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promotion, both during his career in advertising, and throughout his work as a diplomat, elected official and appointed official. For many years he was a successful author and lecturer, giving him platforms to promote his beliefs and views of politics, policy and the quest for peace. Early on, while a student at Yale
College, his goal was to join the United States foreign service to become a career diplomat. Even while a business executive in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, he fostered a keen, growing interest in domestic issues, international issues, and a wide array of other political issues of the day. With the election of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932, Bowles saw in the
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survival and happiness of the world's population, Bowles was opposed to the
Vietnam War and to the involvement of the United States in Southeast Asia. European reconstruction was vital, he believed, after the massive devastation of World War II. That devastation was due in no small measure to the bombing and other military activities conducted by the US and its Allies over the years of conflict in Europe, in his view. Bowles understood that the
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historians in later years) as a demotion. Bowles was made
Ambassador to India for the second time on July 19, 1963. He continued in this position through the remainder of Kennedy's Presidency, and for the duration of Lyndon B. Johnson's Administration. Bowles was a passionate advocate for stronger relations between the United States and India. He enjoyed good relations with India's first prime minister,
601:. His reward was Under Secretary of State (1961), which enabled him to staff American embassies with liberal intellectuals and activists. However his liberalism proved too strong for Kennedy, who demoted him to a nominal job as roving ambassador to the Third World in 1961. Kennedy named him as ambassador to India again, 1963–1969, where he helped improve agricultural productivity and fight local famines.
593:, an emerging leader of the nonalignment movement. Bowles promoted rapid economic industrialization in India, and repeatedly called on Washington to help finance it. However, Washington was angered by India's neutrality, and limited funding to literacy and health programs. During the Eisenhower years, 1953–1960, Bowles organized liberal Democratic opposition, and served as a foreign policy advisor to
692:. Bowles was appointed chairman of the board in 1936. By 1941, the company reportedly earned an annual profit of more than $ 250,000. Bowles sold his shares in Benton & Bowles for a substantial profit. He became a multi-millionaire and fulfilled his dream by quitting the business world at age 40. He did not much enjoy the day-to-day job, saying in his autobiography:
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672:, by the mid-1930s Benton & Bowles was a multimillion-dollar company. Benton & Bowles created the radio soap opera, offering specialized programming to receptive demographic groups. This allowed Benton & Bowles to create advertising campaigns to promote their clients' products to this targeted radio audience.
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decisions affecting civil rights. He wrote articles and books that promoted civil rights and agitation for change and improvement, including in a book entitled "What
Negroes Can Learn from Gandhi" published in 1958. He advanced these rights by supporting various government programs and private philanthropic initiatives.
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as Under
Secretary. In December 1961, Bowles was named President Kennedy's Special Representative and Adviser on African, Asian, and Latin American Affairs, and Ambassador at Large. Ostensibly this new position was a promotion, but this job was recognized by most experts involved at the time (and by
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in 1961. That
November, Bowles was removed as a consequence of the touted perception in the Kennedy Administration that he failed to carry out key duties as an administrator in the Department of State, but actually, to quote John Kenneth Galbraith, for "his courage and his conscience," and because
621:. His father made a middle-class living as a salesmen for the wood pulp industry. Chester's parents were arch-conservative Republicans who hated and feared big government. However, Chester's political views were shaped more by his aunt Ruth Standish Baldwin, who was a socialist, pacifist, friend of
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Civil rights was of paramount importance to
Chester Bowles. As a white liberal from the Northeast, he used various tools to foment change that encouraged independence, freedom and equality for African-Americans and other minorities, supporting changes in the laws advocating for enlightened judicial
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I honestly believe that I would have been happier and more effective if I had gone into public service immediately following my graduation from college. On the other hand, I realize that the grinding effort that I put into those early years enabled my family and me to build a capital reserve which
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Because of the strength and wealth of the United States, Bowles believed that it was essential for
America to further develop vigorous, sizable foreign aid programs to a large number of countries. Bowles was a long-time advocate for peace. Because of that deep-rooted sense that peace was vital to
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Chester Bowles was well known for his oft-repeated phrase, that he always had "a feeling for the people's side." He said that his grandfather and great-grandfather also used that phrase in their careers in journalism as newspaper owners. Bowles showed expertise in stagecraft, public relations and
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alliance—needed to be defeated. Yet that meant destruction of buildings, infrastructure, deaths of civilians. Shortly after the war, Bowles saw the hampered abilities of the countries to produce food, clothe their people, provide education, sanitation and health care. Jobs were scarce and
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is a well-known economist, while Sally Bowles (1938–2011) continued her father's tradition of public service, which lifelong dedication she attributed to her years as a school-girl studying in a public school in India, where she and her siblings were the only non-Indian students.
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Bowles married twice and had children by both marriages. His first wife was Julia Fisk. They married in 1925 and divorced in 1933. The marriage produced two children, a son, Chester Jr., and a daughter, Barbara. Chester Bowles Jr. was an architect in San
Francisco.
784:, and served one term, during which time he signed into law an end to segregation in the state national guard. During his term, Bowles was also active in improving education, mental health, housing and workmen's compensation. He lost a bitter re-election campaign to
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and served in that position until 1946. He played the major role in rationing consumer goods and setting prices in an effort to hold down inflation and guarantee that poor families were not outbid for the necessities of life. He served as a member of the
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opportunities were limited for most people. Yet he was convinced that after the war the United States had a moral obligation to assist with the re-building of affected countries and with meeting the humanitarian needs of the affected people.
806:
During the
Eisenhower years, Bowles was a leading Democratic liberal intellectual, especially on foreign policy matters, writing numerous articles, giving speeches, and advising Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. Bowles won a seat in the
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803:, serving from 1951 to 1953. He developed a close relationship with Prime Minister Nehru, who otherwise distrusted Americans. Indeed Bowles Highly appreciated Nehru's positions, which caused him friction with the State Department.
641:, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1924. Decades later he recalled the Yale years "as a period of overwork, confusion and missed opportunities....It was unfashionable in or out of college to think much about anything."
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Bowles then took a job as the state of Connecticut's rationing administrator in 1942. He becoming state director of price administration later that year, and then general manager. He was appointed by President
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referred to Bowles' career as an advertising executive as "brilliant". He and his business partner, Mr. Benton, signed major U.S. companies as advertising clients for Benton & Bowles, including
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gubernatorial nomination in Connecticut that year. Also in 1946, he became one of the American delegates to the first conference of United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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has assured us far greater independence and made it possible for me to travel, to write, to speak my mind, and to move from one career to the next as various challenges presented themselves.
625:, and leader in the early civil rights movements for Blacks. She inspired him to read deeply in politics, civil rights, and international affairs. Chester attended elite private schools –
777:, as the UN building in Manhattan was not completed until 1952 He continued with the United Nations as international chairman of the United Nations Children's Appeal from 1948 to 1951. .
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for 22 years (diagnosed when he was Ambassador to India). He also had a cerebrovascular accident (a stroke) the week prior to his death. His grave is in the River View Cemetery in Essex.
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Ahlberg, Kristin. “'Machiavelli With a Heart': The Johnson Administration’s Food for Peace Program in India, 1965–1966,” Diplomatic History 31, no. 4 (2007): 665–701.
853:. His removal was made part of a broader bureaucratic reshuffle, which became known as the "Thanksgiving Day Massacre". In early December 1961, he was replaced by
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owned by his family, Bowles took a minor position with the United States consulate in Shanghai, but soon returned to the U.S. because of his father's illness.
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In 1934, the year after his divorce, Bowles married Dorothy Stebbens. They had three children together: two daughters, Cynthia and Sally, and a son, Samuel.
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950:, Bowles Park, is named in Bowles's honor. Connecticut Route 9 between Old Saybrook and Cromwell is also designated as the Chester Bowles Highway.
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Sankaran, Sahaj. "Ambassadors Extraordinary: Chester Bowles, BK Nehru, and Ambassadorial Agency in Indo-American Relations, 1961–1969." (2020).
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566:. Bowles is best known for his influence on American foreign policy during Cold War years, when he argued that economic assistance to the
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Because of his strong support for the New Deal Domestic policies of the Roosevelt Administration, Bowles worked closely with First Lady
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McGarr, Paul. “'India’s Rasputin'? V.K. Krishna Menon and Anglo-American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964,”
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717:. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, he was rejected for health reasons when he tried to join the Navy.
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from 1949 to 1951. He promoted liberal programs in education and housing, but was defeated for reelection by conservative backlash.
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Bowles became a copywriter for $ 25 per week at the Batten Company, an advertising agency in New York City that later became
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A North-South Mind in an East-West World: Chester Bowles and the Making of United States Cold War Foreign Policy, 1951–1969
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A North-South Mind in an East-West World: Chester Bowles and the Making of United States Cold War Foreign Policy, 1951–1969
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Initially, Bowles was opposed to the United States getting involved in World War II and joined an opposition group, the
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Bowles completed his service as Ambassador to India on April 21, 1969, during the early days of the presidency of
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D'Auria, Gregory T. "A Connecticut Cassandra in Camelot: Chester Bowles, John F. Kennedy, and the Vietnam War."
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during Kennedy's campaign for president of the US. Bowles served as chairman of the platform committee for the
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was the best means to fight communism, and even more important, to create a more peaceable world order. During
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862:. Bowles strongly believed that the United States and India shared fundamental democratic values.
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for Connecticut's second district and served one term, from January 3, 1959, to January 3, 1961.
582:, but had great difficulty controlling inflation. Moving into state politics, he served a term as
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on several key policy initiatives and programs, while continuing his job at Benton & Bowles.
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
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Guide to the Chester Bowles Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
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John Kenneth Galbraith review of "Promises to Keep" New York Times April 25, 1971
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in 1947 and 1948. During these years, the UN General Assembly met in session at
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As ambassador to India, he established a good relationship with Prime Minister
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policies many ideas and concepts that he liked and would promote for decades.
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Bowles at his 1961 swearing in as President Kennedy's Special Representative.
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1234:"Research Guides: General Assembly – Quick Links: 2nd Session (1947–1948)"
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Bowles was elected to the governorship of Connecticut in 1948, defeating
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554:(April 5, 1901 – May 25, 1986) was an American diplomat and ambassador,
660:, the third-largest agency in the US. In 1929, Bowles established the
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and became chairman of the Economic Stabilization Board for President
1440:
The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan
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Bowles was selected in 1960 as a foreign policy adviser to Senator
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After working after graduation as a reporter for the newspaper in
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was a leading Republican spokesman as editor of the Springfield
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788:, during which his opponent painted him as an extreme liberal.
1376:"Extraordinary Life: Sally Bowles, 73, of Essex, died June 11"
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Estranged Democracies: India and the United States, 1941–1991
558:, congressman and co-founder of a major advertising agency,
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Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1965
1126:"Chester Bowles Is Dead at 85; Served in 4 Administrations"
633:, Connecticut, graduating in 1919. He matriculated at the
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Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
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and eventually on to the U.S., where she died in 2011.
877:, which was granted. Bowles arranged for her to leave
574:, he held high office in Washington as director of the
1166:. Presidential Profiles. Facts on File, Inc. p.
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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1052:Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds.
958:Bowles died at the age of 85, on May 25, 1986, in
873:, a writer and the only daughter of Soviet leader
865:In March 1967, Bowles was formally petitioned for
844:President Kennedy appointed Bowles to the post of
1257:. State History Publications. pp. 134–35.
881:immediately on a middle-of-the-night flight to
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1340:. Baylor University Press. pp. 315–325.
8:
1694:U.S. House of Representatives
184:January 25, 1961 – December 3, 1961
2613:Politicians from Springfield, Massachusetts
1529:Newspaper clippings about Chester B. Bowles
1453:Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War,
1080:Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War,
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1520:"Longines Chronoscope with Chester Bowles"
1510:"Longines Chronoscope with Chester Bowles"
1281:Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War
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742:In 1946, he was appointed director of the
294:January 5, 1949 – January 3, 1951
251:January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961
127:October 10, 1951 – March 21, 1953
47:
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2653:Ambassadors of the United States to India
2648:Democratic Party governors of Connecticut
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1117:
1115:
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1033:Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life
762:. Bowles served as special assistant to
226:U.S. House of Representatives
2633:United States Under Secretaries of State
2236:United States Under Secretaries of State
1700:Connecticut's 2nd congressional district
30:For the biologist and statistician, see
1334:Davis W. Houck; David E. Dixon (2006).
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74:July 19, 1963 – April 21, 1969
1659:United States Under Secretary of State
1214:
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946:A public housing project in northwest
172:United States Under Secretary of State
1465:Bowles, Paul, and Gena Dagel Caponi.
1054:Encyclopedia of US foreign relations.
750:. Bowles ran unsuccessfully for the
7:
2673:People from Wallingford, Connecticut
1663:January 25, 1961 – December 3, 1961
1474:In touch: the letters of Paul Bowles
1199:"BOWLES, Chester Bliss, (1901–1986)"
1469:(Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1993).
1374:Hamilton, Anne M. (July 31, 2011).
1254:Connecticut Biographical Dictionary
2618:American people of English descent
2430:United States Ambassadors to India
1737:October 10, 1951 – March 21, 1953
1705:January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961
1636:January 5, 1949 – January 3, 1951
1472:Bowles, Paul, and Jeffrey Miller.
1069:(1971) pp. 15–18, quoting page 17.
1000:What Negroes Can Learn From Gandhi
25:
2683:20th-century American politicians
1760:United States Ambassador to India
1733:United States Ambassador to India
1496:"Chester B. Bowles (id: B000699)"
1012:The Coming Political Breakthrough
734:and the Petroleum Board for War.
62:United States Ambassador to India
2638:Kennedy administration personnel
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2433:
2423:
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1522:is available for viewing at the
1512:is available for viewing at the
1455:(Harvard University Press, 1993)
917:regime of Germany—and others in
744:Office of Economic Stabilization
725:in 1943 as administrator of the
580:Office of Economic Stabilization
488:
2678:20th-century American diplomats
1764:July 19, 1963 – April 21, 1969
738:Diplomatic and political career
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484:
27:American politician (1901–1986)
2628:Protestants from Massachusetts
1561:Office of Price Administration
1467:Conversations with Paul Bowles
828:Democratic National Convention
727:Office of Price Administration
629:(now Choate Rosemary Hall) in
576:Office of Price Administration
337:Office of Price Administration
1:
2688:20th-century American writers
1692:Member of the
1677:U.S. House of Representatives
1158:Pederson, William D. (2006).
1124:Krebs, Albin (May 26, 1986).
994:Africa's Challenge to America
1095:. 2007-02-05. Archived from
609:Chester Bowles was born in
2698:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
2623:American Congregationalists
1533:20th Century Press Archives
1278:Howard B. Schaffer (1993).
1018:The Conscience of a Liberal
988:The New Dimensions of Peace
635:Sheffield Scientific School
2714:
2668:Writers from Massachusetts
1406:Connecticut History Review
962:, Connecticut. He had had
709:Career during World War II
652:Advertising career success
646:Springfield, Massachusetts
611:Springfield, Massachusetts
605:Education and early career
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1809:Governors of Connecticut
1575:Party political offices
1494:United States Congress.
1433:Diplomacy and Statecraft
1006:Ideas, People, and Peace
846:Under Secretary of State
809:House of Representatives
793:U.S. Ambassador to India
664:advertising agency with
1632:Governor of Connecticut
1594:Governor of Connecticut
1093:"About Benton: History"
715:America First Committee
584:governor of Connecticut
556:governor of Connecticut
282:Governor of Connecticut
1753:John Kenneth Galbraith
1711:Horace Seely-Brown Jr.
1686:Horace Seely-Brown Jr.
819:
771:Lake Success, New York
274:Horace Seely-Brown Jr.
262:Horace Seely-Brown Jr.
103:John Kenneth Galbraith
2658:American male writers
2302:Edward Stettinius Jr.
2287:William R. Castle Jr.
1559:Administrator of the
1251:Caryn Hannan (2008).
1078:Howard B. Schaffer,
976:Tomorrow Without Fear
948:Hartford, Connecticut
817:
358:Franklin D. Roosevelt
335:Administrator of the
1583:Charles Wilbert Snow
1451:Schaffer, Howard B.
1435:22#2 (2011): 239–260
900:Political commitment
851:Bay of Pigs Invasion
791:He was appointed as
764:UN Secretary General
732:War Production Board
686:Procter & Gamble
552:Chester Bliss Bowles
487: 1925;
405:Chester Bliss Bowles
140:Dwight D. Eisenhower
32:Chester Ittner Bliss
18:Chester Bliss Bowles
2362:Nicholas Katzenbach
2332:Walter Bedell Smith
1545:Government offices
1418:(Greenwood, 2005).
1321:(Greenwood, 2005).
982:Ambassador's Report
964:Parkinson's disease
871:Svetlana Alliluyeva
662:Benton & Bowles
560:Benton & Bowles
2337:Herbert Hoover Jr.
1617:Political offices
1414:Dauer, Richard P.
1317:Richard P. Dauer,
1284:. pp. 59–60.
1217:has generic name (
1131:The New York Times
885:. She traveled to
820:
677:The New York Times
305:William T. Carroll
115:Kenneth B. Keating
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2367:Elliot Richardson
2347:C. Douglas Dillon
2327:David K. E. Bruce
2257:Henry P. Fletcher
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1767:Succeeded by
1740:Succeeded by
1718:Diplomatic posts
1708:Succeeded by
1666:Succeeded by
1652:C. Douglas Dillon
1639:Succeeded by
1607:Succeeded by
1569:Office abolished
1553:Prentiss M. Brown
1438:McMahon, Robert.
1146:Promises to Keep
1024:The Makings of a
703:Eleanor Roosevelt
627:The Choate School
549:
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374:Prentiss M. Brown
205:C. Douglas Dillon
87:Lyndon B. Johnson
41:Chester B. Bowles
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1625:James C. Shannon
1622:Preceded by
1610:Abraham Ribicoff
1580:Preceded by
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1232:Sciboz, Joëlle.
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1067:Promises to Keep
1065:Chester Bowles,
1063:
1057:
1056:(1997) 1:168-69.
1050:
867:political asylum
860:Jawaharlal Nehru
786:John Davis Lodge
782:James C. Shannon
670:Great Depression
591:Jawaharlal Nehru
510:
508:
499:Dorothy Stebbins
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386:Office abolished
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1408:(1987): 39–57.
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1082:(1993) pp 7–12.
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824:John F. Kennedy
748:Harry S. Truman
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595:Adlai Stevenson
564:Publicis Groupe
535:Yale University
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2252:Norman Davis
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2030:G. Lounsbury
2005:P. Lounsbury
1840:Trumbull Jr.
1820:Trumbull Sr.
1758:
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1592:nominee for
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1508:A film clip
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437:(1986-05-25)
435:May 25, 1986
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381:Succeeded by
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269:Succeeded by
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212:Succeeded by
179:
159:Succeeded by
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110:Succeeded by
69:
2608:1986 deaths
2603:1901 births
2357:George Ball
2267:Joseph Grew
2040:Chamberlain
1915:J. Trumbull
1860:Wolcott Jr.
1850:R. Griswold
1835:Wolcott Sr.
1825:M. Griswold
1304:Schaffer,
887:Switzerland
855:George Ball
835:Los Angeles
775:Long Island
631:Wallingford
568:Third World
446:Connecticut
418:Springfield
369:Preceded by
312:Preceded by
257:Preceded by
232:Connecticut
200:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
98:Preceded by
2597:Categories
2247:Frank Polk
2120:McConaughy
2065:S. Baldwin
1945:Buckingham
1830:Huntington
1590:Democratic
1565:1943–1946
1360:Schaffer,
1103:2019-04-03
1040:References
839:California
767:Trygve Lie
752:Democratic
619:Republican
474:Julia Fisk
460:Democratic
411:1901-04-05
300:Lieutenant
2543:Blackwill
2528:Pickering
2478:Galbraith
2453:Henderson
2080:Templeton
1975:Ingersoll
1895:Cleveland
1890:Ellsworth
1865:Tomlinson
1845:Treadwell
831:that year
723:Roosevelt
531:Education
354:President
349:1943–1946
345:In office
290:In office
280:78th
247:In office
189:President
180:In office
170:22nd
132:President
123:In office
79:President
70:In office
2573:Garcetti
2493:Moynihan
2140:Ribicoff
2050:Woodruff
2010:Bulkeley
2000:Harrison
1207:cite web
907:New Deal
520:Children
240:district
2548:Mulford
2538:Celeste
2518:Hubbard
2488:Keating
2170:Rowland
2165:Weicker
2160:O'Neill
2150:Meskill
2145:Dempsey
2125:Shannon
2085:Bingham
2070:Holcomb
2045:Roberts
1990:Bigelow
1985:Andrews
1980:Hubbard
1965:English
1955:English
1920:Seymour
1910:Bissell
1885:Edwards
1875:Edwards
1535:of the
1531:in the
1476:(2014).
511:
503:
493:
481:
477:
466:Spouses
2568:Juster
2558:Powell
2553:Roemer
2533:Wisner
2508:Barnes
2503:Goheen
2483:Bowles
2473:Bunker
2468:Cooper
2458:Bowles
2185:Lamont
2180:Malloy
2155:Grasso
2130:Bowles
2105:Hurley
2055:Lilley
2035:McLean
2020:Coffin
2015:Morris
1995:Waller
1970:Jewell
1960:Jewell
1950:Hawley
1940:Holley
1930:Dutton
1905:Toucey
1870:Peters
1697:from
1447:online
1442:(1994)
1428:(1994)
1420:online
1410:online
1364:p. 13.
1344:
1323:online
1308:(1993)
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1035:(1971)
1029:(1963)
1020:(1962)
1014:(1959)
1008:(1958)
1002:(1958)
996:(1956)
990:(1955)
984:(1954)
978:(1946)
801:Truman
756:UNESCO
2563:Verma
2523:Clark
2498:Saxbe
2463:Allen
2448:Grady
2135:Lodge
2095:Cross
2060:Weeks
2025:Cooke
1935:Minor
1855:Smith
960:Essex
954:Death
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797:Nepal
760:Paris
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1259:ISBN
1219:help
1172:ISBN
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883:Rome
795:and
688:and
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597:and
489:div.
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