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Cheetah reintroduction in India

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1119:. Cheetahs in Africa typically have individual territories of 100 km (39 sq mi) and it will be difficult to sustain 20 cheetahs at Kuno National Park with a core zone of 748 km (289 sq mi) and a buffer zone of 487 km (188 sq mi). Increasing cheetah population leads to the animals venturing out of the core zones of the park into adjoining agricultural lands and non-forested areas, bringing them into conflict with humans. On 2 April 2023, a male cheetah escaped from the boundaries of the park before being captured in a village 20 km (12 mi) from the park. In the same month, the Supreme Court of India ordered the central government to look for an alternative site to augment the existing facility as the park did not have an adequate amount of space for the growing number of felines. 583:. The cheetahs were fitted with radio collars and transferred to a larger enclosure in November. Following an agreement with South Africa, a further 12 cheetahs arrived in February 2023. In March 2023, two animals (a male and a female) were released into the park, followed by others. Later in the month, a cheetah gave birth to four cubs, the first recorded live cheetah birth in India in over 70 years. The first death was reported later in the month and As of January 2024, ten animals have died. While wildlife expert Vincent van der Merwe commented that cheetah deaths does not mean that the project is failing, as similar mortality rates have been reported in African reintroduction, Cheetah Conservation Fund suggested that the cheetah deaths could have been prevented with better monitoring and adequate veterinary care. 993:(NTCA) seeking permission to introduce Southern African cheetahs from Namibia. The Supreme Court set up a three-member committee to guide the NTCA and asked the committee to submit a progress report every four months. Subsequently, a scientific assessment of all potential reintroduction sites was conducted to understand the habitat conditions, prey species availability, protection status and other ecological criteria for shortlisting initial introduction site with a detailed scientific action plan published in January 2022. In August 2022, the 33: 1023:. Subsequently, plans were made for flying in 12 cheetahs from South Africa and scaling up to 40 individuals. In November 2022, the cheetahs were shifted to a larger enclosure for further adaption after their mandatory quarantine period. In January 2023, following the signing of the agreement between South Africa and India, a first batch of 12 cheetahs arrived next month. The agreement between both countries involved South Africa relocating a further 12 cheetahs every year for the next eight to ten years. 798: 4296: 1067: 596:
population might led to the animals venturing out of the core zones of the park into adjoining agricultural lands and non-forested areas, bringing them into conflict with humans. Later, the Supreme Court of India ordered the central government to look for an alternative site to augment the existing facility as the park did not have an adequate amount of space for the growing number of felines.
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due to kidney complications. On April 24, another cheetah death was reported due to heart failure. In May, three more animals were released into the wild. Following the death of three cheetah cubs, the Central government appointed a high-level steering committee, comprising national and international experts, to oversee the implementation on May 25.
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Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which
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On 17 September 2022, five female and three male southeast African cheetahs, between the ages of four and six, were flown in from Namibia and released in a quarantined enclosure within the Kuno National Park. The cheetahs were fitted with radio collars, and were planned to be retained in quarantined
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and these co-existed with their main natural predator, the Asiatic cheetah. The blackbuck is also no longer extant in the region. Trapping of sub-adult cheetahs that have learned hunting skills from their mothers in the wild, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be the major cause of the species'
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In May 2023, South African wildlife expert Vincent van der Merwe clarified that recent cheetah deaths does not mean that the Project Cheetah is failing, as similar mortality rates have been reported in African reintroduction and 50 percent mortality rate is expected in the first year. In July 2023,
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On 11 March 2023, a male and a female were released together into the wild and were confirmed to have successfully hunted prey in the park. In the subsequent weeks, further cheetahs were released into the wild and the released animals were tracked by radio collars. Later in the month, a female died
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was ordered by the Supreme Court in April 2013 to transfer a small population of lions to Kuno within six months, the order was not ultimately impleented. It was estimated that Kuno National Park had adequate prey population to support about 20 cheetahs. With an increase in the predator population
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was critical of the effort, considering it to be a "public relations exercise." He further commented that the "realities" such as human overpopulation, and the presence of larger feline predators and packs of feral dogs, could cause potentially "high mortalities," and require a continual import of
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was critical of the effort, considering it to be a "public relations exercise" and further commented that the "realities" such as human overpopulation, and the presence of larger feline predators and packs of feral dogs, could cause potentially "high mortalities," and require a continual import of
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Discussions on cheetah reintroduction in India began soon after extinction was confirmed, in the mid-1950s. Proposals were made to the governments of Iran from the 1970s, but fell through chiefly for reasons of political instability there and the dwindling population of the species in the existent
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wrote a letter to the Supreme Court of India, suggesting that the cheetah deaths could have been prevented with better monitoring and adequate veterinary care. It was based on the postmortem reports which indicated that cheetahs had died of various causes including starvation and infection due to
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as countries from where the cheetah could be imported to India. Another working group, which was formed for exploring sourcing and translocation of the cheetah suggested that five to ten animals annually have to be brought to India over a period of five to ten years to create a viable population.
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as cheetahs in Africa typically have individual territories of 100 km (39 sq mi) and it will be difficult to sustain 20 cheetahs at Kuno National Park with a core zone of 748 km (289 sq mi) and a buffer zone of 487 km (188 sq mi). Increasing cheetah
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and introducing cheetahs will be used as a pretext to delay the lion re-introduction project. It was also argued that the reintroduction of African cheetah has not been placed before the Standing Committee of India's National Board for Wildlife and that the scientific studies show the African
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of the cats in the park and suggested that adequate number of animals of both sexes in the breeding age are required for successful breeding. Three cubs were born in January and a further six cubs were born in March 2024, raising the total number of cheetahs in the national park to 27.
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One of the released cheetahs, gave birth to four cubs on 24 March 2023, the first recorded live cheetah birth in over 70 years. On 9 May 2023, a female was killed during a fight with a male cheetah during mating. Following the incident, wildlife experts raised concerns on the
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wounds made by the tracking radio collar. By January 2024, three more deaths were recorded pushing the count of dead animals to ten since the start of the project. As of September 2024, the remaining 12 animals were moved to enclosures due to the apparent mortality.
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put the project of importing cheetahs from Africa and reintroducing them in India on hold after a petition was filed against the same. In the petition, it was argued that Kuno, the proposed location for the re-introduction was prepared for
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of the United States, said that according to the latest genetic studies, the Asiatic cheetah was, in fact, genetically identical to the African cheetah with which it had separated only 5,000 years ago and this was not enough time for a
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Niraj Rai; Sunil Kumar Verma; Ajay Gaur; Florin Mircea Iliescu; Mukesh Thakur; Tirupathi Rao Golla; Kailash Chandra; Satya Prakash; Wajeeda Tabasum; Sreenivas Ara; Lalji Singh; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Guy S. Jacobs (March 2020).
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of Environment stated that African cheetahs would be reintroduced from Namibia to Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in September and that the Indian Government was also attempting to trans locate another 12 cheetahs from South Africa.
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On 28 January 2020, the Supreme Court allowed the central government to proceed with the introduction of Southern African cheetahs to a suitable habitat in India as part of a trial, in response to an application filed by the
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The scientific reaction to the translocation has been mixed. Veterinary pharmacologist Adrian Tordiffe viewed India as providing a "protected space" for the fragmented and threatened cheetah population. Zoologist
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as the Asiatic cheetah survives only in Iran, its population numbers less than 100 individuals, and the Iranian government's repeated reluctance to supply said cheetahs for Indian efforts. The meeting identified
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The scientific reaction to the translocation has been mixed. Veterinary pharmacologist Adrian Tordiffe viewed India as providing a "protected space" for the threatened cheetah population. Zoologist
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Divyabhanusinh wrote a paper on the subject on the request of Ministry of Environment and Forests, which was subsequently sent to the Cat Specialist Group of Species Survival Commission of the
1605: 955:, lion, and cheetah before they were wiped out, in part or in whole and Nauradehi which is part of a larger open grassland landscape can host cheetahs. As Shahgarh was located near the Indo- 2639: 3328: 2950: 2818: 2381: 3611: 3255: 2139: 3190: 2796: 3399: 2607: 3039: 2339: 2248: 544:, and the extirpation of both the species. Later, more habitat loss, prey depletion, and trophy hunting led to the extinction of the Asiatic cheetah from other regions of India. 163: 2307: 357: 3223: 2700: 1753: 2532: 1803: 2161: 919:, the Ministry of Environment and Forests approved a detailed survey of seven potential reintroduction sites and three holding sites for captive breeding across four states 3062: 2067: 1427: 2754: 2205: 727: 2404: 3471: 3094: 304: 2468: 3719: 2446: 1112:
due to the introduction of cheetahs, prey population has been impacted and periodic studies of prey population is being conducted to take required corrective action.
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sub-species to India, have been flown in from Namibia and South Africa to a national park in India. In the 21st century, the asiatic species is found only in Iran in
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which are existent only in India be given in exchange for cheetahs for which India refused and the plan to source cheetahs from Iran was eventually dropped in 2010.
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were used to chase and bring down the blackbuck. Today the Asiatic cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.
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for sharing a few of the animals. The dwindling population of the species in the existent range made Iran hesitant to commit to the idea. Iran proposed that
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Kuno National Park is a relatively new national park, having declared as such in 2018. It was founded previously as a wildlife sanctuary to implement the
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African cheetahs. Kuno National Park is a relatively new national park, having declared as such in 2018 and scientists from have indicated concern on the
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numbers. The Asiatic cheetah was earlier spread across Western Asia and most of India. The species had a gradual history of habitat loss in India. In
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further impacted the already dwindling population of cheetahs. Asiatic cheetahs rarely breed in captivity as there is only one record of a
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enclosures for a month, followed by the release of males (and later the females) into the park. The relocation was supervised by
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In September 2009, a cheetah reintroduction workshop was organized by the Government of India with scientists and experts from
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suggested the reintroduction of the Asiatic cheetah on an experimental basis in two districts of the state. In the 1970s, the
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By the beginning of the 20th century, wild cheetah sightings were rare in India, so much so that between 1918 and 1945,
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border, the report said that fencing would be required to ensure adequate protection for the cheetah population.
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requesting Asiatic cheetahs for reintroduction and received a positive response. The talks stalled after the
4131: 4033: 3980: 3739: 3662: 2171: 2057: 1830: 936: 811: 362: 254: 230: 193: 93: 1354:"Ancient mtDNA from the extinct Indian cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from African cheetahs" 1087:, which aimed to establish a second Asiatic lion population in India and protect the isolated lions of the 32: 4196: 4191: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4091: 4073: 4058: 3912: 3571: 1891: 968: 553: 405: 313: 108: 78: 856:
Location of the sites which were under consideration for the project. The chosen site is marked in green.
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imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing. The last confirmed three cheetahs were shot by Maharajah of
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range. Offers from Kenya for introducing African cheetahs were made as early as the 1980s. IN 2009, the
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made a proposal for the introduction of African cheetahs, which was put on hold by the
537: 54: 49: 1918: 1475: 1450: 4314: 4251: 4241: 4014: 3905: 3893: 3888: 3167: 3001: 2848: 2722: 2097: 1353: 1295: 1016: 692: 660: 641: 576: 240: 2663:"A cheetah relocated from Namibia to India as part of conservation efforts has died" 1627: 1596:"How cheetahs went extinct in India, and the plan to reintroduce them into the wild" 3928: 3511: 2344: 1137: 948: 892: 778: 703: 3292:"Inadequate space for cheetahs in MP's Kuno National Park, claims ex-WII official" 1500: 1066: 2849:"Cheetahs in Kuno: Is India's effort to reintroduce the big cat facing a crisis?" 2308:"Not rejected any of the 8 cheetahs to be translocated from Namibia, says Centre" 1289: 2759: 2409: 1228: 677: 637: 1696: 1377: 1026: 981:
cheetahs to be genetically different from Asian Cheetahs which is against the
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in 1952. The Asiatic subspecies is now found only in Iran and is declared as
3256:"India's cheetah reintroduction plan ignored spatial ecology, scientists say" 1484: 1237: 4068: 3900: 3260: 3099: 3063:"Captive for months, experts fear cheetahs at Kuno may face breeding issues" 2791: 2275:"Cheetahs from Namibia set to reach in Sept: Union Minister Bhupender Yadav" 2166: 1798: 1104: 1054: 920: 668: 648: 609: 541: 2533:"India's first cheetah couple released into the wild of Kuno National Park" 1492: 1420:"Rare triplet Asiatic cheetah cubs mark an important first for the species" 1395: 943:
in Rajasthan. As per the report, Kuno-Palpur which had hosted all the four
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level differentiation. The experts argued for the introduction of the
3809: 3224:"In-principle approval for release of cheetah into Kuno's wilderness" 2130:"Supreme Court stalls Centre's plan to reintroduce cheetahs in India" 1147:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 41–44. 1070:
A cheetah, introduced as a part of the project, in Kuno National Park
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Khudsar, F. A.; Sharma, K.; Rao, R. J.; Chundawat, R. S. (2008).
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in 1948. The last known sighting was that of a female in 1951 in
3002:"First cheetah cubs born in India since extinction 70 years ago" 2945: 2630:"2 Namibian cheetahs first to be released into the wild in Kuno" 2602: 2376: 1563:"After 75 Years, Cheetahs Return to India in a Grand Experiment" 774: 754:
reportedly offered to send a few members of related sub-species
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Project: Wildlife Forensic and Conservation of animals in India
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
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A report on the feasibility of cheetah reintroduction in India
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Assessing the potential for reintroducing the cheetah in India
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More than 70 years after India's native subspecies of the
3362:"Cheetah Ventures Out of Kuno, Authorities Bring It Back" 983:
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
659:. The species had a gradual history of habitat loss. In 2566:"India's first cheetah couple released in wild in Kuno" 1919:"Three Sites Recommended for Reintroduction of Cheetah" 1193:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma
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Scientists from Namibia have indicated concern on the
2372:"India Gets Cheetahs Again After 70 Years: 10 Points" 1754:"Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ" 1145:
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
3032:"Female Cheetah 'Daksha' dies in Kuno National Park" 2914:"Ninth Cheetah in Kuno Died Due to Maggot Infection" 4229: 4084: 3921: 3864: 3833: 3753: 3620: 3500: 2661:Subramaniam, Tara; Suri, Manveena (28 March 2023). 616:; Drawing by James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, c.1812 499:
Introduction of southeast African cheetahs in India
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(1996). 991:National Tiger Conservation Authority 722:In 1955, the State Wildlife Board of 7: 3111:from the original on 25 January 2024 3000:Gillett, Francesca (29 March 2023). 2953:from the original on 16 January 2024 2512:from the original on 31 January 2023 2500:Goodwin, Allegra (27 January 2023). 2449:from the original on 6 November 2022 2208:from the original on 29 January 2020 2178:from the original on 29 January 2020 1994:from the original on 30 January 2023 1890:Ravindran, Shruti (5 October 2009). 1806:from the original on 29 January 2020 1770:from the original on 17 January 2016 358:South Asian Zoo Association (SAZARC) 2972:Chellam, Ravi (14 September 2024). 2320:from the original on 29 August 2022 2306:Nandi, Jayashree (28 August 2022). 2287:from the original on 26 August 2022 2254:from the original on 3 October 2022 2073:from the original on 8 October 2010 1946:"Rajasthan to be home for cheetahs" 1628:"India plans return of the cheetah" 1521:"Rajasthan to be home for cheetahs" 1085:Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project 947:that existed earlier including the 290:Ministry of Environment and Forests 164:Conservation and community reserves 3372:from the original on 12 April 2023 3341:from the original on 12 April 2023 3147:from the original on 10 March 2024 3012:from the original on 29 March 2023 2894:from the original on 4 August 2023 2673:from the original on 29 March 2023 2642:from the original on 13 March 2023 2578:from the original on 13 March 2023 2545:from the original on 14 March 2023 2403:Noronha, Rahul (7 November 2022). 2352:from the original on 1 August 2022 1871:from the original on 4 August 2020 1695:Bagla, Pallava (28 January 2003). 1608:from the original on 5 August 2023 1244:from the original on 3 August 2022 1164:from the original on 7 August 2007 14: 3592:Conservation biology of parasites 2610:from the original on 25 June 2023 2142:from the original on 3 March 2017 2128:Srivasthava, Kumar (8 May 2012). 1958:from the original on 29 July 2009 1676:from the original on 3 March 2021 567:The relocation was supervised by 4295: 4294: 3708:Tropical rainforest conservation 3612:Vulnerability and susceptibility 3434:from the original on 19 May 2023 2829:from the original on 25 May 2023 2799:from the original on 26 May 2023 2767:from the original on 20 May 2023 2109:from the original on 10 May 2012 1857:Marker, Laurie (24 April 2018). 1265:Indian Forestry Through the Ages 937:Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuaries 835: 819: 803: 796: 373:World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 31: 4326:Cheetah reintroduction in India 4257:NatureServe conservation status 3542:Conservation-induced extinction 3402:from the original on 1 May 2023 3308:from the original on 3 May 2024 3272:from the original on 3 May 2024 3222:Naveen, P. (15 December 2023). 3042:from the original on 9 May 2023 2880:Tomar, Shruti (3 August 2023). 2735:from the original on 1 May 2023 2703:from the original on 1 May 2023 1723:Lamont, James (5 August 2009). 1594:Malhotra, Ragu (10 June 2022). 1326:Divyabhanusinh, Chavda (1999). 295:National Biodiversity Authority 4341:Wildlife conservation in India 3648:Conservation management system 3532:Conservation-dependent species 3492:Index of conservation articles 2023:(Report). 2010. Archived from 974:reintroduction of native lions 684:ever born to captive animals. 632:in the east, extending to the 319:Institute of Forest Management 189:Reserved and protected forests 1: 3874:Assisted natural regeneration 3678:Ecoregion conservation status 1476:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00126-9 1449:Lee, Kenneth (3 April 2001). 1210:Lodh, Sayan (December 2020). 644:supposedly used cheetahs for 4336:Conservation-reliant species 4262:Special Area of Conservation 3800:Landscape-scale conservation 3795:High conservation value area 3673:Community-based conservation 2564:Naveen, P. (13 March 2023). 2531:Naveen, P. (11 March 2023). 2273:Roy, Esha (20 August 2022). 1944:Dey, Anindo (26 July 2009). 963:Legal troubles and clearance 933:Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary 329:Tiger Conservation Authority 305:Council of Forestry Research 265:Wildlife Protection Act 2002 260:Wildlife Protection Act 1972 4280:List of conservation issues 3688:Evidence-based conservation 3582:Mutualisms and conservation 2235:Wildlife Institute of India 2062:Wildlife Institute of India 1229:10.52919/altralang.v2i02.84 1109:state government of Gujarat 1013:Wildlife Institute of India 915:In late 2009, as a part of 863:Wildlife Institute of India 718:Early re-introduction plans 573:Wildlife Institute of India 4357: 3730:Roadless area conservation 3522:Compassionate conservation 1378:10.1038/s41598-020-60751-7 1263:Sharad Singh Negi (1994). 939:in Madhya Pradesh and the 626:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 514:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 4275: 3487: 1892:"Spotted: Lean Cat Rerun" 1062:Sustainability and impact 1041:Cheetah Conservation Fund 1021:Cheetah Conservation Fund 884:Southeast African cheetah 875:National Cancer Institute 867:Cheetah Conservation Fund 756:Southeast African cheetah 581:Cheetah Conservation Fund 522:Southeast African cheetah 4117:Central African Republic 3765:Conservation designation 3683:Environmental protection 3668:Conspicuous conservation 3658:Conservation photography 3633:Conservation development 3628:Conservation agriculture 1519:Dey, A. (16 July 2009). 760:Acinonyx jubatus jubatus 744:wildlife conservationist 696:Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo 526:Acinonyx jubatus jubatus 3856:Human–wildlife conflict 3740:Site-based conservation 3663:Conservation psychology 3481:Conservation of species 2172:Indo-Asian News Service 2058:Wildlife Trust of India 2021:Wildlife Trust of India 1288:Tritsch, M. F. (2001). 1019:, of the Namibia-based 579:, of the Namibia-based 363:World Animal Protection 179:Private protected areas 3913:Species reintroduction 3572:Latent extinction risk 1662:Sahaubbudin, Ghazala. 1183:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 1071: 1031: 969:Supreme Court of India 734:formally wrote to the 617: 554:Supreme Court of India 255:Indian Forest Act 1927 4331:Conservation projects 4321:Animal reintroduction 4285:List of organisations 3939:Hawaiian honeycreeper 3879:Ecosystem restoration 3851:Habitat fragmentation 3846:Fortress conservation 3805:Marine protected area 3775:Conservation easement 3770:Conservation district 3735:Roadside conservation 3653:Conservation movement 3597:Species translocation 3537:Conservation genetics 3527:Conservation behavior 2380:. 17 September 2022. 1834:. 10 September 2009. 1634:. 20 September 2009. 1097:mass mortality events 1069: 1029: 750:. In the late 1980s, 712:critically endangered 636:in the south. In the 607: 534:critically endangered 310:Indian Forest Service 4247:Planetary boundaries 4237:Conservation officer 3841:Conservation refugee 3790:Habitat conservation 3780:Conservation reserve 3745:Wetland conservation 3643:Conservation grazing 3638:Conservation finance 3602:Conservation welfare 3567:In-situ conservation 3562:Extinction threshold 3557:Ex-situ conservation 3302:Press Trust of India 3266:Press Trust of India 3141:Press Trust of India 3105:Press Trust of India 2477:. 28 November 2022. 2202:Agence France-Presse 2103:Press Trust of India 2030:on 27 September 2011 1766:. 9 September 2009. 1764:Press Trust of India 853:class=notpageimage| 391:Environmental issues 199:Wildlife sanctuaries 3587:Nature conservation 3577:Marine conservation 3547:Conservation status 3107:. 23 January 2024. 2445:. 6 November 2022. 2204:. 28 January 2020. 2174:. 28 January 2020. 1985:Government of India 1467:2001CBio...11.R245L 1370:2020NatSR..10.4618R 1364:(1). Nature: 4618. 1199:. pp. 324–330. 1080:African cheetahs. 790:Project formulation 752:Government of Kenya 732:Government of India 550:Government of India 520:, small numbers of 442:Wildlife population 3884:Island restoration 3815:Open space reserve 3607:Threatened species 3427:The Indian Express 3297:The Economic Times 3229:The Times of India 3196:The Indian Express 3189:Anand, U. (2013). 3136:The Economic Times 2635:The Indian Express 2571:The Times of India 2538:The Times of India 2442:The Indian Express 2280:The Indian Express 1987:. September 2010. 1951:The Times of India 1759:The Times of India 1702:The Indian Express 1601:The Indian Express 1568:The New York Times 1526:The Times of India 1358:Scientific Reports 1197:Taylor and Francis 1072: 1032: 1009:Yadvendradev Jhala 941:Shahgarh landscape 871:Stephen J. O'Brien 740:Iranian Revolution 736:Iranian government 618: 569:Yadvendradev Jhala 558:Kuno National Park 435:Zoological gardens 324:Wildlife Institute 248:Acts of Parliament 159:Conservation areas 149:Biosphere reserves 89:Endangered animals 4308: 4307: 4267:Soil conservation 3820:Wildlife corridor 3703:Forest protection 3698:Forest management 3398:. 30 April 2023. 3304:. 30 April 2023. 3268:. 21 April 2023. 3143:. 10 March 2024. 2857:. 5 August 2023. 2731:. 24 April 2023. 2638:. 12 March 2023. 2606:. 22 March 2023. 1337:978-8-195-58781-0 1305:978-0-007-11062-9 1291:Wildlife of India 1274:978-8-173-87020-0 1154:978-2-8317-0045-8 1138:"Asiatic cheetah" 1089:Gir National Park 978:Gir National Park 967:In May 2012, the 497: 496: 425:Botanical gardens 169:Elephant reserves 25:Wildlife of India 4348: 4298: 4297: 4182:Papua New Guinea 4074:Cryopreservation 4039:Gray nurse shark 3693:Flagship species 3517:Captive breeding 3474: 3467: 3460: 3451: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3199:. Archived from 3186: 3180: 3179: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2348:. 29 July 2022. 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2253: 2232: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2072: 2066:(Report). 2010. 2054: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2029: 2018: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1668: 1659: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1558: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1516: 1505: 1504: 1478: 1461:(7): R245–R246. 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1389: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1231: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1187:Acinonyx jubatus 1180: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1142: 1133: 1077:K. Ullas Karanth 839: 823: 807: 800: 702:in northwestern 588:K. Ullas Karanth 560:in the state of 489: 482: 475: 154:Communal forests 35: 21: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4271: 4225: 4080: 3998:Indian elephant 3917: 3860: 3829: 3825:30 by 30 target 3756: 3749: 3725:Riparian buffer 3616: 3503: 3496: 3483: 3478: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3430:. 18 May 2023. 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2939:Dwary, Anurag. 2938: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2887:Hindustan Times 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2825:. 25 May 2023. 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2795:. 25 May 2023. 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2763:. 20 May 2023. 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2474:Hindustan Times 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2313:Hindustan Times 2305: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1980: 1978:Project Cheetah 1976: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1560: 1559: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1455:Current Biology 1448: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1426:. 11 May 2022. 1418: 1417: 1413: 1400: 1398: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1306: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1117:spatial ecology 1107:. Although the 1095:from potential 1064: 1050: 1004: 1002:Re-introduction 965: 917:Project Cheetah 859: 858: 857: 855: 849: 848: 847: 846: 840: 832: 831: 830: 824: 816: 815: 814: 808: 792: 787: 785:Project Cheetah 720: 708:locally extinct 700:Koriya district 672:rapid decline. 622:Asiatic cheetah 602: 593:spatial ecology 510:Asiatic cheetah 500: 493: 464: 463: 406:Natural history 386: 378: 377: 278: 270: 269: 214: 204: 203: 144: 142:Protected areas 134: 133: 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4354: 4352: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4290:List of people 4287: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4202:United Kingdom 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4049:Painted turtle 4046: 4041: 4036: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4007: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3968: 3966:American bison 3960: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3413: 3383: 3352: 3319: 3283: 3247: 3214: 3203:on 20 May 2013 3181: 3158: 3122: 3086: 3053: 3038:. 9 May 2023. 3023: 2992: 2964: 2931: 2920:. 14 July 2023 2905: 2872: 2840: 2810: 2778: 2746: 2714: 2684: 2653: 2621: 2589: 2556: 2523: 2492: 2460: 2428: 2395: 2363: 2331: 2298: 2265: 2243: 2219: 2189: 2153: 2120: 2105:. 8 May 2012. 2084: 2041: 2005: 1969: 1936: 1910: 1882: 1849: 1817: 1781: 1742: 1715: 1687: 1649: 1619: 1586: 1544: 1506: 1441: 1411: 1343: 1336: 1315: 1304: 1298:. p. 17. 1280: 1273: 1255: 1202: 1175: 1153: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1063: 1060: 1049: 1046: 1039:Namibia-based 1015:and zoologist 1003: 1000: 995:Union minister 964: 961: 929:Madhya Pradesh 869:among others. 851: 850: 842: 841: 834: 833: 826: 825: 818: 817: 810: 809: 802: 801: 795: 794: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 724:Andhra Pradesh 719: 716: 689:Indian princes 674:Trophy hunting 665:Northern India 634:Deccan Plateau 630:Gangetic plain 614:Indian cheetah 601: 598: 575:and zoologist 562:Madhya Pradesh 538:Northern India 498: 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 456: 451: 445: 444: 438: 437: 432: 427: 421: 420: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 385:Related topics 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 344: 343: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 307: 302: 297: 292: 286: 285: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 257: 251: 250: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 222: 221: 215: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 196: 194:Tiger reserves 191: 186: 181: 176: 174:National parks 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 145: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 64: 58: 57: 52: 46: 41: 40: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4353: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:IUCN Red List 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4242:De-extinction 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4214:United States 4212: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 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Index

Wildlife of India

Biodiversity
Fauna
Flora
Amphibians
Ants
Birds
Butterflies
Endangered animals
Fish
Mammals
Molluscs
Moths
Odonates
Reptiles
Spiders
Tiger beetles
Protected areas
Biosphere reserves
Communal forests
Conservation areas
Conservation and community reserves
Elephant reserves
National parks
Private protected areas
Ramsar Sites
Reserved and protected forests
Tiger reserves
Wildlife sanctuaries

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