling. 907: 2939: 2444: 1878: 1465: 1136: 793:

variety", contributing acidity to bulk white blends and showing more neutral flavors rather than

766: 487: 397: 246: 673:) that affect the wood structures of the grape vine. Some of these hazards can be managed with 619:

berries are typically 16.0 mm long x 14.2 mm wide, with an average weight of 1.79 g.

2893: 2840: 2424: 2361: 1962: 1862: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1739: 1397: 1266: 1247: 1183: 1148: 1144: 1121: 1038: 1013: 1005: 970:. In Crémant de Limoux, Chenin must account for at least 20% and up to 40% of the blend with 475: 146: 126: 1416:, which gives the wine a creamier or "fattier" texture, as would a period spent aging on the 1068:" that was ushered in by the introduction of new technologies such as temperature-controlled 634:

dessert wines that need time to age and mature. Well-drained and less organic, predominantly

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Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours

1571: 1469: 1393: 1389: 1317: 1274: 1175: 1171: 1108:, the grape was considered a "workhorse variety" that could be used anonymously in bulk and 937: 915: 774: 575: 354: 254: 170: 1504:. Dry or semisweet Chenin blanc from the Loire will often have notes apple, greengage, and 1028: 3039: 2860: 2777: 2563: 2391: 2326: 2269: 2232: 2112: 1934: 1567: 1473: 1301: 1231: 1223: 1203: 1195: 1187: 1167: 1163: 1140: 1094: 958: 920: 899: 809:

Chenin blanc can be made in a variety of styles, such as this sparkling wine from Vouvray.

730: 698: 651: 630:-based soils, paired with the right climate, are favorable to the development of weighty, 544: 502: 491: 479: 389: 358: 262: 136: 122: 1951: 1333: 1135:

with the most significant amount of plantings include the California AVAs of Clarksburg,

748:, where they could later be affected by noble rot. In areas that experience considerable 1273:

Chenin blanc is found planted throughout South America, though for many years plantings

2934: 2929: 2878: 2832: 2689: 2661: 2636: 2557: 2546: 2541: 2439: 2406: 2222: 2200: 2167: 2143: 2038: 1927: 1563: 1433: 1371: 1325: 1309: 1282: 1243: 1179: 1125: 986: 971: 963: 932: 895: 830: 822: 666: 646:-based soils encourage wines with sharp acidity. In Vouvray, the soil is predominantly 599: 552: 495: 443: 291: 242: 234: 230: 166: 85: 1432:, and toasted notes, though these notes may be desirable for a New World producer. In 753:

and dry wine production, while the later trie could go towards sweet wine production.

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showed that Chenin blanc has a parent-offspring relationship with the Jura wine grape

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was like Chenin blanc, with the grape eventually taking on the name from Mont Chenin.

3083: 2959: 2868: 2674: 2669: 2346: 2162: 2138: 1674:. The State Library of South Australia, GPO Box 419, Adelaide SA 5001. Archived from 1526: 1379: 1329: 1297: 1278: 967: 911: 888: 770: 744: 735: 724: 710: 706: 705:) "one of the nastiest wines possible". If the grapes are harvested at too high of a 623: 611: 483: 474:. Additional DNA evidence shows that Chenin blanc shares a sibling relationship with 369: 339: 226: 218: 195: 174: 1675: 2745: 2274: 2264: 2217: 1489: 1337: 1290: 1262: 1207: 1199: 880: 826: 762: 615: 560: 525: 513: 509: 506: 467: 342: 238: 62: 2494: 318:, producing an intense, viscous dessert wine, which may improve considerably with 1542:" where the wine closes up, revealing little aroma and varietal characteristics. 3063: 3014: 2977: 2771: 2626: 2616: 2514: 2396: 2279: 2210: 2069: 1886:

estuverent les jambes de Forgier mignonnement, si bien qu'il feut tantost guery.

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describes the style of Australia Chenin blanc as "tutti-frutti" with pronounced

1085: 1065: 848: 818: 786: 595: 587: 447: 365: 311: 266: 31: 30:"Cugnette" redirects here. For another French wine grape known as Cugnette, see 1596:, France), Confort, Coue Fort, Cruchinet, Cugnette, Feher Chenin, Franc blanc ( 330: 2967: 2883: 2873: 2824: 2730: 2725: 2710: 2646: 2641: 2606: 2504: 2499: 2459: 2386: 2331: 2321: 2316: 2303: 2259: 2247: 2237: 2195: 2021: 1644: 1539: 1501: 1117: 979: 975: 954: 689: 631: 385: 346: 319: 1580: 269:'s collection of 1832, but C. Waterhouse was growing Steen at Highercombe in 2845: 2735: 2715: 2651: 2631: 2621: 2581: 2519: 2401: 2341: 2242: 1522: 1457: 1421: 1405: 1120:

in mass-produced blends. Until close to the turn 21st century, producers in

1113: 1046: 990: 790: 719: 702: 678: 654:, which produces rounded wines with both acidity and weight. In areas where 643: 604: 529: 517: 421: 377: 315: 299: 287: 258: 253:. The grape may have been one of the first to be grown in South Africa by 2591: 2586: 2576: 2469: 2449: 2416: 2381: 2311: 2227: 2190: 2102: 2097: 2082: 1493: 1441: 1409: 1382: 1375: 1341: 1219: 1162:

Other states in the United States with plantings of Chenin blanc include

1109: 548: 471: 455: 434:, and so handsomely dressed it and bound it up that he was quickly cured. 350: 303: 1928:

Effect of Rootstock on the Incidence of Dying Arm of Chenin blanc vines

1566:. The sweeter styles of Chenin blanc can balance the spicy heat of some 906:. This consolidated Chenin's presence to the Middle Loire region around 3044: 2850: 2601: 2454: 2429: 2356: 2205: 2092: 2011: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1452: 1425: 1412:

notes of Chenin. The grape's characteristic acidity can be softened by

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are exhibited. When the grape is harvested at high yields, such as the

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While most Chenin blanc is produced as a varietal wine, up to 20% of

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on January 3, 1496, several grape varieties were brought in from the

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from Winepros.org, with characteristics of its vine, grape and wine

2509: 2464: 2434: 2087: 1904: 1574:. The acidity and balance of medium-dry styles can pair well with 1555: 1514: 1505: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1451: 1429: 1351: 1084: 1027: 903: 804: 688: 639: 584: 574: 329: 108: 46: 931:, the Coteaux du Layon receives more climatic influence from the 847:(AOC) regions, but is mostly planted in the Middle Loire AOCs of 2061: 2017: 1518: 1480:. Chenin wines produced from noble rot will often have notes of 635: 627: 215: 2797: 2034: 2015: 1101:. In 2010, this level was down to 7,223 acres (2,923 ha). 817:

of France sometime in the 9th century. Today, the Loire is the

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type generally influences the overall style of the wine. Heavy

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region sometime in the 9th century, and from there traveled to

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The aromas and flavor notes of Chenin blanc often include the

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region is actually Chenin blanc. The tropical wine regions of

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While Chenin blanc is grown throughout the United States, the

989:(with 60 hectares (150 acres) planted on the island in 2008), 734:

vines. During the growing season, they may also elect to do a

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content produce wines with distinctive minerally notes, while

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in the morning. Nor did they forget to apply to Forgier's leg

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as in France. The grape's versatility and ability to reflect

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managers may choose to graft Chenin vines with less vigorous

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Ampelographers theorize that Chenin blanc originated in the

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It provides a fairly neutral palate for the expression of

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causes it to lead, as what Jancis Robinson describes, a "

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and his brother-in-law, Denis Briçonnet, the abbot of

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A South African (left) and Loire (right) Chenin blanc

1312:. Some plantings of Chenin blanc can be found in the 833:

departments with the Anjou region around the city of

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Translation based on that of Gustave Doré (1894) at

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While Chenin blanc is planted across the globe from

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have been developed that delay budding and increase

567:, which was confused for Chenin blanc in Australia. 3002: 2986: 2958: 2910: 2892: 2859: 2831: 2698: 2660: 2555: 2532: 2415: 2302: 2290: 2183: 2111: 2068: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 442:, where it was most likely included among the vine 188: 180: 162: 152: 142: 132: 118: 104: 92: 80: 72: 39: 1779: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1643:. National Library of South Africa. Archived from 524:. In South Africa, the grape was crossed with the 364:When Thomas Bohier purchased vineyard land around 345:has theorized that Chenin blanc originated in the 257:in 1655, or it may have come to that country with 245:regions; it is the most widely planted variety in 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 392:. One of these varieties, a white grape known as 1550:Chenin blanc can be a very versatile player in 1374:. The grape can distinguish itself as a single 841:Chenin blanc is an authorized planting in many 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1460:is a common descriptor for Chenin blanc wines. 1344:also has some limited plantings of the grape. 1222:. Australian Chenin plantings can be found in 2809: 2046: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1364:, as well as sparkling made according to the 1045:, with 3,326 hectares (8,220 acres) with the 8: 233:means it can be used to make varieties from 1782:The Oxford Companion to Wine, Third Edition 261:fleeing France after the revocation of the 2816: 2802: 2794: 2299: 2053: 2039: 2031: 2012: 1857:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz 1073:to isolate older Chenin vines on suitable 249:, where it was historically also known as 61: 36: 738:where excess grape clusters are removed. 96:Steen, Pineau de la Loire, Pinot blanco ( 1270:pursue premium Chenin blanc production. 302:are a popular expression of Chenin as a 2994:Clarification and stabilization of wine 1901:"Vitis International Variety Catalogue" 1632: 1106:history in the California wine industry 2007:South African Chenin Blanc Association 1894: 1892: 1665: 1663: 1661: 357:in 845 detailed in the records of the 1388:One of the major differences between 512:produced several varieties including 7: 1786:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1043:Cape Winelands District Municipality 949:Other wine styles and French Chenins 935:, which promotes the development of 501:Other DNA research has shown that a 184:Bunch rot, sunburn, overproduction 25: 2078:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 1400:, which will allow extraction of 438:From France, the grape spread to 3057: 2765: 1861:pgs 82, 236-238 Allen Lane 2012 902:, as well as the easier-to-grow 446:sent to Jan van Riebeeck in the 67:A cluster of Chenin blanc grapes 1957:. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 1953:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 1672:"Grapes and Wines of the World" 1436:, a tradition remains of using 844:Appellation d'origine contrôlée 603:lower yields. When infected by 1535:phenolic compounds in the wine 1089:A Chenin blanc from Washington 669:, and fungal disease (such as 408:. Ampelographers believe that 1: 3020:Glossary of viticulture terms 1899:Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (1999). 1738:pg 75-83 Harcourt Books 2001 1324:grape variety growing in the 211: 97: 3025:Glossary of winemaking terms 462:Relationship to other grapes 1133:American Viticultural Areas 1037:plantings are found in the 1018:Vins d'Entraygues et du Fel 400:in Touraine by the Lord of 3106: 3090:White wine grape varieties 2945:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 1641:"Cultivating in Good Hope" 1348:Winemaking and wine styles 1296:The grape was exported to 1062:South African wine history 675:integrated pest management 490:which is the offspring of 29: 3053: 3035:History of the wine press 2925:Sparkling wine production 2759: 2028: 1987:, Accessed: July 7th 2006 1778:Robinson, Jancis (2006). 715:California Central Valley 697:While true for most wine 298:. The white wines of the 271:Houghton, South Australia 60: 44: 3030:Wine tasting descriptors 2751:Wine tasting descriptors 2680:Phenolic content in wine 2572:Alternative wine closure 2156:Great French Wine Blight 1578:and rich dishes such as 685:Yields and harvest times 555:Machupiclait and in the 452:Dutch East India Company 2920:Malolactic fermentation 1949:Stevenson, Tom (2005). 1414:malolactic fermentation 1041:region of Paarl in the 551:grown on the island of 1736:Encyclopedia of Grapes 1552:food and wine pairings 1461: 1357: 1093:During the 1980s, the 1090: 1033: 810: 694: 580: 522:Meslier-Saint-François 436: 432:some fat chenin grapes 335: 310:and apples. In nearby 2721:Wine and food pairing 1981:Appellation American 1622:International variety 1455: 1420:. The use of wood or 1355: 1157:Texas High Plains AVA 1088: 1031: 943:Mediterranean climate 808: 692: 671:dead arm of grapevine 596:ripens midway to late 578: 427: 402:Château de Chenonceau 333: 2372:Muscat of Alexandria 1882:matin, et avec gros 1314:Spanish wine regions 1147:wine regions of the 923:" for Chenin blanc. 861:Coteaux de l'Aubance 663:viticultural hazards 2950:Yeast in winemaking 2902:Carbonic maceration 1367:méthode champenoise 929:continental climate 286:variation, and the 158:Loire, South Africa 73:Color of berry skin 2940:Traditional method 2741:Wine personalities 2445:Cabernet Sauvignon 1933:2016-03-04 at the 1670:Radden, Rosemary. 1488:that develop into 1462: 1402:phenolic compounds 1358: 1285:were confused for 1214:Other wine regions 1091: 1034: 811: 695: 581: 505:of Chenin and the 488:Cabernet Sauvignon 359:abbey of Glanfeuil 336: 306:, with flavors of 208:Pineau de la Loire 3077: 3076: 3071: 3070: 2841:Late harvest wine 2791: 2790: 2528: 2527: 2425:Alicante Bouschet 2173:Judgment of Paris 1879:Project Gutenberg 1867:978-1-846-14446-2 1572:Hispanic cuisines 1533:preservative. As 1248:Western Australia 1238:, as well as the 1122:Sacramento Valley 1039:Western Cape wine 1002:South West France 583:The Chenin blanc 559:, as well as the 417:François Rabelais 237:to well-balanced 201: 200: 143:Pedigree parent 2 133:Pedigree parent 1 119:Original pedigree 16:(Redirected from 3097: 3062: 3061: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2795: 2770: 2769: 2685:Proteins in wine 2352:Grüner Veltliner 2300: 2055: 2048: 2041: 2032: 2013: 1989: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1956: 1946: 1940: 1924:J.H.S. Ferreira 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1896: 1887: 1875: 1869: 1855: 1802: 1801: 1785: 1775: 1746: 1732: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1637: 1306:British Columbia 1104:For most of its 938:Botrytis cinerea 877:Quarts de Chaume 865:Coteaux du Layon 857:Crémant de Loire 612:clonal varieties 355:Charles the Bald 296:Crémant de Loire 255:Jan van Riebeeck 175:sparkling Saumur 171:Coteaux du Layon 65: 54: 49: 37: 27:Variety of grape 21: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3064:Wine portal 3056: 3049: 3040:History of wine 2998: 2982: 2954: 2906: 2888: 2869:Deacidification 2855: 2827: 2822: 2792: 2787: 2772:Wine portal 2764: 2755: 2694: 2656: 2561: 2551: 2524: 2411: 2392:Sauvignon blanc 2327:Cayetana blanca 2295: 2293:grape varieties 2286: 2179: 2107: 2064: 2059: 2024: 1997: 1992: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1935:Wayback Machine 1923: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1884:raisins chenins 1876: 1872: 1856: 1805: 1798: 1777: 1776: 1749: 1733: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1618: 1590: 1548: 1450: 1372:fortified wines 1350: 1304:wine region of 1236:South Australia 1228:New South Wales 1216: 1153:Columbia Valley 1095:California wine 1083: 1026: 959:Sauvignon blanc 951: 921:standard-bearer 900:Sauvignon blanc 803: 759: 731:Vitis rupestris 699:grape varieties 687: 652:calcareous clay 648:argilo-calcaire 573: 545:Portuguese wine 492:Sauvignon blanc 480:Sauvignon blanc 464: 328: 263:Edict of Nantes 235:sparkling wines 206:(known also as 154:Notable regions 137:Sauvignon blanc 123:Sauvignon blanc 68: 52: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3103: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2930:Sugars in wine 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2879:Chaptalization 2876: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2706:Classification 2702: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2690:Sugars in wine 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2662:Wine chemistry 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2637:Wine dispenser 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2440:Cabernet Franc 2437: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2407:Welschriesling 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2362:Müller-Thurgau 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2129:Ancient Greece 2126: 2117: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1996: 1995:External links 1993: 1991: 1990: 1974: 1967: 1941: 1917: 1888: 1870: 1803: 1796: 1747: 1688: 1657: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1589: 1586: 1547: 1544: 1449: 1446: 1349: 1346: 1267:Müller-Thurgau 1252:James Halliday 1250:. Wine expert 1244:Margaret River 1215: 1212: 1192:North Carolina 1126:Clarksburg AVA 1099:Central Valley 1082: 1079: 1055:Olifants River 1025: 1022: 1014:Vins d'Estaing 1006:Côtes de Duras 964:Languedoc wine 950: 947: 933:Atlantic Ocean 896:Cabernet Franc 831:Maine-et-Loire 823:Indre-et-Loire 802: 799: 758: 755: 686: 683: 667:powdery mildew 592:growing season 572: 569: 496:Cabernet Franc 463: 460: 415:French writer 327: 324: 292:chaptalization 243:New World wine 199: 198: 193: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 164: 160: 159: 156: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 120: 116: 115: 106: 102: 101: 94: 90: 89: 86:Vitis vinifera 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3102: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 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2490:Montepulciano 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 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1553: 1546:Food pairings 1545: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1527:alcohol level 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472:, greengage, 1471: 1467: 1459: 1456:The aroma of 1454: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362:aging ability 1354: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1081:United States 1080: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 956: 948: 946: 944: 940: 939: 934: 930: 924: 922: 917: 913: 912:Bordeaux wine 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845: 839: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 807: 800: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 756: 754: 751: 747: 746: 739: 737: 736:green harvest 733: 732: 727: 726: 725:Vitis riparia 721: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 684: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624:vineyard soil 620: 617: 613: 608: 606: 601: 597: 593: 590:early in the 589: 586: 577: 570: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Bordeaux wine 481: 477: 473: 469: 461: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 435: 433: 426: 424: 423: 418: 413: 411: 410:Plant d'Anjou 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:Plant d'Anjou 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 370:Burgundy wine 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 341: 340:ampelographer 332: 325: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239:dessert wines 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:grape variety 217: 214:) is a white 213: 209: 205: 197: 194: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 165: 163:Notable wines 161: 157: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 64: 59: 55: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 3055: 2912:Fermentation 2763: 2746:Wine tasting 2367:Muscat blanc 2337:Chenin blanc 2336: 2134:Ancient Rome 2001:Chenin blanc 1985:Chenin blanc 1982: 1977: 1952: 1944: 1925: 1920: 1909:. Retrieved 1905:the original 1883: 1873: 1858: 1781: 1735: 1680:. Retrieved 1676:the original 1649:. Retrieved 1645:the original 1635: 1591: 1579: 1576:cream sauces 1549: 1531: 1490:barley sugar 1463: 1387: 1365: 1359: 1334:Penedès wine 1321: 1316:, mainly in 1295: 1291:Mendoza wine 1272: 1263:North Island 1260: 1217: 1161: 1130: 1103: 1092: 1074: 1070:fermentation 1059: 1035: 1024:South Africa 984: 952: 936: 925: 908:Anjou-Saumur 893: 842: 840: 827:Loir-et-Cher 815:Loire Valley 812: 794: 782: 779:South Africa 760: 757:Wine regions 743: 740: 729: 723: 696: 660: 647: 621: 609: 582: 561:Spanish wine 542: 526:Italian wine 514:Balzac blanc 510:Gouais blanc 507:Hunnic grape 500: 468:DNA analysis 465: 440:South Africa 437: 431: 428: 420: 414: 409: 393: 363: 343:Pierre Galet 337: 277: 275: 250: 247:South Africa 223:Loire Valley 207: 204:Chenin blanc 203: 202: 84: 51: 40:Chenin blanc 3015:Wine bottle 2987:Other steps 2978:Wine cellar 2935:Süssreserve 2627:Wine cellar 2617:Wine bottle 2558:accessories 2556:Packaging, 2515:Tempranillo 2144:Noah's wine 2124:Phoenicians 2070:Viticulture 1540:dumb phases 1466:descriptors 1434:Savennières 1287:Pinot blanc 1256:fruit salad 1240:Swan Valley 1137:Napa Valley 1066:renaissance 885:Savennières 819:French wine 787:double life 767:New Zealand 681:selection. 571:Viticulture 532:to produce 448:Cape Colony 398:Mont Chenin 384:and nearby 366:Chenonceaux 312:Vouvray AOC 273:, by 1862. 267:James Busby 229:. Its high 212:other names 93:Also called 2894:Maceration 2884:Wine press 2874:Destemming 2825:Winemaking 2731:Wine fraud 2726:Wine fault 2711:Oenophilia 2647:Wine label 2642:Wine glass 2607:Port tongs 2505:Sangiovese 2500:Pinot noir 2460:Douce noir 2387:Rkatsiteli 2332:Chardonnay 2322:Catarratto 2296:by acreage 2270:Biodynamic 2233:Aromatized 2022:winemaking 1911:2007-06-17 1734:Oz Clarke 1682:2007-06-17 1651:2007-06-17 1628:References 1398:maceration 1184:New Mexico 1155:, and the 1145:Washington 1118:Chardonnay 1051:Malmesbury 1049:region of 998:department 993:, and the 980:Chardonnay 976:Pinot noir 966:region of 955:Chardonnay 914:region of 898:and white 853:Bonnezeaux 745:passerillé 661:Among the 632:botrytized 380:region of 372:region of 347:Anjou wine 2846:Noble rot 2736:Winemaker 2716:Sommelier 2652:Wine rack 2632:Wine cork 2622:Wine cave 2612:Screw cap 2582:Corkscrew 2547:New World 2542:Old World 2520:Zinfandel 2495:Mourvèdre 2402:Trebbiano 2342:Colombard 2243:Noble rot 2223:Fortified 2201:Sparkling 2168:New World 1523:pineapple 1470:minerally 1458:greengage 1422:oak aging 1406:greengage 1394:New World 1390:Old World 1383:Rieslings 1318:Catalonia 1275:Argentina 1246:areas of 1176:Minnesota 1172:Wisconsin 1141:Mendocino 1114:Colombard 1047:Swartland 1012:wines of 991:Charentes 916:Sauternes 873:Montlouis 869:Jasnières 791:workhorse 775:Argentina 720:rootstock 703:Oz Clarke 679:rootstock 644:limestone 605:noble rot 585:grapevine 530:Trebbiano 518:Colombard 476:Trousseau 466:In 1999, 422:Gargantua 378:Jura wine 316:noble rot 300:Anjou AOC 288:winemaker 259:Huguenots 221:from the 147:Trousseau 127:Trousseau 3084:Category 2861:Pressing 2783:Glossary 2699:Industry 2592:Jug wine 2587:Decanter 2577:Box wine 2475:Isabella 2470:Grenache 2450:Carignan 2397:Sémillon 2382:Riesling 2377:Palomino 2120:Ancient 2103:Vineyard 2098:Veraison 2083:Oenology 1931:Archived 1616:See also 1610:Périgord 1588:Synonyms 1500:as they 1494:marzipan 1474:angelica 1442:chestnut 1410:angelica 1376:varietal 1342:Thailand 1302:Okanagan 1232:Victoria 1224:Tasmania 1220:Semillon 1204:Colorado 1196:Virginia 1188:Maryland 1168:Missouri 1164:New York 1110:jug wine 1008:and the 549:Verdelho 503:crossing 472:Savagnin 456:Verdelho 444:cuttings 351:Touraine 304:dry wine 32:Jacquère 3045:Terroir 3003:Related 2851:Vintage 2833:Harvest 2778:Outline 2602:Muselet 2564:storage 2455:Cinsaut 2430:Barbera 2357:Macabeo 2317:Aligoté 2275:Organic 2265:Natural 2218:Dessert 2163:Georgia 2113:History 2093:Terroir 2088:Species 1788:160–161 1606:Gironde 1602:Mayenne 1598:Aveyron 1564:chicken 1482:peaches 1426:vanilla 1326:Galicia 1322:Agudelo 1310:Ontario 1308:and in 1283:Uruguay 1180:Arizona 1075:terroir 1010:Garonne 995:Aveyron 987:Corsica 889:Vouvray 795:terroir 783:terroir 750:vintage 600:harvest 598:in the 565:Albillo 553:Madeira 450:by the 406:Cormery 386:Orléans 338:French 326:History 284:vintage 279:terroir 231:acidity 181:Hazards 167:Vouvray 81:Species 3010:Winery 2973:Solera 2597:Kvevri 2485:Merlot 2480:Malbec 2280:Kosher 2256:Other 2211:Orange 2184:Styles 2151:France 1965: 1961:–206. 1865: 1794: 1742: 1594:Landes 1562:, and 1556:salads 1525:. 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