737:
597:
832:
784:. Pressure to convert to Christianity and adopt Russian culture by the tsarist authorities in the 17th and 18th century led to backlash by the Maris as they faced persecution to conform. While in theory Mari people converted to Russian Orthodoxy, in practice they kept to their old practices relatively unhindered, and the interaction with Christianity spurred growth of syncretic form of religions where Christian system of belief is combined with pagan traditions and rituals.
45:
262:
120:
249:
204:
162:
141:
91:
183:
76:
736:
1085:
624:
in the region. According to Vasily
Pekteyev of the Mari National Theater in Yoshkar-Ola, " hated the Mari people". He noted that the Mari language is no longer taught in villages or schools and that the republic of Mari El "has already ceased to be an ethnic republic in anything but name. We are just
574:
was eliminated from schools and only
Russian was taught instead, many Mari people were resettled and sent to work in remote parts of the Soviet Union, and Mari communities were forcibly enlarged under the Soviet policy of eliminating "unpromising villages", leading to Russian settlement and greatly
748:
that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as a source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as
1604:
Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Majander, Kerttu; Jeong, Choongwon; Salmela, Elina; Wessman, Anna; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Balanovsky, Oleg; Ongyerth, Matthias; Weihmann, Antje; Sajantila, Antti; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante; Onkamo, Päivi; Haak, Wolfgang (2018-11-27).
1505:
Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018).
749:
they refrain from harming or opposing it. The indigenous religion of the Mari people is the most important element of their national identity and tradition; speaking of their faith, many Mari intellectuals concluded that "to kill our faith means to kill us".
579:
was subjected to one of the harshest
Russification measures in the USSR. Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as
1100:
Parpola, A.; Carpelan, C. (2005). "The cultural counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan: Matching the dispersal and contact patterns in the linguistic and archaeological record". In Bryant, E. F. (ed.).
565:
Until the 1930s, the Mari people had no cultural ties to Russia and were able to maintain its own culture and identity, as cultural interaction with Russia was "limited to the payment of tributes and taxes". However, intensive
662:
living in
Estonia. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas.
633:
expressed its concern over reports of repression against ethnic Mari opposition figures, journalists, and government officials that promoted Mari culture and opposed
Markelov's reappointment as head of the republic that year.
514:". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from
3933:
1041:
2438:
807:(also known as "dual faith") consisting of baptized Mari who follow pagan traditions while also attending Christian services and celebrating Christian feasts. Lastly, there is a neopagan revivalist movement called
776:(Чумбулат), or Chumbylat (Чумбылат), a renowned leader and warrior. Attempts to convert the Maris to Christianity began in the 16th century after their territory was incorporated into the
1022:
596:
2197:
3562:
522:. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their
3721:
903:
affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the
Russian region of Mari El with 1 of every 14,000 newborns affected.
1751:
693:. It is written with a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible:
3716:
3938:
2345:
2214:
3225:
2651:
2640:
1282:
2452:
851:
peoples and has its roots in East
Eurasia. According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others in their 2018 study, 46.4% of Mari men have
576:
479:(= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the
658:, who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. There is also a small group of Mari people
3918:
2190:
1195:
867:
756:
also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens, the most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо,
554:" of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the
1744:
1478:
1436:
1110:
840:
831:
347:
511:
3913:
2183:
1334:
678:
803:
who are non-baptized Mari pagans and try to distance themselves from
Christian traditions in favour of mainly pagan traditions,
510:. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "
3441:
539:
3778:
3511:
2904:
3467:
3151:
1737:
1384:
1308:
811:
which rejects
Christianity altogether in favour of "pure" pagan faith. About 60% of Mari pagans belong to the syncretic
3943:
3751:
1710:
714:
3653:
3506:
3816:
3481:
2461:
1973:
659:
651:
3536:
2206:
1290:
863:
is a clearly less yet the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup for Maris, as it is carried by 22.7% of them.
796:
799:, pagans still comprise a significant minority of around 25%. Mari paganism is divided into three groups -
3297:
3133:
2161:
1427:
Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott; Knorre, Boris (30 April 2013). "Neopaganism in the Mari El
Republic".
722:
690:
429:
2433:
655:
3589:
3302:
3273:
3210:
1769:
1070:
702:
643:
425:
1508:"Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations"
647:
3928:
3908:
3736:
2538:
1904:
1618:
1149:
954:
883:
879:
875:
871:
753:
523:
265:
3604:
3594:
3581:
3399:
3292:
3278:
2447:
630:
551:
546:. Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti-
353:
278:
1130:. Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia, Sarja B , nide 187. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
1004:
3887:
3811:
3756:
3648:
3575:
3491:
2975:
1586:
1304:
1264:
459:
in the fourth century AD can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of the
417:
1718:
1142:
44:
3522:
3516:
3496:
3452:
3263:
2982:
2117:
1654:
1636:
1547:
1529:
1484:
1474:
1432:
1191:
1106:
856:
852:
844:
781:
626:
507:
471:
with "Mari" is controversial. The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from
252:
1241:
3923:
3741:
3599:
3543:
3327:
3200:
3028:
2832:
2794:
2601:
2156:
1934:
1919:
1761:
1694:
1644:
1626:
1578:
1537:
1519:
1256:
1220:
981:
848:
654:, who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and
393:
327:
231:
3347:
1698:
1567:"Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region"
3882:
3831:
3806:
3726:
3682:
3630:
3556:
3164:
3111:
3083:
3076:
3055:
2941:
2779:
2764:
2545:
2135:
1026:
1019:
894:
889:
Autosomally, Mari people stand out as an ethnic group in Europe by having a high level of
617:
613:
261:
2807:
1896:
1451:
1071:
Population distribution of Latvia by ethnic composition and citizenship as of 01.01.2019.
1622:
1335:"A Common Language: Russia's 'Ethnic' Republics See Language Bill As Existential Threat"
893:-related admixture. Tambets and others estimated that it is 35% of their ancestry. This
3796:
3786:
3486:
3446:
3412:
3381:
3374:
3312:
3238:
3215:
3069:
3034:
2784:
2664:
2622:
2552:
2340:
2314:
2309:
1909:
1882:
1839:
1706:
1649:
1607:"Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe"
1606:
1542:
1507:
917:
860:
777:
581:
503:
401:
357:
3902:
3821:
3772:
3658:
3614:
3570:
3459:
3394:
3389:
3367:
3342:
3322:
3205:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3062:
2968:
2961:
2947:
2769:
2750:
2745:
2732:
2615:
2490:
2381:
2350:
2140:
2125:
1812:
1268:
1154:. Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10. Klagenfurt: Alpen-Adria-Universität
1042:
State statistics committee of Ukraine – Ethnic composition of population, 2001 census
941:
912:
900:
686:
672:
621:
588:
and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders.
571:
567:
519:
496:
492:
484:
377:
302:
227:
2097:
1729:
1590:
1055:
487:. During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling
3872:
3609:
3195:
3118:
3048:
3018:
2889:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2740:
2684:
2588:
2575:
2510:
2422:
2417:
2403:
2252:
2130:
2079:
2037:
1822:
1807:
1566:
1408:Шкалина, Галина. "Язычество народа Мари-феномен европейской культуры". "Етносфера".
718:
710:
480:
1924:
1914:
1260:
795:
Mari traditional religion organizations. While most Mari today are members of the
612:
saw a revival of Mari culture and language. However, following the appointment of
248:
1671:
3862:
3852:
3791:
3708:
3530:
3426:
3284:
3125:
3041:
2954:
2894:
2879:
2774:
2517:
2319:
2224:
2102:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1817:
706:
698:
543:
1631:
1388:
1225:
1208:
870:
haplogroups in the Volga-Ural region found that 40% of the Maris belong to the
424:-, meaning 'human', literally 'mortal', which indicates early contacts between
3731:
3664:
3638:
3624:
3419:
3317:
3258:
2928:
2884:
2704:
2694:
2409:
2355:
2089:
2066:
2042:
1582:
1524:
1313:
922:
788:
535:
365:
125:
1640:
1533:
1488:
728:
In the 2002 census, 451,033 people stated that they spoke the Mari language.
3867:
3697:
3672:
3551:
3405:
3268:
3233:
2917:
2802:
2756:
2608:
2504:
2496:
2370:
2365:
2265:
2237:
2107:
2054:
2017:
2009:
1847:
1834:
1829:
1785:
1778:
773:
745:
694:
585:
559:
456:
381:
1723:
1658:
1551:
1188:
The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of nationalities, 1917–1924
445:
Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer
2175:
1565:
Bermisheva, M. A.; Tambets, K.; Villems, R.; Khusnutdinova, E. K. (2002).
1360:"European Commission 'Concerned' Over Treatment Of Finno-Ugric Minorities"
608:
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly created republic of
3877:
3692:
3501:
3307:
3187:
3180:
3005:
2912:
2864:
2846:
2817:
2719:
2689:
2531:
2525:
2469:
2325:
2295:
2285:
2258:
2244:
2230:
2145:
2029:
1983:
1864:
1853:
1795:
949:
792:
555:
534:
During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of
446:
495:, which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the
17:
3847:
3826:
3746:
3687:
3643:
3169:
3144:
3138:
3013:
2995:
2990:
2822:
2714:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2583:
2475:
2388:
2360:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2049:
2001:
1993:
1858:
1359:
1318:
890:
609:
472:
373:
312:
209:
167:
146:
96:
768:). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет,
3801:
3702:
3677:
3337:
3332:
3174:
3159:
2840:
2709:
2699:
2659:
2630:
2593:
2569:
2561:
2482:
2398:
2375:
2332:
2150:
2074:
1988:
1929:
1468:
1429:
Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe
547:
488:
451:
369:
188:
81:
1103:
The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history
677:
1726:, a project about traditional culture and believes of the Ural Mari
1686:
1242:"Nationalism in the USSR: a historical and comparative perspective"
1086:
RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011
620:
in 2001, the government of Mari El has pursued a policy of intense
3619:
3473:
3433:
3361:
3353:
3023:
2936:
2922:
2854:
2812:
2725:
2301:
1802:
1790:
830:
735:
676:
595:
502:
In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the
361:
1333:
Coalson, Robert; Lyubimov, Dmitry; Alpaut, Ramazan (2018-06-20).
3857:
1874:
897:-like Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking groups.
2179:
1733:
475:
sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym
697:(мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank;
3934:
Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
384:
republics. In the past, the Mari have also been known as the
1209:"Impact of Native Culture and Religion on the Mari Language"
336:
1020:
Kazakh Census of 2009. Ethnic composition of the population
518:
1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day
339:
965:
835:
PCA and genetic distances of Uralic-speaking populations
760:). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо,
642:
The Mari people consists of four different groups: the
570:
policies were introduced during the Soviet era - the
348:
701:(марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the
3840:
3765:
3251:
3224:
3004:
2903:
2831:
2793:
2650:
2639:
2213:
2116:
2088:
2065:
2028:
1953:
1895:
1768:
333:
330:
308:
298:
288:
271:
237:
221:
200:
179:
158:
137:
116:
72:
67:
54:
772:) who live on earth. The most revered of these is
650:, who live along the right bank of the Volga, the
1190:, by Stephen Blank, Greenwood Press, London 1994
646:, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the
1701:Europe's Last Pagans' Worship in Marii-El Grove
1213:Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics
1175:The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state
1128:The peoples of Hermanaric Jordanes, Getica 116
815:group, while the remaining 40% is composed of
685:The Mari have their own language, also called
455:among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king
376:republic, with significant populations in the
2191:
1745:
1431:. Vol. 16. Routledge. pp. 387–390.
1056:Ethnic composition of Belarus. Census of 2009
971:
705:and Volga rivers, which includes the city of
575:disempowering the indigenous population. The
8:
1385:"Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года"
1382:Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года,
1151:Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens
791:forms, or purer forms adhering to organized
33:
787:Many Mari today still practice paganism in
2647:
2198:
2184:
2176:
1752:
1738:
1730:
1005:Ethnic groups of Russia in the 2021 census
32:
1648:
1630:
1541:
1523:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1314:"Victims of Stalin repression in Mari El"
1283:"Germans from Russia Heritage Collection"
1224:
577:Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
372:. Almost half of Maris today live in the
360:, who have traditionally lived along the
1715:, an English-language video documentary
1672:ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteopetrosis
1452:Чумбылат – марийский национальный герой
997:
934:
1691:, a blog about Mari culture and issues
948:
285:
1500:
1498:
1470:Encyclopedia of the stateless nations
980:
744:Maris have traditionally practiced a
740:Mari orthodox monks and novices. 1894
483:, and in 1443 became subjects of the
7:
68:Regions with significant populations
3939:Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic
1219:(2). University of Tartu: 185–203.
847:, which is frequently found within
764:) and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо,
709:; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the
855:, and 8.2% belong to the subclade
717:(маре йӹлмӹ) in the South-West of
524:traditional pre-Christian religion
25:
1473:. Greenwood Press. p. 1190.
326:
260:
247:
202:
181:
160:
139:
118:
89:
74:
43:
1364:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1339:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2346:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
874:. About one in four carry the
1:
1358:Lobjakas, Ahto (2005-03-07).
1261:10.1080/00905992.2015.1072811
515:
253:Russian Orthodox Christianity
60:
3919:Indigenous peoples of Europe
1454:(retrieved January 2, 2014)
966:
1724:Ural Mari. There's No Death
1207:Vedernikova, Elena (2014).
689:, which is a member of the
681:Mari composer Ivan Palantai
550:mistrust and to raise the "
3960:
1632:10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5
1240:Shcherbak, Andrey (2015).
1226:10.12697/jeful.2014.5.2.09
1105:. Routledge. p. 119.
958:
945:
670:
558:and the implementation of
1525:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
1148:. In Okuka, Miloš (ed.).
1141:Saarinen, Sirkka (2002).
972:
504:Russian conquest of Kazan
276:
242:
226:
59:
42:
1173:Taagepera, Rein (1999).
1126:Korkkanen, Irma (1975).
841:Y-chromosomal haplogroup
562:control of the society.
107:
86:
27:Finno-Ugric ethnic group
3914:Ethnic groups in Russia
2207:Ethnic groups in Russia
1583:10.1023/A:1021677708482
1467:Minahan, James (2002).
878:(14% have the subclade
797:Russian Orthodox Church
467:) with "Cheremis", and
1177:. New York: Routledge.
836:
782:Ivan IV "the Terrible"
741:
723:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
691:Uralic language family
682:
605:
430:Indo-Iranian languages
1611:Nature Communications
843:among Mari people is
834:
739:
680:
599:
272:Related ethnic groups
3766:Unrecognized peoples
3252:Other ethnic peoples
2539:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
1712:Europe's Last Pagans
1249:Nationalities Papers
982:[mɐˈrʲijtsɨ]
780:during the reign of
754:Mari native religion
648:Hill (Mountain) Mari
618:Head of the republic
600:Mari pagan priests (
540:Peoples Commissariat
266:Mari Native Religion
3841:Assimilated peoples
2434:Meadow-Eastern Mari
1623:2018NatCo...9.5018L
882:and about 10% have
866:A 2002 study about
631:European Commission
552:class consciousness
279:Finno-Ugric peoples
39:
3944:European shamanism
3888:Siberian Bukharans
3024:Aukhovite Chechens
2976:Siberian Bukharans
2302:Aukhovite Chechens
1025:2011-07-23 at the
837:
742:
721:and North-East of
683:
606:
592:Russian Federation
418:Proto-Indo-Iranian
354:Finno-Ugric people
3896:
3895:
3525:
3523:Astrakhan Kazakhs
3247:
3246:
2983:Zabolotnie Tatars
2462:Northwestern Mari
2173:
2172:
1974:Northwestern Mari
1760:Peoples speaking
1719:Photo story, 2014
1571:Molecular Biology
1196:978-0-313-28683-4
1143:"Tscheremissisch"
964:
746:shamanistic faith
715:Northwestern Mari
652:Northwestern Mari
508:Ivan the Terrible
416:derives from the
318:
317:
284:
283:
217:
196:
175:
154:
133:
112:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3951:
3812:Crimean Italians
3781:
3711:
3667:
3633:
3600:Meskhetian Turks
3584:
3565:
3546:
3544:Sakhalin Koreans
3539:
3521:
3476:
3462:
3455:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3356:
3328:Crimean Karaites
3287:
3190:
3183:
3154:
3147:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2931:
2849:
2759:
2735:
2728:
2648:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2602:Astrakhan Tatars
2597:
2578:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2478:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2412:
2391:
2384:
2335:
2328:
2304:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2165:
1762:Uralic languages
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1695:The Moscow Times
1674:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1634:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1527:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1387:. Archived from
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:. Archived from
1287:library.ndsu.edu
1279:
1273:
1272:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1204:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1002:
985:
984:
979:
975:
974:
969:
963:romanized:
962:
960:
952:
947:
939:
839:The most common
629:." In 2005, the
517:
412:The ethnic name
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
286:
264:
251:
215:
208:
206:
205:
194:
187:
185:
184:
173:
166:
164:
163:
152:
145:
143:
142:
131:
124:
122:
121:
110:
108:
102:
95:
93:
92:
87:
80:
78:
77:
62:
55:Total population
47:
40:
21:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3836:
3807:Caucasus Greeks
3779:Afro-Abkhazians
3777:
3761:
3707:
3663:
3631:Kola Norwegians
3629:
3580:
3561:
3542:
3535:
3472:
3458:
3451:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3352:
3283:
3243:
3220:
3186:
3179:
3150:
3143:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3000:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2942:Siberian Tatars
2927:
2899:
2845:
2827:
2789:
2755:
2731:
2724:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2574:
2560:
2551:
2546:Baikal Cossacks
2544:
2537:
2530:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2481:
2474:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2432:
2408:
2387:
2380:
2331:
2324:
2300:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2112:
2084:
2061:
2024:
1949:
1891:
1764:
1758:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1312:
1309:Wayback Machine
1302:
1298:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:Wayback Machine
1018:
1014:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
988:
977:
970:; Russian:
950:[mɑˈɾi]
940:
936:
931:
909:
849:Uralic-speaking
829:
734:
675:
669:
640:
614:Leonid Markelov
594:
532:
443:
438:
410:
390:Cheremis people
329:
325:
259:
255:
246:
203:
201:
182:
180:
161:
159:
140:
138:
119:
117:
106:
105:
90:
88:
85:
84:
75:
73:
50:
37:
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3957:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Astrakhan Jews
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:Siberian Finns
3378:
3375:Murmansk Finns
3371:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3239:Tver Karelians
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:Kuban Cossacks
2549:
2542:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2444:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Crimean Tatars
2338:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1883:Volkhov Chudes
1871:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:Tver Karelians
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1707:RT Documentary
1704:
1692:
1682:
1681:External links
1679:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1596:
1577:(6): 802–812.
1557:
1512:Genome Biology
1494:
1479:
1459:
1444:
1437:
1410:
1401:
1375:
1350:
1325:
1296:
1293:on 2013-10-22.
1274:
1255:(6): 866–885.
1232:
1199:
1180:
1165:
1133:
1118:
1111:
1092:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1045:(in Ukrainian)
1034:
1012:
996:
995:
993:
990:
987:
986:
933:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
920:
918:Mari mythology
915:
908:
905:
828:
825:
778:Russian Empire
733:
730:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
639:
636:
593:
590:
531:
528:
442:
439:
437:
434:
409:
406:
358:Eastern Europe
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:
290:
282:
281:
274:
273:
269:
268:
240:
239:
235:
234:
224:
223:
219:
218:
212:
198:
197:
191:
177:
176:
170:
156:
155:
149:
135:
134:
128:
114:
113:
99:
70:
69:
65:
64:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3956:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Pontic Greeks
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Mountain Jews
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:North Koreans
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3460:Volga Germans
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Georgian Jews
3440:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:Ingrian Finns
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Bukharan Jews
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:Kalmak Tatars
2966:
2963:
2962:Eushta Tatars
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:Baraba Tatars
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:Mishar Tatars
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:Mountain Mari
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
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638:Ethnic groups
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628:
623:
622:Russification
619:
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582:Sergei Čavajn
578:
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572:Mari language
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563:
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544:nationalities
541:
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529:
527:
525:
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520:Bashkortostan
513:
512:Cheremis Wars
509:
505:
500:
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497:Mari language
494:
493:Volga Bulgars
490:
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485:Kazan khanate
482:
478:
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441:Early history
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378:Bashkortostan
375:
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136:
129:
127:
115:
100:
98:
83:
71:
66:
58:
53:
46:
41:
19:
3610:Montenegrins
3298:Azerbaijanis
3134:Azerbaijanis
2589:Volga Tatars
2576:Tozhu Tuvans
2427:
2418:Komi-Permyak
2016:
2008:
2000:
1978:Eastern Mari
1962:
1881:
1873:
1863:
1846:
1823:Tornedalians
1808:Forest Finns
1777:
1770:Baltic Finns
1711:
1700:
1687:
1667:
1614:
1610:
1599:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1515:
1511:
1469:
1462:
1456:(in Russian)
1447:
1428:
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1317:
1305:Ghostarchive
1303:Archived at
1299:
1291:the original
1286:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1150:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1102:
1095:
1081:
1075:(in Latvian)
1066:
1060:(in Russian)
1051:
1037:
1031:(in Russian)
1015:
1009:(in Russian)
1000:
937:
899:
888:
876:haplogroup U
872:haplogroup H
865:
838:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
786:
769:
766:Mardezh Yumo
765:
761:
757:
751:
743:
727:
719:Kirov Oblast
711:Vyatka River
684:
656:Eastern Mari
641:
607:
601:
564:
533:
530:Soviet Union
501:
481:Golden Horde
476:
468:
464:
460:
450:
444:
421:
413:
411:
397:
389:
385:
321:
319:
292:
256:
243:
30:Ethnic group
3929:Volga Finns
3909:Mari people
3792:Armeno-Tats
3709:Ural Swedes
3595:Macedonians
3590:Lithuanians
3427:Mingrelians
3303:Belarusians
3285:Cherkesogai
2955:Chat Tatars
2451: [
2437: [
2160: [
1967:Meadow Mari
1955:Volga Finns
1910:Kildin Sámi
1617:(1): 5018.
955:Meadow Mari
707:Yoshkar-Ola
699:Meadow Mari
660:Baltic Mari
644:Meadow Mari
465:Sremniscans
426:Finno-Ugric
49:Meadow Mari
3903:Categories
3752:Vietnamese
3737:Ukrainians
3665:Ruska Roma
3639:Pakistanis
3625:Norwegians
3582:Latgalians
3492:Hungarians
3453:Mennonites
3318:Bulgarians
3201:Tabasarans
2695:Kamchadals
2641:Indigenous
2410:Izhma Komi
2356:Kabardians
2090:Hungarians
2067:Ob-Ugrians
2043:Izhma Komi
1930:Skolt Sámi
1905:Inari Sámi
1518:(1): 139.
1395:2008-01-16
1369:2018-06-21
1344:2018-06-21
992:References
967:Marij-vlak
959:Марий-влак
923:Mari Ushem
821:Kugu Sorta
813:Marla Vera
809:Kugu Sorta
805:Marla Vera
536:Narkomnats
461:Imniscaris
368:rivers in
126:Kazakhstan
3883:Pumpokols
3698:Spaniards
3673:Romanians
3605:Moldovans
3552:Krymchaks
3487:Hamshenis
3406:Adjarians
3400:Georgians
3348:Estonians
3293:Assyrians
3279:Armenians
3269:Americans
3234:Besermyan
3152:Kubachins
3077:Chamalals
3056:Bagvalals
2918:Kumandins
2847:Hamnigans
2803:Izhorians
2795:Northwest
2765:Nganasans
2757:Khandeyar
2652:Far North
2623:Nağaybäks
2609:Kryashens
2505:Ossetians
2497:Khandeyar
2371:Karelians
2366:Karachays
2266:Telengits
2238:Natukhajs
2136:Nganasans
2108:Magyarabs
2055:Besermans
2010:Meshchera
1970:Hill Mari
1925:Pite Sámi
1915:Lule Sámi
1848:Livonians
1835:Karelians
1830:Izhorians
1786:Estonians
1779:Bjarmians
1641:2041-1723
1534:1474-760X
1489:314923345
1269:142662859
789:syncretic
774:Chumbulat
695:Hill Mari
586:Olyk Ipai
560:Bolshevik
457:Ermanaric
386:Cheremisa
382:Tatarstan
257:Minority:
244:Majority:
222:Languages
3878:Meschera
3832:Sireniki
3773:Africans
3722:Turkmens
3693:Slovenes
3649:Persians
3576:Latvians
3507:Japanese
3502:Italians
3308:Bosniaks
3216:Tsakhurs
3188:Karagash
3181:Ak Nogai
3112:Khwarshi
3084:Godoberi
3070:Botlikhs
3035:Akhvakhs
3006:Dagestan
2996:Tofalars
2913:Kamasins
2865:Negidals
2833:Far East
2818:Vepsians
2780:Yukaghir
2720:Alyutors
2690:Itelmens
2665:Chukchis
2532:Cossacks
2526:Russians
2470:Mordvins
2326:Besleney
2320:Cherkess
2296:Chechens
2286:Bashkirs
2273:Tubalars
2259:Chelkans
2253:Altaians
2245:Shapsugs
2231:Bzhedugs
2146:Kamasins
2118:Samoyeds
2103:Székelys
2030:Permians
1984:Mordvins
1945:Ume Sámi
1940:Ter Sámi
1865:Kreevins
1854:Vepsians
1688:MariUver
1659:30479341
1591:16959586
1552:30241495
1307:and the
1023:Archived
907:See also
895:Nganasan
891:Siberian
827:Genetics
823:pagans.
793:neopagan
762:Tul Yumo
732:Religion
703:Kokshaga
667:Language
625:another
556:Red Army
491:and the
447:Jordanes
396:and the
352:) are a
299:Language
238:Religion
109:246,560
101:423,803
18:Cheremis
3924:Mari El
3848:Agrzhan
3827:Qaratay
3817:Korlaks
3757:Yazidis
3747:Uyghurs
3688:Slovaks
3644:Pamiris
3563:Kurmanj
3531:Koreans
3517:Kazakhs
3497:Indians
3447:Germans
3413:Ingiloy
3343:Dungans
3313:Britons
3264:Afghans
3170:Lezgins
3145:Kaitags
3139:Dargins
3105:Karatas
3098:Hunzibs
3091:Hinukhs
3063:Bezhtas
3014:Abazins
2991:Teleuts
2905:Siberia
2823:Votians
2770:Selkups
2715:Koryaks
2680:Dolgans
2675:Chuvans
2670:Chulyms
2643:peoples
2584:Udmurts
2476:Mokshas
2389:Abugach
2382:Koibals
2361:Kalmyks
2315:Chuvash
2310:Chukchi
2291:Buryats
2281:Balkars
2215:Titular
2141:Selkups
2098:Csángós
2050:Udmurts
2002:Meryans
1994:Mokshas
1650:6258758
1619:Bibcode
1543:6151024
1319:YouTube
973:марийцы
817:Chimari
801:Chimari
770:keremet
610:Mari El
548:Russian
477:tsarmis
449:in his
436:History
394:Russian
388:or the
374:Mari El
313:Mari El
309:Country
232:Russian
210:Estonia
168:Belarus
147:Ukraine
97:Mari El
63:600,000
38:марийцы
3868:Muroma
3802:Buzava
3742:Uzbeks
3717:Tajiks
3703:Swedes
3678:Rusyns
3571:Kyrgyz
3468:Greeks
3395:Gagauz
3390:French
3338:Czechs
3333:Cubans
3259:Abkhaz
3206:Talysh
3196:Rutuls
3175:Nogais
3160:Kumyks
3119:Tindis
3049:Archis
3019:Aghuls
2937:Soyots
2875:Orochs
2870:Nivkhs
2841:Evenks
2785:Yupiks
2751:Nenets
2746:Naukan
2733:Karaga
2710:Khanty
2700:Kereks
2660:Aleuts
2631:Yakuts
2594:Tatars
2570:Tuvans
2562:Pomors
2511:Digors
2491:Nenets
2483:Erzyas
2399:Khanty
2376:Khakas
2351:Ingush
2333:Ademey
2225:Adyghe
2157:Mators
2151:Yurats
2126:Nenets
2075:Khanty
2018:Muroma
1989:Erzyas
1657:
1647:
1639:
1589:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1487:
1477:
1435:
1267:
1194:
1158:4 July
1109:
853:N-M178
713:; and
627:oblast
538:, the
506:under
489:Tatars
473:Khazar
469:Merens
452:Getica
420:root *
398:Çirmeş
370:Russia
349:MAR-ee
289:People
277:Other
216:(2011)
207:
195:(2019)
189:Latvia
186:
174:(2009)
165:
153:(2001)
151:4,130
144:
132:(2009)
130:4,416
123:
111:(2021)
103:(2021)
94:
82:Russia
79:
3873:Merya
3863:Kotts
3853:Asans
3787:Ainus
3727:Turks
3683:Serbs
3654:Poles
3620:Mugat
3557:Kurds
3474:Urums
3434:Svans
3362:Finns
3354:Setos
3274:Arabs
3226:Other
3042:Andis
3029:Avars
2923:Shors
2895:Ulchs
2890:Udege
2880:Oroks
2860:Nanai
2855:Evens
2813:Setos
2775:Yughs
2741:Mansi
2726:Apuka
2685:Enets
2518:Irons
2455:]
2441:]
2423:Mansi
2164:]
2131:Enets
2080:Mansi
1875:Chuds
1859:Votes
1818:Kvens
1803:Finns
1796:Võros
1791:Setos
1587:S2CID
1265:S2CID
1245:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
929:Notes
868:mtDNA
857:N-P43
422:márya
402:Tatar
362:Volga
303:Marij
3858:Chud
3732:Udis
3659:Roma
3512:Jews
3211:Tats
3165:Laks
3126:Tsez
2808:Sámi
2705:Kets
2592:(as
2428:Mari
2404:Komi
2038:Komi
1963:Mari
1897:Sámi
1655:PMID
1637:ISSN
1548:PMID
1530:ISSN
1485:OCLC
1475:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1160:2020
1107:ISBN
978:IPA:
946:мари
942:Mari
819:and
752:The
687:Mari
602:kart
584:and
542:for
463:(or
428:and
414:mari
408:Name
380:and
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364:and
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320:The
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228:Mari
214:241
193:234
172:416
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1627:doi
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1257:doi
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