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185:) to punish the Cherokees because of the support of many of them for the Confederacy. The new treaty (ratified on July 19, 1866) required the Cherokee to sell land in the Cherokee Outlet to other Indian tribes and to allow them to move into and live in the Outlet. The price for the land was to be negotiated with the U.S. president deciding on a price if one could not be agreed to by the Cherokee and the Indian tribes wishing to buy the land.
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States" extended. The parcel of land extending west from the
Cherokee reservation became known as the Cherokee Outlet. Under the terms of the treaty, the lands ceded to the Cherokees would "in no future time be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory" and the Cherokees were promised a
317:
Actual payment did not occur until 1964, when the
Cherokee finally settled their claims against the U.S. government for the actual value of the Cherokee Strip land opened to settlement in 1893. This amounted to about $ 14.7 million, which was paid to the original allotment holders or their heirs. The
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in 1878, but collection of the fees was difficult. In 1880, cattlemen, mostly
Kansans, formed the Cherokee Strip Livestock Association to manage a chaotic situation in the outlet. After the incorporation of the association in Kansas in 1883, the Cherokees negotiated a five-year lease of the outlet to
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recognized no ownership of the outlet except by themselves, and used the outlet for hunting. They resisted encroachments on their range, whether by Whites or other
Indians. Consequently, only a few Cherokees took advantage of the outlet to the west of their homes for hunting or to graze cattle. With
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forbade all grazing in the
Cherokee Outlet after October 2, 1890, which eliminated all profit from leasing the land. After that, the Cherokee sold off the land at prices ranging from $ 1.40 to $ 2.50 per acre. The Cherokee Strip Live Stock Association disbanded in 1893, the same year the outlet was
308:
The lease to the
Cherokee Strip Livestock Association was nullified by Congress in 1890, which then authorized purchasing the land from the Cherokees for $ 1.25 per acre. Having previously rejected a bid from the cattlemen to buy the land for $ 3.00 per acre, the Cherokee protested in vain that the
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between the
Cherokees and the United States obligated the Cherokees to move west of the Mississippi River to lands assigned them in Indian Territory (later Oklahoma). Their new lands included a 7.0-million-acre reservation and "a perpetual outlet west...as far west as the sovereignty of the United
188:
Meanwhile, the Indian peoples in neighboring Kansas came under intense pressure from the U.S. government and White settlers. With new lands available to them in the
Cherokee Outlet, the various Indian people living in Kansas were induced by the U.S. to sell their lands and to purchase new lands in
811:
Acts of the Fifty-First
Congress, First Session: Oklahoma Organic Act of May 2, 1890, ch. 182, 26 Stat. 81. Laws and Treaties Vol 1. (Statutes, Executive Orders, Proclamations, and Statistics of Tribes) Compiled to December 1, 1902 by Charles J. Kappler, LL., M., Clerk to the Senate Committee on
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to persuade the
Cherokee to cede their complete title to the Cherokee Outlet. After a great amount of pressure, and confirmed by a treaty Congress approved March 17, 1893, the Cherokee agreed, for "the sum of $ 8,595,736.12, over and above all other sums" to turn title over to the United States
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put the lease up for bid, hoping to get a better price, and leased it again to the Cherokee Strip Livestock Association for $ 200,000 annually. The more than 100 members of the Livestock Association divided up the land, erecting fences and corrals and building ranch houses.
221:. The Osage had enough in funds (managed by the U.S. government) to pay for their new lands in the Cherokee Outlet; the U.S. government failed to pay for the land sold to the other tribes until the 1880s, and then paid less than the price asked by the Cherokees.
170:. A substantial number of Cherokees were slave owners. The census of 1835 counted 1,592 slaves among the Cherokees and 7.4% of Cherokees were slave owners. The attraction of Cherokees toward the Confederacy was magnified by a statement in fall 1860 by
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The Texans began to halt in the outlet to graze and winter their cattle. Ranchers in Kansas also began to use the outlet for grazing their herds. The Cherokees attempted to collect fees for grazing rights, which were confirmed by the
224:
The practical impact of this settlement of non-Cherokee Indians in the eastern portion of the Cherokee Outlet was to cut the Cherokee off from easy access to the western part of the outlet, thus making it "virtually useless" to them.
112:
was a two-and-one-half mile wide piece of land running along the northern border of much of the Cherokee Outlet. It was the result of a surveying error. The whole of the Cherokee Outlet is often called the Cherokee Strip.
299:
for the Southern District of Kansas and the Northern District of Texas, cleared the Cherokee Outlet of cattle thieves and train robbers, who had taken to hiding out in what they thought was a kind of "no-man's land".
277:
following the Chisholm Trail, and numerous side trails continued to pass through the outlet for the next 20 years. The Cherokees collected, but with difficulty, 10 cents per head of cattle passing through the outlet.
406:. In Mark Twain’s 1896 comic novel “The American Claimant,” the naive character Washington Hawkins arrives in Washington, D.C., upon being appointed the Congressional delegate for the Cherokee Strip.
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Smith, Chadwick and Teague, Faye (Winter 1993), "The Response of the Cherokee Nation to the Cherokee Outlet Centennial Celebration: A Legal and Historical Analysis,"
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The Cherokee Outlet was little used for decades after its creation. The Cherokees were farmers rather than ranchers or hunters, but the nomadic and warlike
382:. The names of the characters have been changed, but the basic actions taken are explored. The 1897 land run serves as the setting of films such as 1925's
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McLouglin, William G. (Dec 1977), "The Cherokees in Transition: A Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835,"
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724:"Benjamin Harrison: 'Proclamation – Extending the Time for Cattlemen to Move Herds off the Cherokee Strip', September 19, 1890"
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693:"Benjamin Harrison: 'Proclamation 296 – Prohibiting Grazing on Cherokee Strip lands, Indian Territory,' February 17, 1890"
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89:(later Oklahoma). At the time of its creation, the Cherokee Outlet was about 225 miles (360 km) long. The cities of
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265:, and the next year, the first large cattle herd was driven through the Cherokee Outlet from Texas to the railroad in
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145:, were forcibly relocated to Indian territory and their new lands. A census in 1835 had counted 16,500 Cherokees.
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Oklahoma, the Cherokee Outlet, and Indian reservations established in the state and in the Cherokee Outlet.
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in 1861, the Cherokees and other Indians living in Indian Territory were divided between support for the
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575:, Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed 20 November 2018. The Nez Perce were later allowed to move to
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The Cherokee Nation in the Nineteenth Century: Racial Tension and the Loss of Tribal Sovereignty,
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61:. It was a 60-mile-wide (97 km) parcel of land south of the Oklahoma–Kansas border between
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The Cherokee Strip Live Stock Association: Federal Regulation and the Cattleman's Last Frontier
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The Cherokee Outlet and the actions of the cattlemen play a prominent role in a portion of the
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government. On September 16, 1893, the eastern end of the Cherokee Outlet was settled in the
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Jesse Chisholm, a mixed-blood Cherokee, pioneered cattle drives through the Cherokee Outlet.
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269:. The Chisholm Trail passed through the present city of Enid and entered Kansas near
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Most of the cattle drives going north from Texas passed through the Cherokee Outlet.
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the association for $ 100,000 per year. At the end of five years, the Cherokee
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were later founded within the boundaries of what had been the Cherokee Outlet.
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After the Trail of Tears: The Cherokees' Struggle for Sovereignty, 1839–1880,
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in the United States and possibly the largest event of its kind in history.
908:
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
488:
241:
233:
181:
After the American Civil War, the United States demanded a new treaty (see
27:
Section of the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) reserved for the Cherokee nation
848:
796:
Lowe, Marjorie. "Let's Make It Happen: W.W. Keeler and Cherokee Renewal."
3429:
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69:. The Cherokee Outlet was created in 1836. The United States forced the
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Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Cherokee Outlet Opening
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tribe also received an additional $ 2 million in accrued interest.
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670:"Harold J. Weiss, Jr., and Rie Jarratt, 'McDonald, William Jesse'"
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Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, www.okhistory.org
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Also during the 1880s, Captain Bill McDonald, acting as deputy
526:
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 166–167
812:
Indian Affairs, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903
504:
Dissertation: Flinders University of South Australia, p. 189
3489:
1791:
174:, a prominent supporter of Unionist presidential candidate
730:. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from
699:. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from
197:) in the Cherokee Outlet in 1872, followed shortly by the
3326:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
365:
who participated in it and served as a mayor of Blackwell
875:
610:"Cattle drives started in earnest after the Civil War,"
329:. Oklahoma became the 46th state on November 16, 1907.
141:, most of the Cherokees, living primarily in northern
30:"Cherokee Strip" redirects here. For other uses, see
3561:
Former regions and territories of the United States
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Interview Published in 2001 Edition Permission Hill
539:. Oklahoma Historical Society. 1936. Archived from
77:to cede to the United States all lands east of the
886:Cherokee Strip Land Rush Museum, Arkansas City, KS
876:Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center, Enid, OK
423:The Cherokee Strip: A Tale of an Oklahoma Boyhood
3226:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
3186:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
601:, Dissertation: Oklahoma State University, p. 11
824:"Cheaters Prospered in Historic U.S. Land Runs"
325:incorporated the unassigned lands into the new
1807:
928:
8:
775:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
755:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
891:Map of Cherokee Strip & Cherokee Outlet
1814:
1800:
1792:
935:
921:
913:
53:, was located in what is now the state of
489:http://www.garfieldokgen.org/History.htm
309:government price was too low. President
36:
771:"Cherokee Strip Live Stock Association"
537:"Oklahoma: A Foreordained Commonwealth"
414:
130:verifying their ownership of the land.
903:Outlet and Strip differences explained
3551:Regions of the Southern United States
753:Alvin O. Turner, "Cherokee Outlet.",
573:"Timeline of American Indian Removal"
421:James, Marquis. "Notes to Foreword".
7:
2828:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
1923:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
2477:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
722:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
691:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
597:Snodgrass, William George (1972),
560:"Treaty with the Cherokee, 1866,"
513:McLouglin (Dec 1977), pp. 681, 690
500:Essery, Roderick C. (April 2015),
25:
3490:Cherokee-language Knowledge (XXG)
3146:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
3111:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
314:opened to non-Indian settlement.
2301:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
1775:
881:Cherokee Strip Museum, Perry, OK
648:. University of Oklahoma Press.
599:A History of the Cherokee Outlet
3281:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
728:The American Presidency Project
697:The American Presidency Project
522:McLoughlin, William G. (2014),
476:The Journal of American History
361:Photograph of the land rush by
149:The Civil War and its aftermath
133:In 1838, in what is called the
32:Cherokee Strip (disambiguation)
2981:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
2908:Chief Vann House Historic Site
2818:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
249:In 1865, mixed-blood Cherokee
1:
2918:Museum of the Cherokee People
777:. Oklahoma Historical Society
588:Smith and Teague, pp. 279–283
456:. Oklahoma Historical Society
438:, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 272–274
168:Confederate States of America
3006:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
2883:Red Clay State Historic Park
2495:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
3556:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
3310:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
2331:Cherokee Southwest Township
2316:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
2248:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
2165:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
1984:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
3592:
2451:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
2426:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2336:Oconaluftee Indian Village
2311:Original Keetoowah Society
802:Retrieved August 28, 2013.
798:The Chronicles of Oklahoma
29:
3485:
2863:Trail of Tears State Park
2813:Cherokee National Capitol
2219:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
2194:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
1928:Cherokee Immersion School
1771:
954:
769:Snodgrass, Jimmy (2009).
478:, Vol. 64, No. 3, p. 678.
450:"Cherokee Outlet Opening"
448:Turner, Alvin O. (2009).
189:the Cherokee Outlet. The
2996:Fort Smith Historic Site
2764:Western Cherokee Nation
2363:Cherokee Central Schools
2148:Battle of Lindley's Fort
1918:Cherokee (Unicode block)
858:(accessed May 27, 2010).
759:Retrieved July 29, 2013.
644:Savage, William (1990).
625:Smith and Teague, p. 283
3355:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
3341:Other notable Cherokee
2275:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
563:, accessed 20 Nov 2018.
487:"The Cherokee Outlet,"
348:Cherokee Strip land run
333:Cherokee Strip land run
183:Reconstruction Treaties
3275:William Charles Rogers
3195:William Holland Thomas
2971:The Great Trading Path
2138:Cherokee–American wars
616:, accessed 22 Nov 2018
491:, accessed 17 Nov 2018
366:
246:
238:
195:Osage County, Oklahoma
42:
3001:Port Royal State Park
2226:Transylvania Purchase
2199:Treaty of Hard Labour
2121:Siege of Fort Loudoun
1847:United Keetoowah Band
360:
244:
236:
40:
3265:Samuel Houston Mayes
2442:The Cherokee Tobacco
2434:Worcester v. Georgia
2418:freedmen controversy
2378:Sequoyah High School
2368:Cherokee High School
2231:Chickamauga Cherokee
2189:Treaty of Turkeytown
2179:Treaty of New Echota
2155:Nickajack Expedition
2133:Cherokee War of 1776
634:Snodgrass, pp. 17–19
363:William S. Prettyman
193:moved to lands (now
123:Treaty of New Echota
3571:Regions of Oklahoma
3514: /
2873:Rattlesnake Springs
2458:Cherokee Commission
2143:Battle of Hightower
2030:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
1933:New Kituwah Academy
1898:Green Corn Ceremony
1782:Oklahoma portal
1262:Largest cities
1212:Oklahoma City Metro
1083:Tourist attractions
343:Cherokee Commission
323:Organic Act of 1890
85:and an "outlet" in
3576:Oklahoma Territory
3065:Outacite of Keowee
2976:The Great War Path
2951:Oconaluftee valley
2936:Stick Ball Grounds
2858:Tellico Blockhouse
2263:Indian Removal Act
2209:Treaty of Hopewell
2204:Treaty of Lochaber
2160:American Civil War
2116:Anglo-Cherokee War
2000:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
1217:Ouachita Mountains
896:2021-02-15 at the
854:2010-07-01 at the
370:In popular fiction
367:
327:Oklahoma Territory
247:
239:
160:American Civil War
158:the coming of the
81:in exchange for a
43:
3497:
3496:
3450:Clement V. Rogers
3320:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
3270:Thomas Buffington
3035:Moytoy of Tellico
2956:Oconaluftee River
2888:Hair Conrad Cabin
2823:Chieftains Museum
2374:Sequoyah Schools
2236:Overhill Cherokee
2214:Treaty of Holston
2184:Treaty of Tellico
2174:Cherokee treaties
1945:Spiritual beliefs
1789:
1788:
1018:Land Rush of 1889
436:Tulsa Law Review,
311:Benjamin Harrison
79:Mississippi River
16:(Redirected from
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3566:Indian Territory
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3420:Markwayne Mullin
3250:Dennis Bushyhead
3130:Charles R. Hicks
3055:Moytoy of Citico
2946:Tuckasegee River
2868:Brainerd Mission
2853:Sequoyah's Cabin
2760:Cherokee Nations
2398:Principal Chiefs
2391:Politics and law
2342:Unto These Hills
2306:Warriors Society
2268:Cherokee descent
2242:Cherokee Phoenix
2126:Battle of Echoee
2109:Battle of Taliwa
2088:skiagusta (rank)
2015:Moon-eyed people
1950:Moon-eyed people
1868:National holiday
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1039:Unassigned Lands
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847:Deventer, M.J.,
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822:Landphair, Ted.
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395:The Oklahoma Kid
135:Cherokee removal
87:Indian Territory
21:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3541:
3540:
3530:Cherokee Outlet
3529:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3481:
3470:Kimberly Teehee
3330:James L. Gordon
3315:Bill John Baker
3300:Wilma Mankiller
3240:William P. Ross
3215:Patrick Lambert
3060:Standing Turkey
3020:
2966:Sycamore Shoals
2941:Cullasaja River
2893:Nancy Ward Tomb
2843:John Ross House
2805:
2799:
2793:Qualla Boundary
2768:Cherokee Nation
2570:Hiwassee Island
2500:Amoyeligunahita
2487:
2481:
2386:
2353:Female Seminary
2326:Heritage groups
2296:Heritage Center
2284:
2280:Texas Cherokees
2093:outacite (rank)
2044:
1988:
1851:
1837:Cherokee Nation
1825:
1820:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1369:
1256:
1187:Four State Area
1177:Choctaw Country
1172:Cherokee Outlet
1148:
1087:
962:
950:
941:
898:Wayback Machine
867:
862:
856:Wayback Machine
846:
842:
832:
830:
821:
820:
816:
810:
806:
794:
790:
780:
778:
768:
767:
763:
751:
747:
737:
735:
734:on 11 June 2016
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
703:on 11 June 2016
690:
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486:
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473:
469:
459:
457:
447:
446:
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433:
429:
420:
416:
412:
404:Humphrey Bogart
390:William S. Hart
372:
341:authorized the
335:
306:
267:Abilene, Kansas
231:
176:Abraham Lincoln
151:
119:
71:Cherokee Nation
47:Cherokee Outlet
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3589:
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3467:
3465:Hastings Shade
3462:
3460:Durbin Feeling
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Jenny McIntosh
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Yvette Herrell
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:Nunnahitsunega
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Elias Boudinot
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Turtle-at-Home
3357:
3352:
3347:
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3337:
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3324:
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3317:
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3307:
3302:
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3272:
3267:
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3260:Johnson Harris
3257:
3252:
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3137:
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3090:Dragging Canoe
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Attakullakulla
3037:
3031:Early leaders
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
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2983:
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2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
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2933:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Bussell Island
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Ross's Landing
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Judaculla Rock
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2806:memorial sites
2801:
2800:
2798:
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2673:Spike Bucktown
2670:
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2491:
2489:
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2471:
2470:
2463:Cherokee Strip
2455:
2447:
2438:
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2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
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2272:
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2265:
2260:
2258:Trail of Tears
2250:
2245:
2238:
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2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
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2167:
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2150:
2145:
2135:
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2111:
2100:
2098:Raven of Chota
2095:
2090:
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2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:Horned Serpent
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1953:
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983:
981:Climate change
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917:
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866:
865:External links
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861:
860:
840:
814:
804:
788:
761:
745:
714:
683:
661:
654:
636:
627:
618:
612:Texas Almanac,
603:
590:
581:
565:
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528:
515:
506:
493:
480:
467:
440:
427:
413:
411:
408:
378:Western novel
371:
368:
350:, the largest
334:
331:
305:
302:
289:Tribal Council
255:Chisholm Trail
251:Jesse Chisholm
230:
229:Cattle grazing
227:
207:Otoe-Missouria
172:William Seward
155:Plains Indians
150:
147:
139:Trail of Tears
118:
115:
110:Cherokee Strip
51:Cherokee Strip
26:
24:
18:Cherokee Strip
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3539:
3536:
3519:36.5°N 98.0°W
3492:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Redbird Smith
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Sam Sixkiller
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
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3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Joel B. Mayes
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Lewis Downing
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:Richard Sneed
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Gerard Parker
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
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3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
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3160:Tahlonteeskee
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:William Hicks
3133:
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3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
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3085:Little Turkey
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3038:
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3023:
3017:
3016:Cherokee Path
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
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2808:
2804:Landmarks and
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2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:Eastern Band
2783:
2779:
2778:Tahlonteeskee
2776:
2774:
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2769:
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2754:
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2748:Running Water
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2358:Male Seminary
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2289:Organizations
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2118:
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2110:
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2016:
2013:
2011:
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2001:
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1995:
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1982:
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1335:Oklahoma City
1333:
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1233:
1232:South Central
1230:
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1223:
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1218:
1215:
1213:
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1205:
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1200:
1198:
1197:Green Country
1195:
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1188:
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1183:
1182:Cross Timbers
1180:
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958:Oklahoma City
953:
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933:
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926:
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869:
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864:
857:
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850:
844:
841:
829:
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815:
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765:
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702:
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671:
665:
662:
657:
655:0-8061-2271-4
651:
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631:
628:
622:
619:
615:
613:
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543:on 2012-02-14
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303:
301:
298:
293:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:Cattle drives
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:laid out the
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212:
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129:
124:
121:In 1836, the
116:
114:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:United States
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
3499:
3487:
3475:Shawna Baker
3410:Ned Christie
3335:John W. Hair
3295:Ross Swimmer
3290:W. W. Keeler
3045:Amouskositte
2991:Tuckaleechee
2961:Abrams Creek
2923:Untokiasdiyi
2898:Blythe Ferry
2462:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2340:
2240:
2105:Tribal Wars
1979:Booger dance
1842:Eastern Band
1773:
1693:Pottawatomie
1315:Midwest City
1285:Broken Arrow
1275:Bartlesville
1237:Southwestern
1207:Northwestern
1202:Little Dixie
1171:
1119:Demographics
956:
843:
831:. Retrieved
827:
817:
807:
797:
791:
779:. Retrieved
774:
764:
754:
748:
736:. Retrieved
732:the original
727:
717:
705:. Retrieved
701:the original
696:
686:
674:. Retrieved
664:
645:
639:
630:
621:
611:
606:
598:
593:
584:
568:
556:
545:. Retrieved
541:the original
531:
523:
518:
509:
501:
496:
483:
475:
470:
458:. Retrieved
453:
443:
435:
430:
422:
417:
400:James Cagney
393:
383:
380:The Kincaids
379:
373:
336:
320:
316:
307:
297:U.S. marshal
294:
280:
248:
223:
187:
180:
152:
132:
120:
107:
50:
46:
44:
3524:36.5; -98.0
3522: /
3435:Major Ridge
3415:John Martin
3395:Joseph Vann
3285:J. B. Milam
3210:Joyce Dugan
3180:John Rogers
3175:John Looney
3170:Sam Houston
3100:Incalatanga
2913:Mantle Rock
2838:Long Island
2575:Island town
2413:1842 revolt
2321:Youth Choir
2020:Nun'Yunu'Wi
1974:Stomp dance
1962:Black drink
1957:Ethnobotany
1703:Roger Mills
1247:Tulsa Metro
1192:Flint Hills
1139:LGBT rights
986:Earthquakes
392:and 1939's
385:Tumbleweeds
284:U.S. Senate
128:land patent
83:reservation
3545:Categories
3528: (
3488:See also:
3390:David Vann
3385:James Vann
3380:Wauhatchie
3370:Goingsnake
3345:Nancy Ward
3165:John Jolly
3120:Pathkiller
3080:Old Tassel
3070:Oconostota
2738:Turtletown
2733:Turkeytown
2723:Tuckasegee
2658:Oostanaula
2605:Long Swamp
2600:Kulsetsiyi
2349:Education
2083:Ani-kutani
2040:Tsul 'Kalu
2005:Deer Woman
1748:Washington
1698:Pushmataha
1563:Kingfisher
1355:Stillwater
1345:Ponca City
1222:The Ozarks
1051:newspapers
1046:Mass media
996:Government
738:17 January
707:17 January
577:Washington
547:2006-12-05
410:References
376:Matt Braun
99:Ponca City
3400:Bob Benge
3365:Junaluska
3200:Tsaladihi
3190:Yonaguska
3140:John Ross
3125:Big Tiger
3105:Tagwadihi
3095:Kunokeski
3075:Savanukah
3011:Tlanusiyi
2878:Fort Cass
2773:Tahlequah
2753:Titsohili
2718:Tsatanugi
2633:Nickajack
2620:Nantahala
2615:Nacoochee
2545:Dirt town
2525:Conasauga
2515:Chilhowee
2505:Brasstown
2486:Towns and
2468:in Kansas
2403:Blood Law
2035:U'tlun'ta
1913:syllabary
1683:Pittsburg
1618:McCurtain
1548:Jefferson
1448:Cleveland
1227:Panhandle
1129:Education
991:Geography
961:(capital)
425:. p. vii.
398:starring
388:starting
337:In 1889,
203:Nez Perce
3305:Joe Byrd
3245:Utselata
3235:Degataga
3155:Degadoga
3150:The Bowl
2928:Standing
2788:Cherokee
2743:Tuskegee
2703:Tomotley
2698:Tomassee
2663:Red Clay
2610:Mialoquo
2565:Hiwassee
2560:Frogtown
2550:Ducktown
2540:Crowtown
2488:villages
2073:Treaties
2066:military
2061:timeline
2025:Nûñnë'hï
1903:Language
1873:Calendar
1823:Cherokee
1763:Woodward
1723:Stephens
1718:Sequoyah
1713:Seminole
1688:Pontotoc
1658:Okmulgee
1653:Oklahoma
1648:Okfuskee
1633:Muskogee
1623:McIntosh
1603:Marshall
1578:Le Flore
1553:Johnston
1498:Garfield
1483:Delaware
1458:Comanche
1443:Cimarron
1433:Cherokee
1423:Canadian
1375:Counties
1320:Muskogee
1290:Del City
1162:Arklatex
1144:Politics
1134:Gun laws
1104:Cannabis
1099:Abortion
1001:governor
948:Oklahoma
894:Archived
852:Archived
833:10 March
828:VOA News
676:March 9,
352:land run
339:Congress
271:Caldwell
166:and the
117:Creation
95:Woodward
55:Oklahoma
3509:98°00′W
3506:36°30′N
3430:Sequoya
3050:Old Hop
2986:Chatata
2728:Tugaloo
2713:Toxoway
2693:Tellico
2683:Talulah
2668:Settico
2643:Nununyi
2638:Nikwasi
2580:Isunigu
2535:Coyotee
2510:Chatuga
2408:Slavery
2253:Removal
2056:History
2049:History
1993:Legends
1967:Kanuchi
1940:Marbles
1908:history
1863:Society
1856:Culture
1753:Washita
1743:Wagoner
1733:Tillman
1613:McClain
1583:Lincoln
1573:Latimer
1543:Jackson
1533:Haskell
1438:Choctaw
1403:Beckham
1388:Alfalfa
1350:Shawnee
1270:Ardmore
1252:Western
1167:Central
1154:Regions
1124:Economy
1109:Culture
1092:Society
1078:Symbols
1013:History
781:May 20,
460:May 20,
304:Boomers
219:Tonkawa
217:, and
143:Georgia
75:Indians
57:in the
3025:People
2688:Tanasi
2678:Talisi
2653:Oconee
2628:Echota
2595:Kituwa
2590:Keowee
2555:Etowah
2454:(2005)
2446:(1871)
2437:(1832)
2429:(1831)
2078:Kituwa
1893:Ghigau
1888:Gadugi
1883:Chiefs
1830:Tribes
1708:Rogers
1673:Pawnee
1668:Ottawa
1643:Nowata
1628:Murray
1538:Hughes
1528:Harper
1523:Harmon
1503:Garvin
1478:Custer
1463:Cotton
1428:Carter
1408:Blaine
1398:Beaver
1340:Owasso
1330:Norman
1310:Lawton
1300:Edmond
1295:Duncan
1242:Texoma
1073:Sports
1068:People
1032:, and
968:Topics
652:
263:Kansas
211:Pawnee
101:, and
3350:Tsali
3115:Enola
2931:Stone
2708:Toqua
2648:Ocoee
2585:Joara
2530:Cowee
2520:Chota
2102:Wars
1878:Clans
1758:Woods
1738:Tulsa
1728:Texas
1678:Payne
1663:Osage
1638:Noble
1608:Mayes
1598:Major
1588:Logan
1568:Kiowa
1518:Greer
1513:Grant
1508:Grady
1493:Ellis
1488:Dewey
1473:Creek
1468:Craig
1418:Caddo
1413:Bryan
1393:Atoka
1383:Adair
1365:Yukon
1360:Tulsa
1325:Moore
1280:Bixby
1114:Crime
1056:radio
976:Index
944:State
259:Texas
257:from
215:Ponca
191:Osage
164:Union
103:Perry
67:100°W
49:, or
2444:case
1593:Love
1453:Coal
1305:Enid
1034:1895
1030:1893
1026:1892
1022:1891
1005:list
835:2021
783:2016
740:2016
709:2016
678:2010
650:ISBN
462:2016
402:and
321:The
108:The
91:Enid
65:and
45:The
2625:New
1558:Kay
946:of
261:to
199:Kaw
137:or
73:of
3547::
1061:TV
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
826:.
773:.
726:.
695:.
452:.
273:.
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
97:,
93:,
63:96
3532:)
1815:e
1808:t
1801:v
1007:)
1003:(
936:e
929:t
922:v
837:.
800:.
785:.
757:.
742:.
711:.
680:.
658:.
579:.
550:.
464:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
