2476:
1215:
68:
1206:
52:
1130:
1138:
374:
3379:
1197:
1052:
814:
75:
885:
walls of the final stone fort. The Roman army may have built these to accommodate families of
British farmers in this unsettled period. Septimius Severus died at York in 211 AD; his sons paid off the rebels and left for Rome. The stone buildings were demolished, and a large new stone fort was built where the huts had been, for the 4th Cohort of Gauls.
2468:
1224:
860:, a mixed infantry-cavalry unit of about 1,000 men. That fort was repaired in about 100 AD under the command of the Roman prefect Flavius Cerialis. When the 9th Cohort of Batavians left in 105 AD, their fort was demolished. The 1st Cohort of Tungrians returned to Vindolanda, built a larger wooden fort and remained here until
293:. Several names for the site are used in the early records, including "Chesters on Caudley", "Little Chesters", "The Bower" and "Chesterholm"; the altar found in 1914 confirmed that the Roman name for the site was "Vindolanda", which had been in dispute as one early source referred to it as "Vindolana".
1074:
In the 2014 excavation season, BBC ran a story about the discovery of one of the few surviving examples of a wooden toilet seat to be found in the Roman Empire. In the same year, they also recorded the discovery of the only (very old, very worn) gold coin ever to be found on the site with a mint date
1078:
In 2010, the BBC announced the discovery of the remains of a child between the ages of 8 and 10 years, which was uncovered in a shallow pit in a barrack room in a position suggesting that its arms may have been bound. Further archaeological analysis indicated that it could be female. She is believed
981:
conditions at these depths have preserved thousands of artefacts, such as 850 ink tablets and over 160 boxwood combs, that normally disintegrate in the ground, thus providing an opportunity to gain a fuller understanding of Roman life – military and otherwise – on the northern frontier. The study of
940:
was not reoccupied, so most likely the area remained too unsafe for life outside the defended walls of the fort. In about 370, the fort was roughly repaired, perhaps by irregular soldiers. There is no evidence for the traditional view that Roman occupation ended suddenly in 410; it may have declined
884:
led an army to
Britain to cope with it personally. The old stone fort was demolished, and replaced by an unconventional set of army buildings on the west, and an unusual array of many round stone huts where the old fort had been. Some of these circular huts are visible by the north and the southwest
1070:
also publicized the discovery of a cache of 25 ink tablets found earlier in the 2017 season. The tablets were discovered in a trench in one of the earliest layers of the fort, dating to the 1st century AD. This discovery was considered to be the second-largest discovery of ink tablets in the world,
1065:
focused on a discovery of cavalry barracks that were uncovered during the excavation season that held a large number of artifacts including swords, ink tablets, textiles, arrowheads, and other military paraphernalia. Relative dating of the barracks had determined that they were built around 105 AD.
855:
The earliest Roman forts at
Vindolanda were built of wood and turf. The remains are now buried as much as 13 ft (4 m) deep in the anoxic waterlogged soil. There are five timber forts, built (and demolished) one after the other. The first, a small fort, was probably built by the 1st Cohort
1017:
The larger of the two gloves is cut from a single piece of leather and was folded into a pouch configuration, the extending leather at each side were slotted into one another forming a complete oval shape creating an inner hole into which a hand could still easily be inserted. The glove was packed
911:
contains several rows of buildings, each containing several one-room chambers. Most are not connected to the existing drainage system. The one that does was perhaps a butchery where, for health reasons, an efficient drain would have been important. A stone altar found in 1914 (and exhibited in the
328:
also known as the Fourth Cohort of Gauls. It had been presumed that this title was, by this time, purely nominal, with auxiliary troops being recruited locally but an inscription found in a recent season of excavations suggests that native Gauls were still to be found in the regiment and that they
1012:
gloves, warriors using this type of gloves had no purpose to kill each other. These gloves were probably used in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at
Vindolanda's museum. According to Birley, they are not part of a matching pair:
1029:
In 2021, a carved sandstone artifact was discovered a few inches below the floor of the fort. It depicts a nude warrior or deity before a horse or similar animal. Early interpretations point to the figure being of a Roman deity, perhaps of Mars or
Mercury.
982:
these ink tablets shows a literacy among both the high born who lived there, as with the party invitation from one officer's wife to another and with soldiers and their families who send care packages with notes on the contents of the packages. A study of
986:
from the north-western quadrant has indicated the presence of spinners of low- and high-status in the fort in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. Along with ongoing excavations (in season) and excavated remains, a full-size replica of a section of
926:(a large imperial bath complex), that would have been used by many of the individuals on the site. The later stone fort, and the adjoining village, remained in use until about 285 AD, when it was largely abandoned for unknown reasons.
288:
Hedley died in 1835, before writing up his discoveries. Little more was done for a long time, although in 1914 a workman found another altar at the site, set up by the civilians living at the fort in honour of the Divine House and
1008:, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands and date back to 120 AD. It is suggested that, based on their difference from
1161:
photographs of the writing tablets and, from 2011, a small selection of the tablets themselves, on loan from the
British Museum. 2011 saw the reopening of the museum at Vindolanda, and also the Roman Army Museum at
1970:
1059:
In addition to the older initial findings of ink tablets, shoes and combs, several more artifacts and discoveries of note have been covered by the media. In 2017, the
British newspaper
3277:
842:
269:(1586). Occasional travellers reached the site over the next two hundred years, and the accounts they left predate much of the stone-stealing that has damaged the site. The military
3714:
222:
in northern
England, which it pre-dated. Archaeological excavations of the site show it was under Roman occupation from roughly 85 AD to 370 AD. Located near the modern village of
3704:
880:. A stone fort was built at Vindolanda, possibly for the 2nd Cohort of Nervians. From 208 to 211 AD, there was a major rebellion against Rome in Britain, and the Emperor
3694:
1771:
3270:
2355:
961:
who volunteered at the excavations at
Vindolanda and Housestead, after she and Eric were married in 1934. The excavations have been continued by his sons,
835:
620:
516:
67:
3719:
432:
3724:
2314:
2235:
408:
574:
2182:
1955:
3263:
3185:
828:
494:
1097:
covered in religious iconography within a collapsed church structure. The images include crosses, angels, a smiling priestly figure holding a
1811:
98:
977:
into the present day. They are undertaken each summer, and some of the archaeological deposits reach depths of 6 metres (20 ft). The
2079:
139:
2045:
3709:
3699:
3420:
1746:
3587:
2227:
720:
382:
1862:
1569:"Boyne, Sir Henry Brian, (Sir Harry), (29 July 1910–18 Sept. 1997), Political Correspondent, The Daily Telegraph, London, 1956–76"
3234:
398:
250:, a set of wooden leaf-tablets that were, at the time of their discovery, the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain.
2019:
2348:
1686:
476:
3592:
590:
551:
502:
1888:
1214:
1149:, conserves and displays finds from the site. The museum is set in gardens, which include full-sized reconstructions of a
706:
639:
427:
135:
3607:
2278:
1186:
to the west, another
Hadrian's Wall fort, which it had acquired in 1972. The current Curator of the Vindolanda Trust is
1083:
962:
206:
325:
3658:
3328:
3244:
3229:
2341:
525:
1624:"The Construction, Use, and Discard of Female Identities: Interpreting Spindle Whorls at Vindolanda and Corbridge"
1245:
3338:
1720:
735:
390:
1837:
856:
of Tungrians about 85 AD. By about 95 AD this was replaced by a larger wooden fort built by the 9th Cohort of
1388:
3577:
3348:
3323:
2200:
1175:
978:
857:
301:
Archaeological excavations of the site show it was under Roman occupation from roughly 85 AD to 370 AD. The
2311:
1915:"3D Imaging as a Public Engagement Tool: Investigating an Ox Cranium Used in Target Practice at Vindolanda"
285:
there, which he removed. In 1814 the first real archaeological work was begun, by the Rev. Anthony Hedley.
3561:
3475:
3455:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3333:
3239:
3213:
2417:
1785:
865:
602:
451:
1178:, was founded to administer the site and its museum, and in 1997, the Trust took over the running of the
3622:
3363:
3308:
1205:
701:
437:
277:(bath-house) was still partly roofed when Christopher Hunter visited the site in 1702. In about 1715 an
1157:
croft, all with audio presentations. Exhibits include Roman boots, shoes, armour, jewellery and coins,
949:
In the 1930s, the house at Chesterholm where the museum is now located was purchased by archaeologist
51:
3531:
3460:
3450:
3395:
2497:
958:
691:
633:
3159:
3134:
3129:
3435:
3343:
3313:
3303:
2559:
2306:
1602:"Excavations at Vindolanda – the evidence for a Frontier constantly in transition" by Andrew Birley
1129:
1038:
818:
542:
239:
2333:
3729:
3668:
3653:
3643:
3582:
3495:
3485:
3415:
3298:
2580:
2432:
2000:
1240:
1163:
787:
290:
247:
2328:
1137:
2249:
953:, who was interested in excavating the site. This became the family home of Eric and his wife
3627:
3617:
3602:
3546:
3541:
3526:
3470:
3200:
2614:
2590:
2543:
2523:
2427:
2368:
2169:
2087:
2053:
1992:
1971:"Touch wood: luck, protection, power or pleasure? A wooden phallus from Vindolanda Roman fort"
1936:
1913:
Williams, Rhys; Thompson, Tim; Orr, Caroline; Birley, Andrew; Taylor, Gillian (21 June 2019).
1765:
1694:
1645:
1492:
1183:
1179:
1023:
988:
881:
861:
794:
660:
649:
219:
2046:"Unearthed near Hadrian's Wall: lost secrets of first Roman soldiers to fight the barbarians"
998:
boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vindolanda Trust experts led by Dr
3195:
2538:
2312:
Directions and further details about Vindolanda and the remaining sections of Hadrian's Wall
1982:
1926:
1635:
1576:
1548:
1511:
1087:
771:
760:
675:
394:
346:
1580:
3597:
3465:
3190:
2893:
2318:
1568:
954:
765:
743:
686:
1812:"PHOTO | Beautifully preserved Ancient Roman boxing gloves unearthed in UK | BJPenn.com"
3551:
3505:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
2457:
1536:
1187:
1114:
1102:
974:
966:
780:
750:
711:
262:
227:
130:
2156:
1196:
1051:
3688:
3612:
3490:
3405:
3205:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2551:
2004:
1786:"1,900-Year-Old Boxing 'Gloves' Unearthed at Vindolanda | Archaeology | Sci-News.com"
1454:
999:
983:
970:
877:
755:
727:
655:
2134:
2112:
1663:
1355:
3440:
3425:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2507:
1150:
1061:
1004:
995:
345:
A translation of this is "The troops from Gaul dedicate this statue to the goddess
321:
243:
203:
1033:
In February 2023, a 2,000 year-old disembodied 6.3-inch (160 mm) long wooden
3536:
3255:
2437:
2412:
2387:
2020:"Wooden object nearly 2,000 years old suggests Romans used sex toys, study says"
1253:, Latin textbooks for primary-school children, using stories based in Vindolanda
1154:
950:
665:
556:
259:
223:
41:
3663:
3556:
2630:
2564:
2492:
1600:
1282:
1022:
Recent excavations have been accompanied by new archaeological methodologies.
696:
471:
461:
417:
329:
liked to distinguish themselves from British soldiers. The inscription reads:
235:
2091:
2057:
1996:
1940:
1698:
1649:
1496:
1071:
with the first being a cache that was also discovered at Vindolanda in 1992.
876:
Soon after Hadrian's Wall was built, most of its men were moved north to the
113:
100:
3648:
3500:
3480:
2595:
2528:
2452:
2397:
2392:
2382:
1956:
Rare Carving of Nude Horseman Found at Roman Fort May Depict Mercury or Mars
1009:
681:
231:
1082:
Another find publicised on the BBC website in 2006 was a bronze and silver
17:
1026:
has been used to investigate the use of an ox cranium in target practice.
3673:
3445:
3430:
3180:
2502:
2447:
2442:
2407:
2323:
1987:
1158:
306:
302:
1278:'enclosure/meadow/prairie/grassy plain'(the modern Gaelic word might be
3410:
1863:"Pair of ancient Roman boxing gloves unearthed – Unexplained Mysteries"
1553:
1540:
1250:
1223:
1106:
1098:
1094:
921:
446:
353:
315:
310:
272:
258:
The first post-Roman record of the ruins at Vindolanda was made by the
1931:
1914:
1640:
1623:
1480:
864:
was built around 122 AD, when they moved, most likely to Vercovicium (
3400:
3318:
2585:
2422:
2402:
2364:
1298:
The bacteria responsible for degrading organic matter require oxygen.
1166:(Carvoran), refurbished with a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
1037:
toy was revealed, according to the research published in the journal
536:
278:
214:
150:
1075:
of 64 or 65 AD, lying in a site layer dating to the 4th century AD.
905:, a self-governing village, developed to the west of the fort. The
1136:
1128:
1118:
1110:
1050:
1034:
900:
282:
2183:"Hadrian's Wall dig reveals oldest Christian graffiti on chalice"
918:
and that it was named Vindolanda. To the south of the fort is a
868:) on the wall, about two miles to the north-east of Vindolanda.
209:
3259:
2337:
1889:"Knock out as Roman boxing gloves are discovered in North East"
1747:"2,000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were discovered in England"
1745:
EST, Sydney Pereira on 2/20/18 at 3:04 PM (20 February 2018).
2301:
1838:""Astonishing" Roman boxing gloves found near Hadrian's Wall"
191:
3377:
2474:
2466:
1090:, with the name Quintus Sollonius punched into its surface.
1141:
Sandal found at Vindolanda and now on display in the Museum
2289:
Vindolanda Guide: the home of Britain's finest treasures
2170:
BBC News: "Brooch casts light on Roman Wall" 17 May 2006
2201:"Early Christian Chalice Unearthed in Northern England"
1541:"Keeping up Appearances on the Romano-British Frontier"
1369:
Selkirk, A (2006). "A ritual statue from Vindolanda".
352:
Among the troops were Basque-speaking soldiers of the
2080:"Cache of Roman letters discovered at Hadrian's Wall"
1721:"Found: A Pair of Boxing Gloves From 2,000 Years Ago"
2230:
The Vindolanda Trust, registered charity no. 1159798
1687:"Rare Roman boxing gloves found near Hadrian's Wall"
1109:. In addition, the chalice bears scripts written in
912:
museum) proves that the settlement was officially a
3636:
3570:
3519:
3388:
3291:
3222:
3173:
3052:
2629:
2604:
2573:
2516:
2485:
2375:
2282:
Vindolanda: a Roman frontier post on Hadrian's Wall
1481:"Eric Birley (1906-1995): Vice-President 1951-1995"
991:, in both stone and turf, can be seen on the site.
349:with the full support of the British-born troops".
187:
179:
169:
161:
156:
146:
129:
92:
34:
2291:. Roman Army Museum Publications, Greenhead, 2012.
2157:"Northumberland Roman fort's child murder mystery"
934:About 300 AD, the fort was again rebuilt, but the
1093:In 2020, archaeologists discovered a 5th-century
1018:with natural material acting as a shock absorber.
1015:
331:
3715:Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom
3271:
2349:
1969:Collins, Rob; Sands, Rob (20 February 2023).
836:
324:. From the early third century, this was the
8:
1575:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
1512:"Illuminating the Vindolanda Stylus Tablets"
1401:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, pages 31–32.
1770:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1430:
1428:
935:
919:
913:
906:
898:
889:
313:
270:
3278:
3264:
3256:
2356:
2342:
2334:
1409:
1407:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1145:The Vindolanda site museum, also known as
843:
829:
625:
595:
521:
413:
368:
31:
3705:Former populated places in Northumberland
1986:
1930:
1664:"'Astonishing' Roman boxing gloves found"
1639:
1552:
1364:
1362:
2236:Charity Commission for England and Wales
2217:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, page 24.
1443:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, page 39.
1434:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, page 38.
1422:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, page 36.
1413:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, page 35.
1325:Birley, Vindolanda Guide, 2012, page 40.
1719:Traverso, Vittoria (20 February 2018).
1354:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A.Burnham
1311:
1263:
1192:
524:
460:
416:
389:
3695:Archaeological sites in Northumberland
1763:
1389:"Vindolanda's cavalry cache uncovered"
281:officer named John Warburton found an
2605:Cumbrian Coast Forts (North to South)
2113:"Roman toilet seat found at dig site"
1919:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal
1628:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal
7:
1887:Henderson, Tony (20 February 2018).
1836:Gibbons, Duncan (20 February 2018).
1790:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
1581:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u177073
1346:
1344:
1079:to have died about 1,800 years ago.
3186:Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)
2135:"Rare Roman gold coin is unearthed"
2044:Alberge, Dalya (9 September 2017).
2018:Orie, Amarachi (20 February 2023).
1685:Alberge, Dalya (19 February 2018).
3174:Other structures on Hadrian's Wall
2284:. Thames and Hudson, London, 1977.
1153:, a Roman shop, a Roman house and
74:
25:
3720:Archaeological museums in England
3588:Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths
1453:Breeze, David J. (28 June 2021).
1174:In 1970, the Vindolanda Trust, a
3725:Roman auxiliary forts in England
1810:Taylor, Tom (20 February 2018).
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
812:
372:
73:
66:
56:Military bathhouse at Vindolanda
50:
2324:Hadrian's Wall Discussion Forum
2159:. BBC News. 16 September 2010.
2078:Kennedy, Maev (10 July 2017).
1622:Alberti, Marta (14 May 2018).
1455:"Peggy Birley - Trowelblazers"
27:Roman fort in Northern England
1:
3286:Roman visitor sites in the UK
707:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
3608:National Roman Legion Museum
1101:, fish, a whale, ships, the
1086:modelled with the figure of
621:Frontiers and fortifications
3223:Regular and linear features
1959:, Smithsonian, 13 July 2021
1516:Vindolanda Charitable Trust
973:, and granddaughter-in-law
433:Decorations and punishments
326:Cohors IV Gallorum equitata
3746:
3659:Chester Roman Amphitheatre
3623:Trimontium Trust (Melrose)
3583:Carvoran Roman Army Museum
3471:Carvoran Roman Army Museum
2115:. BBC News. 27 August 2014
1133:Gardens outside the museum
192:http://www.vindolanda.com/
3710:Museums in Northumberland
3700:History of Northumberland
3375:
2464:
2376:Wall Forts (East to West)
1867:unexplained-mysteries.com
1510:Meyer, Alexander (2022).
1479:Breeze, David J. (1996).
1246:History of Northumberland
957:, a student of Eric's at
61:
49:
39:
3593:Colchester Castle Museum
2172:Retrieved 11 August 2007
2137:. BBC News. 19 June 2014
1274:'fair, white, blessed',
736:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
721:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
391:Military of ancient Rome
3578:Canterbury Roman Museum
3476:Over Burrow (Lancaster)
2329:3-D survey of Vindolana
1350:C.Michael Hogan. 2007.
955:Margaret "Peggy" Birley
872:Stone forts, stone huts
819:Ancient Rome portal
44:, Northumberland, U.K.
3382:
3214:Pike Hill Signal Tower
2479:
2471:
2317:6 January 2009 at the
2307:BBC page on Vindolanda
1142:
1134:
1056:
1020:
936:
920:
914:
907:
899:
890:
866:Housesteads Roman Fort
343:
314:
271:
246:. It is noted for the
3664:Jewry Wall, Leicester
3618:Senhouse Roman Museum
3527:Aldborough Roman Site
3381:
2478:
2470:
1352:Vindolanda Roman Fort
1140:
1132:
1055:Vindolanda tablet 291
1054:
994:Nearly 2000-year-old
702:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
517:Technological history
3654:Caerleon Roman Baths
3649:Benwell Roman temple
3451:Hardknott Roman Fort
3396:Ambleside Roman Fort
3389:Forts & military
2254:The Vindolanda Trust
1988:10.15184/aqy.2023.11
1545:Internet Archaeology
1391:. 28 September 2017.
969:, and his grandson,
692:Lower Germanic Limes
591:Strategy and tactics
526:Military engineering
428:Unit types and ranks
320:, not components of
3319:Dover Painted House
3240:Hadrian's Wall Path
2560:Brampton Old Church
2556:Castle Hill Boothby
2503:Castra Exploratorum
1953:Davis-Marks, Isis,
1371:Current Archaeology
687:Lauter Valley Limes
110: /
3669:Welwyn Roman Baths
3486:Portchester Castle
3383:
2480:
2472:
2367:and structures of
2256:. 28 February 2019
1666:. 20 February 2018
1554:10.11141/ia.42.6.6
1241:Vindolanda tablets
1176:registered charity
1164:Magnae Carvetiorum
1147:Chesterholm Museum
1143:
1135:
1057:
788:Limes Tripolitanus
409:Structural history
365:Early wooden forts
248:Vindolanda tablets
162:Controlled by
114:54.9911°N 2.3608°W
3682:
3681:
3628:Verulamium Museum
3603:Jewry Wall Museum
3406:Banks East Turret
3253:
3252:
3210:Willowford Bridge
3201:Knag Burn Gateway
2207:. 31 August 2020.
2189:. 29 August 2020.
1932:10.16995/traj.364
1842:coventrytelegraph
1641:10.16995/traj.241
1338:, 1977. pp. 24–29
1180:Roman Army Museum
959:Armstrong College
930:4th century forts
882:Septimius Severus
853:
852:
804:
803:
795:Limes Mauretaniae
650:Limes Britannicus
611:
610:
575:Political history
565:
564:
485:
484:
230:, it guarded the
197:
196:
16:(Redirected from
3737:
3674:York Roman Baths
3644:Bath Roman Baths
3380:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3196:Limestone Corner
2539:Haltwhistle Burn
2477:
2469:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2302:Vindolanda Trust
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1981:(392): 419–435.
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1268:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1170:Vindolanda Trust
939:
925:
917:
910:
904:
893:
845:
838:
831:
817:
816:
815:
676:Limes Germanicus
626:
603:Infantry tactics
596:
552:Triumphal arches
522:
503:Wars and battles
495:Campaign history
414:
376:
375:
369:
360:Fort and village
319:
276:
218:) just south of
165:Vindolanda Trust
157:Site information
142:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:54.9911; -2.3608
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
77:
76:
70:
54:
45:
32:
21:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3632:
3598:Corinium Museum
3566:
3515:
3481:Pevensey Castle
3384:
3378:
3373:
3287:
3284:
3254:
3249:
3218:
3191:Chesters Bridge
3169:
3048:
2625:
2600:
2569:
2517:Stanegate Forts
2512:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2371:
2362:
2319:Wayback Machine
2298:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2250:"Meet the team"
2248:
2247:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2205:archaeology.org
2199:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1537:Birley, Barbara
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1172:
1127:
1117:, and possibly
1049:
1047:Media attention
1002:. According to
947:
932:
895:
874:
849:
813:
811:
806:
805:
800:
772:Limes Sarmatiae
766:Anastasian Wall
744:Pannonian Limes
623:
613:
612:
607:
593:
583:
582:
581:
577:
567:
566:
561:
547:
519:
509:
508:
507:
497:
487:
486:
481:
456:
442:
411:
401:
373:
367:
362:
338:
336:
334:
299:
256:
172:the public
171:
138:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
78:
57:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Venta Icenorum
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3506:Venta Icenorum
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Great Witcombe
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3206:Peel Gap Tower
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:Hadrian's Wall
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2296:External links
2294:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2241:
2219:
2210:
2192:
2174:
2162:
2148:
2126:
2104:
2070:
2036:
2010:
1961:
1946:
1905:
1879:
1854:
1828:
1802:
1777:
1737:
1711:
1677:
1655:
1614:
1592:
1560:
1528:
1502:
1471:
1445:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1403:
1394:
1380:
1358:
1340:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1188:Barbara Birley
1171:
1168:
1126:
1123:
1048:
1045:
989:Hadrian's Wall
984:spindle whorls
975:Barbara Birley
946:
943:
931:
928:
894:
887:
873:
870:
862:Hadrian's Wall
851:
850:
848:
847:
840:
833:
825:
822:
821:
808:
807:
802:
801:
799:
798:
791:
784:
781:Limes Arabicus
776:
775:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Limes Alutanus
747:
746:
740:
739:
731:
730:
724:
723:
717:
716:
715:
714:
712:Wetterau Limes
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
671:
670:
669:
668:
663:
661:Hadrian's Wall
658:
645:
644:
643:
642:
629:
624:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
608:
606:
605:
599:
594:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
548:
546:
545:
540:
532:
529:
528:
520:
515:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
499:
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
482:
480:
479:
474:
468:
465:
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
443:
441:
440:
435:
430:
424:
421:
420:
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
393:
387:
386:
378:
377:
366:
363:
361:
358:
298:
295:
263:William Camden
255:
254:Early accounts
252:
228:Northumberland
220:Hadrian's Wall
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
136:grid reference
133:
131:Grid reference
127:
126:
94:
90:
89:
80:
79:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3742:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Nether Denton
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:Outpost Forts
2484:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1726:
1725:Atlas Obscura
1722:
1715:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1459:Trowelblazers
1456:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:Andrew Birley
997:
992:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
971:Andrew Birley
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
938:
929:
927:
924:
923:
916:
909:
903:
902:
892:
888:
886:
883:
879:
878:Antonine Wall
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
826:
824:
823:
820:
810:
809:
797:
796:
792:
790:
789:
785:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:Trajan's Wall
759:
757:
756:Limes Moesiae
754:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
728:Norican Limes
726:
725:
722:
719:
718:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Antonine Wall
654:
653:
652:
651:
647:
646:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
631:
630:
628:
627:
622:
617:
616:
604:
601:
600:
598:
597:
592:
587:
586:
576:
571:
570:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
544:
543:Siege engines
541:
539:
538:
534:
533:
531:
530:
527:
523:
518:
513:
512:
504:
501:
500:
496:
491:
490:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
463:
459:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
419:
415:
410:
405:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
371:
370:
364:
359:
357:
355:
350:
348:
342:
339:
330:
327:
323:
322:Roman legions
318:
317:
312:
308:
305:consisted of
304:
296:
294:
292:
286:
284:
280:
275:
274:
268:
264:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
205:
201:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
164:
160:
155:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
132:
128:
123:
95:
91:
69:
60:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3510:
3441:Dover Castle
3421:Burgh Castle
3339:Lullingstone
3235:Military Way
3053:Milefortlets
2619:Burrow Walls
2574:Supply Forts
2533:
2508:Blatobulgium
2498:Fanum Cocidi
2288:
2281:
2273:Bibliography
2258:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2187:The Guardian
2186:
2177:
2165:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2084:The Guardian
2083:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2050:The Observer
2049:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:
2013:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1816:| BJPenn.com
1815:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1691:The Guardian
1690:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1606:, retrieved
1601:
1595:
1584:, retrieved
1572:
1563:
1544:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1505:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1439:
1418:
1397:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1351:
1335:
1330:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1230:
1173:
1155:Northumbrian
1151:Roman temple
1146:
1144:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:The Guardian
1067:
1062:The Guardian
1060:
1058:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1005:The Guardian
1003:
993:
948:
933:
896:
875:
854:
793:
786:
779:
770:
734:
674:
648:
632:
535:
351:
344:
341:QUE BRITANNI
340:
332:
300:
287:
266:
257:
244:Solway Firth
213:
199:
198:
170:Open to
29:
3637:Other sites
3496:Richborough
3456:Housesteads
3349:North Leigh
2631:Milecastles
2622:Gabrosentum
2524:Corstopitum
2438:Camboglanna
2418:Vercovicium
2388:Pons Aelius
2287:Birley, R.
2029:26 February
1893:nechronicle
1573:Who Was Who
1125:Site museum
1024:3-D imaging
951:Eric Birley
666:Saxon Shore
333:CIVES GALLI
260:antiquarian
224:Bardon Mill
117: /
93:Coordinates
42:Bardon Mill
18:Chesterholm
3689:Categories
3613:Ribchester
3547:Silchester
3537:Colchester
3532:Chichester
3511:Vindolanda
3491:Ribchester
3416:Birdoswald
3411:Binchester
3359:Rockbourne
3354:Piddington
3334:Littlecote
3324:Fishbourne
2565:Luguvalium
2534:Vindolanda
2493:Habitancum
2443:Uxelodunum
2279:Birley, R.
2141:21 October
2119:21 October
2097:21 October
2063:21 October
1608:27 October
1586:27 October
1521:26 October
1491:: xi–xiv.
1336:Vindolanda
1306:References
1283:Old Gaelic
945:Excavation
697:Main Limes
335:DE GALLIAE
240:River Tyne
236:Roman road
200:Vindolanda
151:Roman fort
102:54°59′28″N
81:Vindolanda
35:Vindolanda
3730:Stanegate
3557:St Albans
3542:Corbridge
3501:Segedunum
3461:Lancaster
3436:Derventio
3364:Sparsholt
3309:Chedworth
2596:Vindomora
2529:Newbrough
2453:Coggabata
2413:Procolita
2398:Vindobala
2393:Condercum
2383:Segedunum
2092:0261-3077
2058:0029-7712
2005:257069682
1997:0003-598X
1975:Antiquity
1941:2515-2289
1898:19 August
1872:19 August
1847:19 August
1821:19 August
1795:19 August
1756:19 August
1730:19 August
1704:19 August
1699:0261-3077
1670:19 August
1650:2515-2289
1497:0068-113X
1485:Britannia
1287:Fiondland
1280:fionnlann
1040:Antiquity
1010:gladiator
858:Batavians
682:Alb Limes
337:CONCORDES
267:Britannia
265:, in his
238:from the
232:Stanegate
207:auxiliary
180:Condition
105:2°21′39″W
3562:Wroxeter
3446:Eboracum
3431:Chesters
3426:Caerleon
3369:Wroxeter
3181:Portgate
2448:Aballava
2408:Cilurnum
2315:Archived
1925:(1): 2.
1766:cite web
1751:Newsweek
1634:(1): 2.
1539:(2016).
1334:Birley,
1270:British
1235:See also
1184:Carvoran
1159:infrared
1105:letters
941:slowly.
477:Admirals
452:Generals
383:a series
381:Part of
307:infantry
303:garrison
297:Garrison
183:Derelict
3571:Museums
3344:Newport
3314:Crofton
3304:Brading
3245:Turrets
1251:Minimus
1107:chi-rho
1095:chalice
1035:phallus
967:Anthony
922:thermae
447:Auxilia
438:Legions
354:Varduli
316:auxilia
311:cavalry
273:Thermae
242:to the
215:castrum
188:Website
3401:Arbeia
3299:Bignor
3292:Villas
3230:Vallum
2615:Alauna
2586:Arbeia
2581:Alauna
2544:Magnis
2428:Magnis
2423:Aesica
2260:23 May
2090:
2056:
2003:
1995:
1939:
1697:
1648:
1547:(42).
1495:
1464:23 May
1377:: 4–5.
1272:windo-
1084:fibula
979:anoxic
580:
537:Castra
472:Fleets
399:AD 476
395:753 BC
385:on the
347:Gallia
291:Vulcan
279:excise
234:, the
202:was a
140:NY7766
3520:Towns
3165:MF 25
3160:MF 24
3155:MF 23
3150:MF 22
3145:MF 21
3140:MF 20
3135:MF 19
3130:MF 18
3125:MF 17
3120:MF 16
3115:MF 15
3110:MF 14
3105:MF 13
3100:MF 12
3095:MF 11
3090:MF 10
2611:Bibra
2591:Coria
2548:Throp
2433:Banna
2403:Onnum
2365:Forts
2001:S2CID
1285:word
1276:landa
1258:Notes
1119:Ogham
1115:Greek
1111:Latin
1103:Greek
1099:crook
996:Roman
963:Robin
937:vicus
915:vicus
908:vicus
901:vicus
891:Vicus
640:Walls
634:Limes
557:Roads
283:altar
204:Roman
3466:Lunt
3085:MF 9
3080:MF 5
3075:MF 4
3070:MF 3
3065:MF 2
3060:MF 1
2894:50TW
2458:Maia
2262:2024
2143:2017
2121:2017
2099:2017
2088:ISSN
2065:2017
2054:ISSN
2031:2023
1993:ISSN
1937:ISSN
1900:2019
1874:2019
1849:2019
1823:2019
1797:2019
1772:link
1758:2019
1732:2019
1706:2019
1695:ISSN
1672:2019
1646:ISSN
1610:2022
1588:2022
1523:2022
1493:ISSN
1466:2024
1088:Mars
965:and
462:Navy
418:Army
210:fort
147:Type
2024:CNN
1983:doi
1927:doi
1636:doi
1577:doi
1549:doi
1375:205
1182:at
309:or
226:in
175:Yes
3691::
3044:80
3039:79
3034:78
3029:77
3024:76
3019:75
3014:74
3009:73
3004:72
2999:71
2994:70
2989:69
2984:68
2979:67
2974:66
2969:65
2964:64
2959:63
2954:62
2949:61
2944:60
2939:59
2934:58
2929:57
2924:56
2919:55
2914:54
2909:53
2904:52
2899:51
2889:50
2884:49
2879:48
2874:47
2869:46
2864:45
2859:44
2854:43
2849:42
2844:41
2839:40
2834:39
2829:38
2824:37
2819:36
2814:35
2809:34
2804:33
2799:32
2794:31
2789:30
2784:29
2779:28
2774:27
2769:26
2764:25
2759:24
2754:23
2749:22
2744:21
2739:20
2734:19
2729:18
2724:17
2719:16
2714:15
2709:14
2704:13
2699:12
2694:11
2689:10
2252:.
2234:.
2203:.
2185:.
2086:.
2082:.
2052:.
2048:.
2022:.
1999:.
1991:.
1979:97
1977:.
1973:.
1935:.
1921:.
1917:.
1891:.
1865:.
1840:.
1814:.
1788:.
1768:}}
1764:{{
1749:.
1723:.
1693:.
1689:.
1644:.
1630:.
1626:.
1571:,
1543:.
1514:.
1489:27
1487:.
1483:.
1457:.
1427:^
1406:^
1373:.
1361:^
1343:^
1314:^
1289:).
1190:.
1121:.
1113:,
1043:.
897:A
397:–
356:.
3279:e
3272:t
3265:v
2684:9
2679:8
2674:7
2669:6
2664:5
2659:4
2654:3
2649:2
2644:1
2639:0
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
2264:.
2238:.
2232:"
2228:"
2145:.
2123:.
2101:.
2067:.
2033:.
2007:.
1985::
1943:.
1929::
1923:2
1902:.
1876:.
1851:.
1825:.
1799:.
1774:)
1760:.
1734:.
1708:.
1674:.
1652:.
1638::
1632:1
1579::
1557:.
1551::
1525:.
1499:.
1468:.
844:e
837:t
830:v
212:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
