129:
1178:. It terminated the tribal courts, made tribal members subject to federal legislation, and gave the federal government the authority to determine tribal membership. The Curtis Act provided that residents of Indian Territory had voting rights in local elections and gave the federal government the right to incorporate towns and establish public educational facilities. Under its terms tribal governments of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Nations would be abolished on March 6, 1906 in preparation for uniting Indian and
43:
367:
462:
1049:
1276:
395:
381:
741:
1128:. All Five Tribes acknowledged "in writing that, because of the agreements they had made with the Confederate States during the Civil War, previous treaties made with the United States would no longer be upheld, thus prompting the need for a new treaty and an opportunity for the United States to fulfill its goal of wrenching more land" from their grasp. The new treaty established peace and requiring them to
409:
448:
926:
423:
910:
497:
1477:
1246:
128:
801:(1811–1827), both former warriors of Dragging Canoe. "The separation", a phrase which the Cherokee used to describe the period after 1776, when the Chickamauga had left other bands that were in close proximity to Anglo-American settlements, officially ended at the Cherokee reunification council of 1809.
963:). Negotiating with states to give up western claims was part of the unfinished business from the American Revolution and establishing of the United States. European Americans were seeking more land in what became known as the Deep South because of the expansion of cotton plantations. Invention of the
613:
and their descendants. The nation was recognized as a sovereign government; because the majority of its leaders allied with the
Confederacy, the United States required a new peace treaty after the American Civil War, which also provided for emancipation of Cherokee slaves. The territory was partially
629:
extended the provisions of the Dawes Act to the Five Tribes, in preparation for the admission of
Oklahoma as a state in 1907. It provided for the distribution of tribal lands to individuals and also gave the federal government the authority to determine who were members of each tribe. The Curtis Act
1508:
in the
Confederate States, including those held by the Cherokee. In reaching peace with the Cherokee, the U.S. government required the freedom of their slaves and full Cherokee citizenship for those who wanted to stay with the nation. This was later guaranteed in 1866 under a treaty with the United
1147:
A 2020 study contrasted the successful distribution of free land to former slaves in the
Cherokee Nation with the failure to give former slaves in the Confederacy free land. The study found that even though levels of inequality in 1860 were similar in the Cherokee Nation and the Confederacy, former
1083:
area, which included the
Cherokee Nation–West. There were seven officially recognized battles involving Native American units, who were either allied with the Confederate States of America or loyal to the United States government. 3,000 out of 21,000 members served as a soldier in the Confederacy.
1075:
were slaveholders and shared some values with
Southern plantation owners. Watie thought it best for the Cherokee to side with the Confederacy, while Ross thought it better to remain neutral. This split was due to the Union's and Southern state's involvement of the Trail of Tears, which complicated
1206:
and failed. The tribal government of the
Cherokee Nation was dissolved in 1906. After this, the structure and function of the tribal government were not formally defined. The federal government occasionally designated chiefs of a provisional "Cherokee Nation", but usually just long enough to sign
871:
The
Cherokee Nation—East had first created electoral districts in 1817. By 1822, the Cherokee Supreme Court was founded. Lastly, the Cherokee Nation adopted a written constitution in 1827 that created a government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The Principal Chief was
1461:
to Kansas in 1839. After Kansas became a state and the Civil War ended, European-American settlers pushed out the Native
Americans. Like the Delaware, the two Chippewa bands were relocated to the Cherokee Nation in 1866. They were so few in number that they eventually merged with the Cherokee.
1399:
developed in their former territory. By the mid-eighteenth century, the
Natchez people were defeated by French colonists and dispersed from there. Many survivors had been sold (by the French) into slavery in the West Indies. Others took refuge with allied tribes, one of which was the Cherokee.
550:" by its inhabitants. The government was effectively disbanded in 1907, after its land rights had been extinguished, prior to the admission of Oklahoma as a state. During the late 20th century, the Cherokee people reorganized, instituting a government with sovereign jurisdiction known as the
790:-seed, and men were taught to fence and plow the land. (In the Cherokee traditional division of labor, most cultivation for farming was done by women.) Women were instructed in weaving. Eventually, blacksmiths, gristmills and cotton plantations (along with slave labor) were established.
1381:) were relocated to the Cherokee Nation from Kansas, where they had been sent in the 1830s. Assigned to the northeast area of the Indian Territory, they united with the Cherokee Nation in 1867. The Delaware Tribes operated autonomously within the lands of the Cherokee Nation.
1017:
to bolster the treaties and forcibly free up title to the lands desired by the states. At this time, one-third of the remaining Native Americans left voluntarily, especially because the act was being enforced by use of government troops and the Georgia militia. Although
1330:
Designed by architect C. W. Goodlander in the 'late Italianate' style, the Cherokee National Capitol was constructed between 1867 and 1869. Originally, it housed the nation's court as well as other offices. In 1961, the US Department of Interior designated it a
1198:, which was untaxable and inalienable (ineligible to be sold) for twenty-one years, and seventy acres of surplus land which was inalienable for five years. In response to these actions, the leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes sought to gain approval for a new
1344:
1193:
All Native people residing in Indian Territory were granted US citizenship under an act (31 Stat. 1447) of March 3, 1901. The Cherokee Nation entered an allotment agreement in 1902, which provided that each tribal citizen would receive forty acres as a
1210:
As the shortcomings of the arrangement became increasingly evident to the Cherokee, a demand arose for the formation of a more permanent and accountable tribal government. New administrations at the federal level also recognized this issue, and the
664:
region. Various leaders were periodically appointed (by mutual consent of the towns) to represent the towns or bands to French, British and, later, United States authorities as was needed. The Cherokee knew this leader as "First Beloved Man" —or
630:
provided that residents of Indian Territory had voting rights in local elections. Cherokee people, who were living in Indian Territory in 1901, were granted United States citizenship by virtue of a federal act (31 Stat. 1447) of March 3, 1901.
1022:
was not approved by the Cherokee National Council nor signed by Principal Chief John Ross, it was amended and ratified in March 1836, and became the legal basis for the forcible removal known as the Trail of Tears.
1148:
black slaves prospered in the Cherokee Nation over the next decades. The Cherokee Nation had lower levels of racial inequality where blacks saw higher incomes, higher literacy rates, and greater school attendance.
1742:"Indians, Eastern Band of Cherokees of North Carolina;" Donaldson, Thomas; 1892; 11th Census of the United States; Robert P. Porter, Superintendent, U.S. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.; published online at
1651:
1631:(1805–1893), non-Native who was adopted into the tribe, founding Principal Chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, commanding officer of the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders.
4344:
782:
in the region to the brink of extinction. Americans introduced pig and cattle raising, and these animals replaced deer as the principal sources of meat. The Americans supplied the tribes with
4299:
4359:
4309:
3110:
1798:
1304:, an important Cherokee town and cultural center in present-day Tennessee that was one of the largest Cherokee towns ever established. The mostly European-American settlement of
4354:
837:
4349:
3497:
4294:
652:; this meant "leading" or "principal" people. Before 1794, the Cherokee had no standing national government. Its people were highly decentralized and lived in bands and
72:
4314:
3157:
774:, U.S. land agents encouraged Native Americans to abandon their historic communal-land tenure and settle on isolated subsistence farmsteads. Over-harvesting by the
1308:
later developed at the site. Indications of Cherokee influence found in and about Tahlequah. For example, street signs appear in both the Cherokee language—in the
4329:
2053:
1517:
This list of historic people includes only documented Cherokee living in, or born into, the original Cherokee Nation who are not mentioned in the main article:
1285:, Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Built in 1869, it functioned as the political center of "The Nation" until 1907, and is the oldest public building standing in Oklahoma.
1219:
of 1934, encouraging tribes to re-establish governments and supporting more self-determination. The Cherokee convened a general convention on 8 August 1938 in
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2312:
4334:
4084:
4319:
2626:
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760:
4289:
3192:
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2143:
948:
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elected by the National Council, which was the legislature of the Nation. A similar constitution was adopted by the Cherokee Nation—West in 1833.
586:
4339:
3230:
1009:. A majority of the remaining Cherokee resisted these treaties and refused to leave their lands east of the Mississippi. Finally, in 1830, the
692:
3452:
3147:
2419:
2126:
2029:
1920:
1884:
1778:
1076:
the nation's political outlook. Within the first year of the war, general consensus in the nation moved towards siding with the Confederacy.
952:
3622:
2346:
2444:
1743:
3730:
3607:
3692:
3256:
2939:
2593:
2542:
2267:
2118:
1946:
1807:
Enrollment in the Five Civilized Tribes: Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of Representatives
1043:
1433:
In 1869, the Cherokee Nation and Loyal Shawnee agreed that 722 of the Shawnee would be granted Cherokee citizenship. They settled in
4024:
3775:
2477:
1989:
94:
733:, 1738–1792), had retreated to and inhabited a mountainous area in what later became the northeastern part of the future state of
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3177:
3085:
3080:
2687:
2621:
1224:
213:
194:
3187:
1802:
353:
3939:
3914:
3760:
3687:
3597:
1678:
967:
had made short-staple cotton profitable, and it could be cultivated in the uplands of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.
558:(and by extension the Cherokee Nation) had never been disestablished in the years before allotment and Oklahoma Statehood.
3697:
3432:
3274:
3197:
3100:
1471:
1454:
1117:
1064:
824:
of the people, formal education of the young, and introduction of European-American farming methods. In 1801 they invited
660:
system. The people lived in towns located in scattered autonomous tribal areas related by kinship throughout the southern
1300:
Founded in 1838, Tahlequah was developed as the new capital of a united Cherokee Nation. It was named after the historic
4169:
3959:
3954:
3785:
3662:
2973:
2840:
1683:
1655:
1120:
well after the Confederacy had abandoned the area. He became the last Confederate general to surrender—on June 25, 1865.
1264:). The division of the two territories is shown with a heavy purple line. Together, these three areas would become the
1190:. The lease income had supported the Cherokee Nation in its efforts to prevent further encroachments on tribal lands.
55:
4109:
3874:
3095:
2944:
2763:
2212:
2151:
1618:
1557:(d. 1807), a war leader during the Cherokee–American wars, led the Lower Cherokee, and signed land deals with the U.S.
1360:
1113:
1053:
2927:
2917:
1705:
684:
65:
59:
51:
2069:""The Righteous and Reasonable Ambition to Become a Landholder": Land and Racial Inequality in the Postbellum South"
978:
and tried to convince the Cherokee to move there voluntarily. The reservation boundaries extended from north of the
3919:
3894:
3512:
3502:
3205:
3115:
3090:
2724:
1844:
1810:
1604:
1332:
1068:
1060:
771:
578:
1395:
The Natchez are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area. The present-day city of
1144:
of the former Confederate States overseen by military officers and governors appointed by the federal government.
4304:
4154:
3929:
3707:
3702:
3642:
3592:
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3457:
3399:
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3294:
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2998:
2845:
2707:
2647:
1668:
1521:
1501:
1372:
1325:
1305:
1281:
1242:
named Canadian, Cooweescoowee, Delaware, Flint, Goingsnake, Illinois, Saline, Sequoyah, and Tahlequah (capital).
1216:
1202:
in 1905 that would have a Native American constitution and government. The proposal received a cool reception in
888:
602:
510:
4114:
2320:
76:
3740:
3567:
3522:
3389:
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3142:
3132:
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2250:
1481:
1140:
chose to stay with the tribe, as the US had done for enslaved African Americans. The area was made part of the
514:
3477:
3492:
3462:
3289:
1579:(1792–1839), son of Major Ridge, statesman and signer of New Echota Treaty signer, assassinated by opponents.
4089:
3617:
3557:
3417:
3279:
3247:
3054:
1438:
1027:
2804:
4054:
3974:
3790:
3447:
3137:
2586:
1624:
1434:
1203:
1010:
983:
1611:(1790–1866), a veteran of the Red Stick War, Principal Chief in the east during Removal, and in the west.
3780:
3517:
3299:
2978:
2900:
2351:
2285:
2237:
1212:
1195:
1171:
1125:
960:
935:
680:
was recognized as a chief by the United States government, but not by the majority of Cherokee peoples.
622:
3319:
2533:
2388:
2365:
2199:
2163:
4044:
3979:
3755:
3715:
3527:
3221:
3213:
3010:
2968:
2958:
2934:
2912:
2736:
2511:
1396:
1109:
1094:
1019:
986:. The Cherokee who moved to this reservation became known as the "Old Settlers" or Western Cherokee.
745:
719:
704:
372:
324:
273:
4194:
3770:
3710:
3652:
3632:
3552:
3437:
3329:
3237:
3005:
2922:
2712:
2702:
2677:
1673:
1295:
1240:
1220:
876:
657:
160:
2430:
2184:
1878:
1595:(1839–1911), Cherokee senator, judge, cattleman, member of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention.
836:, missionaries also ran boarding schools. A select few students were chosen to be educated at the
676:
The chief's function was to serve as focal point for negotiations with the encroaching Europeans.
3637:
3304:
3042:
2988:
2983:
2895:
2779:
2692:
2047:
1836:
1762:
1427:
1309:
1261:
1249:
1179:
1163:
1141:
1088:
1014:
1002:
975:
971:
918:
626:
590:
504:
250:
2448:
1426:(Iroquois) in July 1831. The term "Loyal" came from their serving in the Union army during the
4229:
4099:
4049:
3814:
3735:
3667:
3627:
3602:
3487:
3442:
3407:
3015:
2993:
2963:
2953:
2852:
2799:
2682:
2652:
2579:
2473:
2415:
2155:
2122:
2112:
2090:
2035:
2025:
1985:
1916:
1848:
1814:
1774:
1582:
1493:
1351:
The Nation was made up of scattered peoples mostly living in the Cherokee Nation–West and the
1199:
1183:
1080:
1048:
1006:
994:
990:
833:
794:
779:
756:
708:
695:" by all the towns. At that time, Cherokee communities were on lands claimed by the states of
649:
610:
527:
358:
173:
17:
3314:
2274:
1981:
4199:
4029:
3909:
3834:
3725:
3647:
3427:
3121:
3047:
3032:
3021:
2905:
2888:
2835:
2794:
2729:
2719:
2642:
2080:
1530:
1489:
1419:
1253:
1175:
940:
914:
900:
817:
767:
639:
582:
1601:, (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) Cherokee entertainer, roper, journalist, and author.
1275:
4249:
4094:
4079:
4019:
3994:
3745:
3720:
3672:
3572:
3547:
3394:
3384:
3349:
3242:
3059:
2616:
2395:
2372:
2298:
2246:
2208:
1544:
1497:
1356:
1228:
1157:
825:
621:, intended to promote assimilation and extinguish Indian governments, but it exempted the
574:
555:
551:
455:
31:
2529:
1589:, or "Yellow Bird" (1827–1867), grandson of Major Ridge, first Native American novelist.
1547:(1893–1971), United States Navy, highest-ranking Native American in US military history.
1534:. Assassinated by opponents for signing the New Echota Treaty to cede lands in the East.
133:
Southeastern U.S. and Indian territories, including Cherokee, Creek, and Chickasaw; 1806
4244:
4239:
4219:
4204:
4139:
4039:
3869:
3839:
3819:
3682:
3612:
3344:
3339:
3037:
2877:
2789:
2657:
1566:
1415:
1390:
1031:
998:
979:
930:
904:
880:
829:
783:
775:
749:
726:
700:
696:
598:
594:
400:
386:
286:
225:
2268:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Cherokee National Capitol"
1972:
Hauptman, Laurence M. (1995). "The General, The Western Cherokee and the Lost Cause".
1528:(1802–1839), statesman, orator, and editor; founded the first Cherokee newspaper, the
740:
4283:
4234:
4224:
4034:
4009:
3999:
3984:
3864:
3829:
3795:
3472:
3334:
2819:
1974:
1614:
1423:
1409:
1301:
1257:
1101:(1837–1893), a future Principal Chief of the Eastern Band, also served during the war
821:
688:
543:
480:
1355:(both residing in the Indian Territory by the 1840s), and the Cherokee Nation–East (
1084:
Several prominent members of the Cherokee Nation made contributions during the war:
4254:
4189:
4074:
4069:
3824:
3750:
3677:
2809:
2758:
1717:
1537:
1026:
Most of the settlements were established in the area around the western capital of
852:
764:
670:
1932:
Lowery, Charles D. "The Great Migration to the Mississippi Territory, 1798–1819,"
1343:
1174:, forcing dissolution of tribally held lands in favor of individual allotments of
925:
2225:
4214:
4174:
4064:
4014:
3989:
3949:
2814:
2753:
2741:
2494:
1598:
1592:
1450:
1072:
909:
856:
841:
832:
to teach Christianity and the 'arts of civilized life.' The Moravian, and later
809:
677:
4164:
4159:
4149:
4124:
3944:
3899:
3879:
3859:
3849:
3404:
2862:
2784:
2039:
1634:
1572:
1550:
1129:
964:
805:
798:
661:
535:
183:
154:
2557:
2544:
2433:, Fort Smith Historic Site, National Park Service. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
2376:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.
2159:
2094:
1818:
1091:(1830–1880), a Cherokee senator and diplomat, served as a Confederate Colonel
577:
and the southeastern United States; those who relocated voluntarily from the
4184:
4179:
4144:
3969:
3904:
3884:
3854:
3657:
3412:
3379:
3309:
3182:
2867:
1902:
Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 170–190; (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian); 1977.
1841:
Annual Report of the United States Indian Inspector for the Indian Territory
1561:
1187:
1167:
997:), the Cherokee exchanged remaining communal lands in Georgia (north of the
884:
848:
723:
712:
618:
414:
2399:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
2114:
Monuments to Absence: Cherokee Removal and the Contest over Southern Memory
2019:
1852:
1476:
1898:
Evans, E. Raymond. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Dragging Canoe";
1430:. European Americans encroached and settled on their lands after the war.
1186:
September 19, 1890, stopped the leasing of land in the Cherokee Outlet to
1136:
and to offer them citizenship and territory within the reservation if the
847:
These men continued to be leaders in the tribe. Hicks participated in the
4209:
3934:
3844:
3482:
2872:
2602:
2085:
2068:
1770:
1505:
1458:
1313:
1267:
1137:
562:
485:
441:
1492:
slaves who had been owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the
1245:
820:, made up the younger 'Cherokee Triumvirate.' These leaders advocated
585:(circa 1820 —known as the "Old Settlers"); those who were forced by the
3765:
3507:
3422:
3359:
2746:
956:
734:
606:
428:
2517:
556:
the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Muscogee (Creek) Nation
3467:
3374:
3369:
2857:
2672:
2667:
1378:
1133:
787:
763:" the southeastern American Indians, through programs overseen by US
539:
186:
1059:
Within the Cherokee Nation, there were advocates for neutrality, a
2523:
546:
recognized from 1794 to 1907. It was often referred to simply as "
4129:
3364:
2154:, Oklahoma State University Library Electronic Publishing Center.
1652:
Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)
1617:(1850–1918), traditionalist, political activist, and chief of the
1475:
1342:
1274:
1244:
1124:
After the war, the United States negotiated new treaties with the
1047:
955:
titles to internal Georgia lands in return for the state's formal
924:
908:
739:
653:
2341:
2319:. National Park Service, added = October 15, 1966. Archived from
1565:(ca. 1775–1868), a veteran of the Creek War, who saved President
875:
The Constitution of the reunited Cherokee Nation was ratified at
770:. Facilitated by the destruction of many Indian towns during the
2021:
I've been here all the while : Black freedom on Native land
1540:(1852–1892), statesman, Cherokee Nation senator, infamous outlaw
959:
of its unincorporated western claim (which was made part of the
2575:
951:
promised representatives of the state of Georgia to extinguish
933:(Trail of Tears), 1830–1838, showing the historic lands of the
1767:
Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-Contact to the Present
1347:
Tahlequah, Oklahoma stop sign, written in English and Cherokee
609:
peoples, and, after the Civil War and emancipation of slaves,
36:
1414:
Known as the Loyal Shawnee or Cherokee Shawnee, one band of
913:
The Arkansaw Territory division: showing the progression of
855:
factions. This coincided with part of US involvement in the
4269:
2571:
2412:
Red over Black – Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians,
1112:) raided Union positions in the Indian Territory with his
4106:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
804:
Three important veterans of the Cherokee–American wars,
1799:"Statement of Mr. Webster Ballinger, Washington, D.C."
989:
By additional treaties signed with the U.S., in 1817 (
1913:
Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835;
1867:
The Cherokees and Their Chiefs: In the Wake of Empire
1765:. In Lawson, Russell M.; Lawson, Benjamin A. (eds.).
1104:
Confederate Brig. General Stand Watie (also known as
929:
Map of Southern United States during the time of the
262:• New Echota officially designated capital city
30:
For the contemporary federally recognized tribe, see
1976:
Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
1869:, University of Arkansas Press, 1999, pp. 36, 37, 80
1239:
The Cherokee Nation was divided into nine districts
838:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
4345:
Former regions and territories of the United States
3804:
3583:
3265:
3170:
3068:
2828:
2772:
2635:
2609:
2532:, published by authority of the National Council =
1484:
was opened in 1889 by the original Cherokee Nation.
476:
320:
306:
296:
283:
270:
260:
247:
235:
219:
207:
193:
179:
169:
148:
138:
109:
2445:"Father and Cherokee Tradition Molded Will Rogers"
1973:
1889:; Tsalagi resources; access date January 18, 2010.
1001:), Tennessee, and North Carolina for lands in the
970:In 1815, the US government established a Cherokee
851:, a civil war between traditional and progressive
2215:; "Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture."
808:(a successful businessman) and his two protégés,
793:Succeeding Little Turkey as Principal Chief were
4006:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
3966:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
2142:Wilson, Linda D. (2002). Everett, Dianna (ed.).
64:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1282:Cherokee Nation Capitol Building and Courthouse
27:Historic, autonomous Native American government
2148:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
617:In the late 19th century, Congress passed the
298:• Tahlequah becomes new official capital
4300:States and territories disestablished in 1907
2587:
2187:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
1915:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1999.
8:
4360:Former territorial entities in North America
4310:History of the Confederate States of America
2414:Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 1977
2008:; University of Oklahoma Press; 2007; pg. 4.
1837:"Previous Conditions and Recent Legislation"
879:on September 6, 1839, at the conclusion of "
308:• Disbanded by U.S. Federal Government
4355:1907 disestablishments in the United States
1792:
1790:
1745:Eastern Band of Cherokees of North Carolina
1701:
1699:
1658:tells of the plight of the Cherokee Nation.
1641:(ca. 1736–1822/4), Beloved Woman, diplomat.
4350:States and territories established in 1794
2594:
2580:
2572:
2317:National Historic Landmark summary listing
2052:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
991:Treaty of the Cherokee Agency, 8 July 1817
127:
106:
2518:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
2106:
2104:
2084:
1353:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
4295:1794 establishments in the United States
2185:Rennard Strickland, "Cherokee (tribe),"
1830:
1828:
1756:
1754:
4315:Pre-statehood history of North Carolina
2273:. National Park Service. Archived from
1947:"How the Cherokee Fought the Civil War"
1695:
587:Federal government of the United States
515:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2342:"National Register Information System"
2294:
2283:
2261:
2259:
2226:A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10.
2073:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2045:
1182:into the State of Oklahoma. President
1079:Numerous skirmishes took place in the
995:Treaty of Washington, 27 February 1819
693:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
4330:History of the Southern United States
2470:The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders
1215:administration gained passage of the
1038:American Civil War and Reconstruction
883:". The signing is commemorated every
828:missionaries to their territory from
711:area, located in present-day eastern
561:The Cherokee Nation consisted of the
305:
295:
282:
269:
259:
246:
242:
218:
206:
202:
192:
7:
2530:Compiled laws of the Cherokee Nation
2347:National Register of Historic Places
2006:The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
1162:In 1898, the US Congress passed the
887:weekend with the celebration of the
669:The English had translated this as "
3608:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
2703:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
1455:Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa
1445:Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa
644:The Cherokee called themselves the
517: instead of Cherokee syllabics.
239:Post-colonial to early 20th century
4325:Pre-statehood history of Tennessee
3257:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
2119:University of North Carolina Press
1835:Wright, J. George (30 June 1904).
1488:The Cherokee Freedmen were former
1457:bands were removed from southeast
1067:alliance. Two prominent Cherokee,
1044:Cherokee in the American Civil War
943:is depicted in light yellow-green.
859:against Great Britain. He was the
744:The Cherokee Nation Lands in 1830
249:• Created with the Treaty of
25:
4335:19th century in the United States
4270:Cherokee-language Knowledge (XXG)
3926:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
3891:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
2067:Miller, Melinda C. (2019-06-26).
1654:(or the Cherokee Nation song) by
1504:which granted citizenship to all
1363:of Cherokee in the 20th century.
4320:Pre-statehood history of Alabama
3081:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
2536:, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩᏱ ᎤᎵᏁᏨᎯ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎶᏗᏱ. 1881
2512:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
2389:"Shawnee Tribe (Loyal Shawnee)."
2024:. Philadelphia. pp. 37–38.
1880:A Small Lexicon of Tsalagi words
1513:Notable Cherokee Nation citizens
1357:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1316:(ca. 1767–1843)—and in English.
974:in the Arkansaw district of the
863:principal chief from 1813–1827.
722:band (or Lower Cherokee), under
597:(1830s); and descendants of the
495:
460:
446:
421:
407:
393:
379:
365:
351:
144:United States region (1865-1907)
41:
4061:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
2117:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
1886:A Few Words in Cherokee/Tsalagi
1108:, (1806–1871), a signer of the
3761:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
3688:Chief Vann House Historic Site
3598:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
1934:Journal of Mississippi History
1679:Chief Vann House Historic Site
18:Cherokee Nation (19th century)
1:
4340:19th-century Native Americans
3698:Museum of the Cherokee People
1769:. Santa Barbara, California:
1656:Paul Revere & the Raiders
1472:Cherokee freedmen controversy
3786:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
3663:Red Clay State Historic Park
3275:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
1900:Journal of Cherokee Studies,
1761:Lawson, Benjamin A. (2019).
1748:; retrieved October 1, 2010.
1684:Timeline of Cherokee removal
982:to the southern bank of the
614:occupied by United States.
505:Cherokee syllabic characters
4290:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
4090:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
3111:Cherokee Southwest Township
3096:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
3028:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
2945:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
2764:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
2534:ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎤᎲᎢ
2313:"Cherokee National Capitol"
2213:Oklahoma Historical Society
2152:Oklahoma Historical Society
2018:Roberts, Alaina E. (2021).
1797:Ballinger, Webster (1915).
1619:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
1361:federally recognized tribes
1114:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
1054:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
142:Sovereign state (1794-1865)
4376:
3231:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
3206:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3116:Oconaluftee Indian Village
3091:Original Keetoowah Society
2431:"The Case of Ned Christie"
2378:. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
1980:. The Free Press. p.
1845:Government Printing Office
1811:Government Printing Office
1469:
1407:
1388:
1370:
1359:); these became the three
1333:National Historic Landmark
1323:
1293:
1155:
1041:
898:
867:Constitutional governments
772:American Revolutionary War
637:
579:southeastern United States
29:
4265:
3643:Trail of Tears State Park
3593:Cherokee National Capitol
2999:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
2974:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
2708:Cherokee Immersion School
2501:(Univ. of Oklahoma, 1998)
2401:. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
2364:McCollum, Timothy James.
2228:, Retrieved 26 June 2009.
1724:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1669:Cherokee military history
1502:Emancipation Proclamation
1373:Delaware Tribe of Indians
1326:Cherokee National Capitol
1320:Cherokee National Capitol
1217:Indian Reorganization Act
1118:Army of Trans-Mississippi
889:Cherokee National Holiday
589:to relocate (through the
330:
316:
243:
231:
203:
126:
121:
3776:Fort Smith Historic Site
3544:Western Cherokee Nation
3143:Cherokee Central Schools
2928:Battle of Lindley's Fort
2698:Cherokee (Unicode block)
2524:Cherokee Heritage Center
2253:"; retrieved 8 Aug 2010.
2251:New Georgia Encyclopedia
2207:October 8, 2014, at the
2190:Accessed April 18, 2015.
2150:. Stillwater, Oklahoma:
1482:Cherokee Female Seminary
1377:In 1866, some Delaware (
1020:The Treaty of New Echota
50:This article includes a
4135:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
4121:Other notable Cherokee
3055:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
2266:Francine Weiss (1980).
2111:Denson, Andrew (2017).
949:U.S. federal government
530:: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, pronounced
79:more precise citations.
4055:William Charles Rogers
3975:William Holland Thomas
3751:The Great Trading Path
2918:Cherokee–American wars
2410:Halliburton, R., Jr.:
2293:Cite journal requires
1625:William Holland Thomas
1485:
1348:
1286:
1272:
1151:
1056:
1052:National Color of the
1011:United States Congress
944:
922:
816:or "Major" Ridge) and
752:
685:Cherokee–American wars
503:This article contains
3781:Port Royal State Park
3006:Transylvania Purchase
2979:Treaty of Hard Labour
2901:Siege of Fort Loudoun
2627:United Keetoowah Band
2352:National Park Service
1936:, 1968 30(3): 173–192
1843:. Washington, D. C.:
1809:. Washington, D. C.:
1496:. In 1863, President
1479:
1346:
1278:
1248:
1227:and reconstitute the
1213:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1172:Five Civilized Tribes
1126:Five Civilized Tribes
1051:
1042:Further information:
961:Mississippi Territory
936:Five Civilized Tribes
928:
912:
743:
623:Five Civilized Tribes
170:Common languages
4045:Samuel Houston Mayes
3222:The Cherokee Tobacco
3214:Worcester v. Georgia
3198:freedmen controversy
3158:Sequoyah High School
3148:Cherokee High School
3011:Chickamauga Cherokee
2969:Treaty of Turkeytown
2959:Treaty of New Echota
2935:Nickajack Expedition
2913:Cherokee War of 1776
2451:on November 10, 2006
2144:"Statehood Movement"
2086:10.1162/rest_a_00842
1813:. pp. 202–284.
1397:Natchez, Mississippi
1180:Oklahoma Territories
1110:Treaty of New Echota
1095:Nimrod Jarrett Smith
373:Georgia (U.S. state)
274:Treaty of New Echota
3653:Rattlesnake Springs
3238:Cherokee Commission
2923:Battle of Hightower
2810:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
2713:New Kituwah Academy
2678:Green Corn Ceremony
2554: /
2520:, the official site
2514:, the official site
2499:Confederate Indians
2354:. January 23, 2007.
2166:on 19 November 2012
1674:Cherokee Commission
1296:Tahlequah, Oklahoma
1260:(also known as the
1221:Fairfield, Oklahoma
1166:which extended the
877:Tahlequah, Oklahoma
691:was recognized as "
658:matrilineal kinship
554:. On July 9, 2020,
3845:Outacite of Keowee
3756:The Great War Path
3731:Oconaluftee valley
3716:Stick Ball Grounds
3638:Tellico Blockhouse
3043:Indian Removal Act
2989:Treaty of Hopewell
2984:Treaty of Lochaber
2940:American Civil War
2896:Anglo-Cherokee War
2780:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
2394:2009-05-16 at the
2371:2008-12-24 at the
2366:Delaware, Western.
2245:2007-11-16 at the
2004:Confer, Clarissa;
1883:at Web Citations;
1773:. pp. 52–53.
1722:www.britannica.com
1646:In popular culture
1486:
1428:American Civil War
1349:
1310:syllabary alphabet
1287:
1273:
1262:Oklahoma Panhandle
1250:Oklahoma Territory
1089:William Penn Adair
1057:
1030:(near present-day
1015:Indian Removal Act
1003:Arkansaw Territory
976:Missouri Territory
945:
939:. The destination
923:
919:Arkansas Territory
753:
683:At the end of the
627:Curtis Act of 1898
591:Indian Removal Act
251:Tellico Blockhouse
52:list of references
4277:
4276:
4230:Clement V. Rogers
4100:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
4050:Thomas Buffington
3815:Moytoy of Tellico
3736:Oconaluftee River
3668:Hair Conrad Cabin
3603:Chieftains Museum
3154:Sequoyah Schools
3016:Overhill Cherokee
2994:Treaty of Holston
2964:Treaty of Tellico
2954:Cherokee treaties
2725:Spiritual beliefs
2558:35.900°N 94.967°W
2420:978-0-8371-9034-1
2387:Smith, Pamela A.
2224:Moser, George W.
2128:978-1-4696-3083-0
2031:978-0-8122-9798-0
1921:978-0-8032-8760-0
1865:Stanley W. Hoig,
1803:McLaughlin, James
1780:978-1-4408-5097-4
1718:"Cherokee People"
1706:The James Scrolls
1593:Clement V. Rogers
1583:John Rollin Ridge
1494:Antebellum Period
1466:Cherokee Freedmen
1223:, to elect a new
1200:State of Sequoyah
1184:Benjamin Harrison
1168:Dawes Act of 1887
1081:Trans-Mississippi
1063:alliance, and a
1007:Mississippi River
834:Congregationalist
780:white-tailed deer
757:George Washington
611:Cherokee Freedmen
565:(ᏣᎳᎩ —pronounced
511:rendering support
491:
490:
472:
471:
468:
467:
434:
433:
359:Overhill Cherokee
221:• 1794–1905
209:• 1794–1907
105:
104:
97:
16:(Redirected from
4367:
4305:Indian Territory
4200:Markwayne Mullin
4030:Dennis Bushyhead
3910:Charles R. Hicks
3835:Moytoy of Citico
3726:Tuckasegee River
3648:Brainerd Mission
3633:Sequoyah's Cabin
3540:Cherokee Nations
3178:Principal Chiefs
3171:Politics and law
3122:Unto These Hills
3086:Warriors Society
3048:Cherokee descent
3022:Cherokee Phoenix
2906:Battle of Echoee
2889:Battle of Taliwa
2868:skiagusta (rank)
2795:Moon-eyed people
2730:Moon-eyed people
2648:National holiday
2596:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2447:. Archived from
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2385:
2379:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2338:
2332:
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2296:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:on May 25, 2011.
2279:
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2254:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2182:
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2173:
2171:
2162:. Archived from
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2132:
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2098:
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2015:
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1822:
1794:
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1784:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1531:Cherokee Phoenix
1490:African American
1420:Indian Territory
1290:Cherokee capital
1254:Indian Territory
1235:Indian Territory
1176:private property
1116:Regiment of the
941:Indian Territory
917:separation from
915:Indian Territory
901:Cherokee removal
818:Charles R. Hicks
797:(1801–1811) and
768:Benjamin Hawkins
640:Cherokee history
593:) by way of the
583:Indian Territory
573:) people of the
499:
498:
464:
463:
450:
449:
438:
437:
425:
424:
411:
410:
397:
396:
383:
382:
369:
368:
355:
354:
348:
347:
332:
331:
312:16 November 1907
302:6 September 1839
285:• Cherokee
279:29 December 1835
266:12 November 1825
131:
107:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
75:this article by
66:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
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4250:Kimberly Teehee
4110:James L. Gordon
4095:Bill John Baker
4080:Wilma Mankiller
4020:William P. Ross
3995:Patrick Lambert
3840:Standing Turkey
3800:
3746:Sycamore Shoals
3721:Cullasaja River
3673:Nancy Ward Tomb
3623:John Ross House
3585:
3579:
3573:Qualla Boundary
3548:Cherokee Nation
3350:Hiwassee Island
3280:Amoyeligunahita
3267:
3261:
3166:
3133:Female Seminary
3106:Heritage groups
3076:Heritage Center
3064:
3060:Texas Cherokees
2873:outacite (rank)
2824:
2768:
2631:
2617:Cherokee Nation
2605:
2600:
2563:35.900; -94.967
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2526:, Park Hill, OK
2508:
2490:
2488:Further reading
2485:
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2463:
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1911:Perdue, Theda.
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1692:
1665:
1648:
1587:Cheesquatalawny
1545:Joseph J. Clark
1515:
1474:
1468:
1447:
1439:Rogers counties
1412:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1375:
1369:
1341:
1328:
1322:
1298:
1292:
1237:
1229:Cherokee Nation
1160:
1158:Cherokee Nation
1154:
1152:Nation's demise
1046:
1040:
953:Native American
931:Indian Removals
907:
897:
869:
784:spinning wheels
755:U.S. president
718:The break-away
656:according to a
642:
636:
575:Qualla Boundary
552:Cherokee Nation
534:) was a legal,
532:Tsalagihi Ayeli
524:Cherokee Nation
520:
519:
518:
509:Without proper
500:
496:
483:
461:
456:Cherokee Nation
447:
422:
408:
394:
380:
366:
352:
309:
299:
289:
276:
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256:7 November 1794
253:
222:
214:Principal Chief
210:
195:Principal Chief
143:
134:
117:
116:Tsalagihi Ayeli
114:
112:
111:Cherokee Nation
101:
90:
84:
81:
70:
56:related reading
46:
42:
35:
32:Cherokee Nation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4373:
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4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:Hastings Shade
4242:
4240:Durbin Feeling
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Jenny McIntosh
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Yvette Herrell
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Nunnahitsunega
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Elias Boudinot
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:Turtle-at-Home
4137:
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4127:
4119:
4118:
4117:
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4092:
4087:
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4052:
4047:
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4040:Johnson Harris
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3852:
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3820:Attakullakulla
3817:
3811:Early leaders
3808:
3806:
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3778:
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3628:Ross's Landing
3625:
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3615:
3613:Judaculla Rock
3610:
3605:
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3595:
3589:
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3586:memorial sites
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2468:Jancik, Wayne
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2079:(2): 381–394.
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1522:Elias Boudinot
1514:
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1470:Main article:
1467:
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1416:Shawnee people
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1391:Natchez people
1389:Main article:
1386:
1385:Natchez people
1383:
1371:Main article:
1368:
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1340:
1337:
1324:Main article:
1321:
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1306:Tellico Plains
1294:Main article:
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1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1142:reconstruction
1122:
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1032:Gore, Oklahoma
999:Hiwassee River
980:Arkansas River
905:Trail of Tears
896:
893:
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830:North Carolina
776:deerskin trade
750:Trail of Tears
727:Dragging Canoe
701:South Carolina
697:North Carolina
650:their language
638:Main article:
635:
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595:Trail of Tears
542:government in
513:, you may see
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3138:Male Seminary
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849:Red Stick War
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822:acculturation
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4215:Major Ridge
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4175:Joseph Vann
4065:J. B. Milam
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3960:John Rogers
3955:John Looney
3950:Sam Houston
3880:Incalatanga
3693:Mantle Rock
3618:Long Island
3355:Island town
3193:1842 revolt
3101:Youth Choir
2800:Nun'Yunu'Wi
2754:Stomp dance
2742:Black drink
2737:Ethnobotany
2561: /
2495:Stand Watie
2443:Carter JH.
2211:; article;
1728:10 November
1599:Will Rogers
1500:issued the
1480:The second
1451:Anishinaabe
1404:The Shawnee
1312:created by
1073:Stand Watie
1065:Confederate
984:White River
972:Reservation
921:, 1819–1836
881:The Removal
857:War of 1812
842:Connecticut
814:Ganundalegi
759:sought to "
720:Chickamauga
678:Hanging Maw
336:Preceded by
85:August 2022
77:introducing
4284:Categories
4268:See also:
4170:David Vann
4165:James Vann
4160:Wauhatchie
4150:Goingsnake
4125:Nancy Ward
3945:John Jolly
3900:Pathkiller
3860:Old Tassel
3850:Oconostota
3518:Turtletown
3513:Turkeytown
3503:Tuckasegee
3438:Oostanaula
3385:Long Swamp
3380:Kulsetsiyi
3129:Education
2863:Ani-kutani
2820:Tsul 'Kalu
2785:Deer Woman
2455:2007-03-10
2327:2008-01-15
2040:1240582535
1690:References
1635:Nancy Ward
1573:John Ridge
1551:Doublehead
1453:-speaking
1207:treaties.
1164:Curtis Act
1130:emancipate
965:cotton gin
899:See also:
840:school in
806:James Vann
799:Pathkiller
707:, and the
662:Appalachia
571:Cha-la-gee
548:The Nation
536:autonomous
189:government
184:Autonomous
180:Government
155:New Echota
4180:Bob Benge
4145:Junaluska
3980:Tsaladihi
3970:Yonaguska
3920:John Ross
3905:Big Tiger
3885:Tagwadihi
3875:Kunokeski
3855:Savanukah
3791:Tlanusiyi
3658:Fort Cass
3553:Tahlequah
3533:Titsohili
3498:Tsatanugi
3413:Nickajack
3400:Nantahala
3395:Nacoochee
3325:Dirt town
3305:Conasauga
3295:Chilhowee
3285:Brasstown
3266:Towns and
3248:in Kansas
3183:Blood Law
2815:U'tlun'ta
2693:syllabary
2160:181340478
2095:0034-6535
2048:cite book
1819:682114627
1629:Wil' Usdi
1609:Guwisguwi
1605:John Ross
1562:Junaluska
1555:Taltsuska
1422:with the
1266:State of
1196:homestead
1188:cattlemen
1170:over the
1099:Tsaladihi
1069:John Ross
885:Labor Day
810:The Ridge
795:Black Fox
724:War Chief
713:Tennessee
619:Dawes Act
415:Tennessee
325:US dollar
292:1838–1839
163:1839–1907
161:Tahlequah
157:1825–1839
122:1794–1907
4085:Joe Byrd
4025:Utselata
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3935:Degadoga
3930:The Bowl
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3568:Cherokee
3523:Tuskegee
3483:Tomotley
3478:Tomassee
3443:Red Clay
3390:Mialoquo
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3268:villages
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2846:military
2841:timeline
2805:Nûñnë'hï
2683:Language
2653:Calendar
2603:Cherokee
2480:page 247
2392:Archived
2369:Archived
2243:Archived
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2205:Archived
2201:Cherokee
1951:Ict News
1847:: 9–12.
1771:ABC-CLIO
1663:See also
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1569:'s life.
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1271:in 1907.
1268:Oklahoma
1204:Congress
1138:freedmen
1106:Degataga
861:de facto
826:Moravian
761:civilize
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687:(1794),
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563:Cherokee
528:Cherokee
486:Oklahoma
442:Oklahoma
321:Currency
174:Cherokee
113:ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ
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3418:Nikwasi
3360:Isunigu
3315:Coyotee
3290:Chatuga
3188:Slavery
3033:Removal
2836:History
2829:History
2773:Legends
2747:Kanuchi
2720:Marbles
2688:history
2643:Society
2636:Culture
2549:94°58′W
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1957:Sep 10,
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634:History
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599:Natchez
581:to the
567:Tsalagi
429:Alabama
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