299:(plural of cheder) are sometimes attended outside normal school hours. There, Jewish children attending non-Jewish schools can pick up some rudimentary knowledge of the Jewish religion and traditions, learn how to read Hebrew and understand some basic Hebrew vocabulary. In these communities, regular attendance at cheder is often a prerequisite for boys being allowed to read a portion from the Torah for their bar-mitzva, and for girls to participate in a bat-mitzva ceremony that these communities might arrange for them. Conservative and Reform Jewish communities, which are generally secular and assimilated, might have a similar program, but are more relaxed with regards to what they teach.
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Critics committed to the ideals of the
Haskala criticized the system as a whole, claiming it resulted in linguistic and spatial isolation for its students and therefore impeded the integration and emancipation of the Jews. They proposed additional lessons in the local language and a more secular
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Orthodox critics argued that teachers were not sufficiently qualified. At that time, cheder teachers were paid so badly that many would have to supplement their incomes with menial tasks. It was fairly commonplace for a melamed to be a
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is a term used to mean a private primary day school where the emphasis is placed on religious study and a secondary emphasis is placed on secular knowledge which is also taught. These are increasingly popular within
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communities in Europe and
America where a core curriculum is obligatory, so even Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) schools tend to offer a fairly broad if superficial secular education.
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were the main techniques used to teach these complicated studies. At the age of 13 or 14, the end of a boy's education at the cheder would be marked by his
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In more Modern
Orthodox Jewish communities, sometimes where the family are not necessarily strict about their Jewish observance,
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were widely found in Europe before the end of the 18th century. Lessons took place in the house of the teacher, known as a
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of that time, the intellectual centre of
European Judaism moved with them and remained there for centuries.
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school around the age of 5. After learning to read Hebrew, they would immediately begin studying the
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Towards the end of the 18th century, the cheder system became a target of critique by members of
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These ideas were put into practice at the end of the 18th century by German Jews who founded
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366:Museum of the History of Polish Jews website
30:"Heder" redirects here. For other uses, see
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180:at around seven years of age and the
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207:had to continue their studies at an
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393:Yivo Encyclopedia website
615:Hebrew words and phrases
589:Words of Peace and Truth
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90:Cheder in Israel, 1965
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32:Heder (disambiguation)
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98:A Cheder in
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563:Rosh Kollel
326:knowledge.
273:Freischulen
271:schools or
194:bar mitzvah
604:Categories
342:References
184:(Mishnah,
70:Cheder in
50:Cheder in
531:Officials
248:(Jewish
100:Bnei Brak
76:Palestine
52:Samarkand
481:Midrasha
476:Seminary
330:See also
297:chadarim
233:Crusades
213:yeshivot
136:and the
553:Mashpia
548:Melamed
491:Mechina
466:Mesivta
456:Yeshiva
324:secular
258:butcher
245:Haskala
229:pogroms
209:yeshiva
178:Mishnah
154:melamed
149:Cheders
144:History
134:Judaism
126:khéyder
122:Yiddish
39:Cheddar
18:Cheders
522:Kollel
446:Cheder
320:cheder
316:Israel
309:Haredi
304:cheder
277:cheder
269:Reform
225:Prague
186:Gemara
182:Talmud
166:cheder
114:Hebrew
109:cheder
82:, 1912
72:Meiron
584:Illui
221:Fürth
217:Worms
205:sofer
201:rabbi
170:Torah
485:list
470:list
460:list
223:and
314:In
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203:or
118:חדר
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106:A
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