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1004:") a few years after the incident. Though the United States and Great Britain are at peace at the time, and neither he nor any member of his crew had any direct involvement with the affair, he is met with mistrust and hostility from American whalers due to their negative association with the ship. The subsequent
856:
The incident outraged
American public opinion, and many felt the country's "sense of honor" had been violated. Americans of every political stripe spoke of the need to uphold national honor, and to reject the dismissal of the United States by Britain as a third-class nonentity. Americans talked
1509:
The
Jeffersonian Cyclopedia: A Comprehensive Collection of the Views of Thomas Jefferson Classified and Arranged in Alphabetical Order Under Nine Thousand Titles Relating to Government, Politics, Law, Education, Political Economy, Finance, Science, Art, Literature, Religious Freedom, Morals,
869:, then a foreign minister acting under instructions from U.S. Secretary of State James Madison, demanded British disavowal of the deed, the restoration of the four seamen, the recall of Admiral Berkeley, the exclusion of British warships from U.S. territorial waters, and the abolition of
3103:
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The
Chesapeake Affair of 1807: An Objective Account of the Attack of HMS Leopard, upon the U. S. Frigate Chesapeake, off Cape Henry, Va., June 22, 1807, and Its Repercussions; Compiled from Contemporary Newspaper Accounts, Official Documents, and Other Authoritative
350:
initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the
British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the
922:
over remarks
Decatur had made about Barron's conduct in 1807 (Barron was also wounded). Decatur had served on the court-martial that found Barron guilty of being unprepared and barred him from command for five years.
902:
had not been able to put up any resistance and surrendered so quickly, questioning the ability of the Navy to defend the country in the case of a war with Great
Britain, despite the expensive and controversial
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602:
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560:, encountered and hailed her. Barron was not alarmed, and received Lieutenant John Meade on board, who presented Barron with the search warrant. After an inconclusive discussion, Meade returned to
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began to be concerned about the lack of war material. Their concerns led to the establishment of a tariff protecting the manufacturers of gunpowder, which helped ensure the fortunes of the
2630:
1920:
Perkins, Bradford (1974) , Levy, Leonard (ed.), "Embargo: Alternative to War (Chapter 8 from
Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812, University of California Press)",
2124:
The
Pictorial Field-book of the War of 1812: Or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History, Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the Last War for American Independence
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625:. Only Ratford was British-born. The others were American residents, but had been serving on British warships. Daniel Martin, for instance, claimed he was born in
412:
seamen had deserted from their ships and local
American authorities gave them sanctuary. One of the deserters, a Londoner named Jenkin Ratford, joined the crew of
3424:
3409:
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Wolf, Joshua (2010), "To be
Enslaved or Thus Deprived: British Impressment, American Discontent, and the Making of the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1803–1807",
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843:
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ever, since the battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present: and even that did not produce such unanimity.
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880:. Many Americans demanded war because of the attack, but President Jefferson turned to diplomacy and economic pressure in the form of the ill-fated
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herself was captured during the War of 1812, when on June 1, 1813, after a series of naval engagements with the Royal Navy, the British frigate
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s crew had been killed and 18 wounded, including Barron, by the attack. However, Humphreys refused the surrender and sent a boarding party to
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affair created an uproar among Americans. There were strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President
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1979:
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The event raised tensions between the two countries and, while possibly not a direct cause, was one of the events leading up to the
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followed with her prisoners for trial. Jenkin Ratford, the sole British citizen, was sentenced to death and was hanged from the
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on August 31, 1807. The three American deserters received sentences of 500 lashes each, but the sentences were later commuted.
471:, with written orders authorizing him to board and search the United States warship to recover any deserters. Berkeley ordered
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Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion, one of whom was subsequently hanged.
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659:." Newspaper accounts of the time state Martin was not born in the United States but brought to Massachusetts, (possibly
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have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present, and even that did not produce such unanimity."
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2783:
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1889:
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614:, but Humphreys seized only the four Royal Navy deserters: Daniel Martin, John Strachan and William Ware all from HMS
434:. Decatur received a letter from the British consul ordering him to turn over three men alleged to have deserted from
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829:
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37:
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1005:
988:
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557:
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155:
1881:
The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV
1343:
The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV
1197:
The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV
580:
into the American ship. Her guns unloaded and her decks cluttered with stores in preparation for a long cruise,
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1807 USS Chesapeake, muster listing crewmen Robert McDonald & Joseph Arnold as killed by Capt S. Humphreys
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714:. After over 5 years spent in bonded service with the Royal Navy, the last two deserters were returned to
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1808:
500:
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647:", black eyes and dark yellow complexion and a small scar over his right eyebrow. Prior to serving on
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Free and enslaved people of African descent were not legally allowed to be American citizens in 1807.
688:
682:
479:
446:
1720:
The Patrick O'Brian Muster Book: Persons, Animals, Ships and Cannon in the Aubrey-Maturin Sea Novels
1635:
Our Country, Right Or Wrong: The Life of Stephen Decatur, the U.S. Navy's Most Illustrious Commander
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eventually offered to return the three American residents and to pay reparations for the damage to
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Embargo: Alternative to War, Chapter 8: Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812
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Embargo: Alternative to War, Chapter 8: Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812
1059:
1019:
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619:
517:
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493:
486:
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419:. Ratford had made himself conspicuous to British officers by shouting at them on the streets of
276:
244:
54:
2091:
Gaines, Edwin M. (1956), "The Chesapeake Affair: Virginians Mobilize to Defend National Honor",
1769:
Boston Jacky: Being an Account of the Further Adventures of Jacky Faber, Taking Care of Business
983:
1879:
1829:
1405:
1341:
1195:
3735:
3594:
3369:
3104:
Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary
2822:
2771:
2713:
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2128:
2028:
1985:
1975:
1956:
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784:
577:
450:
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305:
272:
88:
1745:"The American navy was the staple diet of conversation: Patrick O'Brian's The Fortune of War"
359:. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him toward economic warfare: the
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3723:
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3642:
3484:
3273:
3227:
3159:
2871:
2647:
2506:
2440:
2165:
2040:
2010:
History of the United States of America During the Second Administration of Thomas Jefferson
1666:
1101:
858:
722:
441:. The consul claimed the men had enlisted in the U.S. Navy, which was recruiting a crew for
347:
2950:
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States
3753:
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The incident had significant repercussions for the U.S. Navy. The public was shocked that
431:
393:
1774:
1507:
1902:
1358:
674:
Seaman's protection certificate issued in New Orleans, to Daniel Martin on 6 Oct. 1804
564:. Captain Humphreys, using a hailing trumpet, ordered the American ship to submit. When
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405:
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1940:
908:
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514:
332:
162:
136:
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pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the
218:
2991:
1576:
Foreign Capital, American Armament, and the Rise of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co
866:
799:
664:
656:
549:
317:
167:
2146:
1904:
A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War
1360:
A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War
1095:
535:
Officers of Chesapeake offering their swords to officers of the Leopard, depicted
2080:
2008:
1969:
1767:
1633:
1431:
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The bloody encounter caused a storm of protest from the U.S. government, and the
3813:
3789:
3562:
3263:
3072:
2029:"Remembering the USS Chesapeake: The politics of maritime death and impressment"
2004:
993:
877:
870:
743:
644:
461:
356:
49:
41:
1867:
Ivie, Robert L. "The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: The case of 1812."
1462:
Robert L. Ivie, "The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: The case of 1812".
1011:
during the War of 1812 features prominently in the sixth Aubrey–Maturin novel,
3846:
3828:
3545:
3028:
1047:
951:
569:
409:
401:
297:
1820:
1618:
1436:. Naval Historical Center, US Department of the Navy. 1985. pp. 190–191.
1220:(Essays on the Early Republic 1789–1815 ed.). Dryden Press. p. 316.
1177:
1137:(Essays on the Early Republic 1789–1815 ed.). Dryden Press. p. 315.
2997:
1989:
1960:
1928:
Risjord, Norman K. "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor."
1560:
1446:
Norman K. Risjord, "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor".
911:
blamed Barron and suspended him from service for five years as punishment.
371:
2044:
3586:
3055:
2122:
1478:"From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 14 July 1807"
794:
719:
180:
1393:. Vol. 28, July–December. London: UK Royal Navy. 1812. p. 363.
3129:
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
2104:
1933:
1451:
1363:. Vol. III: 1803–1812. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p.
660:
283:
186:
1894:
Life of Stephen Decatur: a commodore in the Navy of the United States
1296:
American Seamen's Protection Certificates & Impressment 1796-1822
1097:
Life of Stephen Decatur: a commodore in the Navy of the United States
715:
914:
In 1820, Commodore Barron challenged and mortally wounded Commodore
2681:
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage
2475:
669:
601:
584:
managed to fire only a single gun in reply. The humiliated Barron
530:
370:
1722:(2nd ed.). Jefferson NC and London: McFarland. p. 209.
1930:
William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History
1448:
William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History
919:
679:
2479:
2234:
548:
was off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, commanded by Commodore
222:
3517:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
3365:
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
1942:
Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy
1907:. Vol. III: 1803–1812. New York: D. Appleton and Company
1346:. Vol. 4. London: Baldwin, Chadock and Joy. p. 236.
1200:. Vol. 4. London: Baldwin, Chadock and Joy. p. 328.
663:) when he was six years old by mariner William Howland, from
1255:. New York, NY: Tom Doherty Associates, LLC. pp. 96–98.
857:
incessantly about the need for force in response. President
1971:
Injured honor: the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, June 22, 1807
2631:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
1282:. Springfield, Massachusetts. October 1, 1807. p. 2.
304:
was caught unprepared and after a short battle involving
610:
Scores of British nationals had signed on as crewmen of
1538:
Six Frigates: The Epic of the Founding of the U.S. Navy
1853:. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, LLC. p. 304.
2261:
Attacks on United States Navy ships during peacetime
1383:
1381:
396:, several British naval vessels were on duty on the
275:, on June 22, 1807, between the British fourth-rate
3656:
3525:
3318:
3287:
3142:
3081:
3007:
2885:
2732:
2723:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2712:
2605:
2453:
2433:
2404:
2375:
2337:
2317:
2297:
2266:
1813:
History of the navy of the United States of America
1611:
History of the navy of the United States of America
1170:
History of the navy of the United States of America
1117:
History of the navy of the United States of America
1000:(which he privately refers to as the "horrible old
728:, one month after the outbreak of the War of 1812.
331:was allowed to return home, where James Barron was
2061:
1815:. Stringer & Townsend, New York. p. 508.
1766:
1613:. Stringer & Townsend, New York. p. 231.
1172:. Stringer & Townsend, New York. p. 224.
2112:Free Trade and Sailors' Rights in the War of 1812
2013:. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1119:. Stringer & Townsend, New York. p. 226.
1068:Bibliography of early United States naval history
978:affair features prominently in two novels of the
1968:Tucker, Spencer; Reuter, Frank Theodore (1996).
1884:. Vol. 4. London: Baldwin, Chadock and Joy.
1834:The Hickory Press, Charleston, SC. p. 157.
1216:Perkins, Bradford (1974) . Levy, Leonard (ed.).
1133:Perkins, Bradford (1974) . Levy, Leonard (ed.).
2618:A Summary View of the Rights of British America
1831:The enduring journey of the USS Chesapeake: ...
1410:The Hickory Press, Charleston, SC. p. 54.
1407:The enduring journey of the USS Chesapeake: ...
23:
2218:The Politics of Maritime Death and Impressment
2200:The Politics of Maritime Death and Impressment
1851:Stephen Decatur American Naval Hero, 1779–1820
1253:Stephen Decatur American Naval Hero, 1779–1820
1086:
1084:
1082:
954:in July 1819. Her timbers are now part of the
2491:
2246:
1211:
1209:
1207:
837:
355:affair, delivering proclamations reaffirming
8:
3177:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
1433:The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
1128:
1126:
986:. It is first mentioned in the fifth novel,
568:did not, Humphreys fired a round across her
873:from vessels under the United States flag.
426:Other deserters were reported to be at the
3902:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom
3269:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)
2666:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2498:
2484:
2476:
2253:
2239:
2231:
2093:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
2007:(1921) . "I, The Chesapeake and Leopard".
1632:Guttridge, Leonard F (September 4, 2007).
1357:McMaster, John Bach (1901). "Chapter 18".
1264:
1262:
844:
830:
735:
629:; he was described as age 24, 5 feet
219:
20:
3897:Naval battles involving the United States
3495:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar
3455:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
3380:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
946:near Boston. The Royal Navy commissioned
320:, surrendered his vessel to the British.
3122:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
271:was a naval engagement off the coast of
3415:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
2222:(full text via subscribing institution)
1638:. Tom Doherty Associates. p. 263.
1513:. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p.
1078:
738:
651:, Martin served on the merchant vessel
478:s captain to search for deserters from
3882:United Kingdom–United States relations
1922:Essays on the Early Republic 1789–1815
1591:
1581:
1319:
1309:
1233:
1223:
1150:
1140:
643: inches (166 cm) high with "
3375:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
3212:Jefferson and the Library of Congress
3187:Founding Fathers of the United States
2747:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
2020:The War of 1812 on the Chesapeake Bay
1773:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
1692:. The Chesapeake Mill. Archived from
1100:. C. C. Little and J. Brown. p.
16:1807 naval incident between UK and US
7:
3648:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings
1687:"The Chesapeake Mill – history"
2595:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
2533:Vice President of the United States
2127:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
1765:Meyer, L. A. (September 10, 2013).
1541:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp.
1476:Jefferson, Thomas (July 14, 1807).
1293:Sharp, John G M (January 1, 2020).
572:. This was followed immediately by
2975:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice
2226:Norfolk Historical Society Account
2114:(Cambridge University Press, 2013)
618:, and Jenkin Ratford, formerly on
14:
3932:Events that led to courts-martial
2969:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
2079:Emmerson Jr., John Cloyd (1954).
818:Assassination of Spencer Perceval
225:Events leading to the War of 1812
3887:International maritime incidents
3855:
3854:
3500:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
2544:United States Secretary of State
2170:10.1179/204243410x12674422128795
687:brought the first dispatches to
161:
149:
129:
115:
48:
3505:250th Anniversary silver dollar
2905:Founder, University of Virginia
2151:. G.P. Putnam's sons, New York.
1743:Walton, Jo (November 8, 2010).
1609:Cooper, James Fenimore (1826).
1168:Cooper, James Fenimore (1826).
1115:Cooper, James Fenimore (1826).
449:outfitting for a voyage to the
3907:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
3445:Thomas Jefferson School of Law
3251:Separation of church and state
3160:American Philosophical Society
3097:Notes on the State of Virginia
3090:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
2522:President of the United States
2063:"The 'Leopard' Incident, 1807"
2060:Dudley, C. E. S. (July 1969).
2022:. Maryland Historical Society.
1675:. July 13, 1819. p. 1228.
1:
3405:University of Virginia statue
3239:Jefferson–Hemings controversy
2877:Federal judicial appointments
2564:Congress of the Confederation
2210:Journal of the Early Republic
2192:Journal of the Early Republic
2033:Journal of the Early Republic
1915:– via Internet Archive.
1871:68#3 (1982) pp. 240–253.
1849:Guttridge, Leonard F (2005).
1390:The Naval Chronicle, for 1812
1374:– via Internet Archive.
1251:Guttridge, Leonard F (2006).
992:, when the fictional Captain
950:, but put her up for sale at
536:
460:dispatched his flagship, the
392:On June 22, 1807, during the
382:
3110:European journey memorandums
2850:State of the Union Addresses
2779:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition
1901:McMaster, John Bach (1901).
1896:. C. C. Little and J. Brown.
1890:Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell
1506:Foley, John P., ed. (1900).
1092:Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell
3718:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph
3450:Thomas Jefferson University
3420:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
2927:Democratic-Republican Party
2845:West Point Military Academy
2637:Declaration of Independence
2587:Second Continental Congress
1869:Quarterly Journal of Speech
1464:Quarterly Journal of Speech
1278:"Regarding Daniel Martin".
1036:affair is mentioned in the
3948:
2757:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1945:. New York: W. W. Norton.
775:Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
588:and surrendered. Three of
3823:
3748:Frederick Madison Roberts
3670:Martha Jefferson Randolph
3590:(1997 documentary series)
3350:Thomas Jefferson Building
2922:Anti-Administration party
2659:All men are created equal
2513:
1974:. Naval Institute Press.
558:Salusbury Pryce Humphreys
335:and relieved of command.
324:had fired only one shot.
231:
192:
173:
142:
107:
70:
47:
35:
3643:Wine bottles controversy
3435:Jefferson City, Missouri
2900:Franco-American alliance
2027:Cray, Robert E. (2005).
1466:68#3 (1982) pp. 240–253.
905:frigate-building program
861:noted: "Never since the
765:Orders in Council (1807)
655:and was described as "a
599:to search for deserters.
400:, blockading two French
3816:(2nd great-grandfather)
3760:Jane Randolph Jefferson
3712:Ellen Randolph Coolidge
3294:Presidential elections
3197:Jefferson and education
3182:Committee of the States
2673:Consent of the governed
2552:U.S. Minister to France
2204:(read via library card)
2018:Byron, Gilbert (1964).
1025:during the engagement.
718:, Massachusetts by the
627:Westport, Massachusetts
3598:(2002 animated series)
3430:Monticello Association
3155:American Enlightenment
3116:Indian removal letters
3073:White House Colonnades
3068:Virginia State Capitol
3046:University of Virginia
2932:Jeffersonian democracy
2828:Native American policy
2698:Land Ordinance of 1785
2693:Land Ordinance of 1784
2220:by Robert E. Cray, Jr.
2202:by Robert E. Cray, Jr.
1828:Dickon, Chris (2008).
1809:Cooper, James Fenimore
1574:Fagal, Andrew (2012).
1484:. US National Archives
1404:Dickon, Chris (2008).
1280:Hampshire – Federalist
675:
607:
542:
398:North American Station
389:
143:Commanders and leaders
3742:T. Jefferson Coolidge
3738:(great-granddaughter)
3730:John Wayles Jefferson
3475:Jefferson–Jackson Day
3410:David d'Angers statue
3207:Jefferson and slavery
3192:Historical reputation
2895:Early life and career
2627:(initial draft; 1775)
2625:Olive Branch Petition
2148:The naval war of 1812
2045:10.1353/jer.2005.0050
1718:Brown, A. G. (2006).
1482:founders.archives.gov
1046:adventures series by
980:Aubrey–Maturin series
970:The fallout from the
805:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty
780:Macon's Bill Number 2
673:
605:
534:
388:painting by F. Muller
374:
193:Casualties and losses
3766:Lucy Jefferson Lewis
3676:Mary Jefferson Eppes
3150:Age of Enlightenment
2784:Red River Expedition
2575:Governor of Virginia
2119:Lossing, Benson John
1939:Toll, Ian W (2006).
1535:Toll, Ian W (2006).
1018:as Aubrey is aboard
996:is given command of
447:Washington Navy Yard
430:, then commanded by
3810:(great-grandfather)
3512:U.S. postage stamps
3480:Currency depictions
3460:Peaks and mountains
3390:Karl Bitter statues
3360:Jefferson Territory
3257:The American Museum
3165:American Revolution
2816:Non-Intercourse Act
2799:Embargo Act of 1807
2703:Northwest Ordinance
2686:Freedom of religion
2214:Remembering the USS
2196:Remembering the USS
2143:Roosevelt, Theodore
1699:on October 30, 2008
882:Embargo Act of 1807
863:Battle of Lexington
770:Embargo Act of 1807
458:Sir George Berkeley
312:, the commander of
156:Salusbury Humphreys
60:(right) fires upon
3772:Randolph Jefferson
3706:George W. Randolph
3700:Thomas J. Randolph
3611:Jefferson's Garden
3571:Jefferson in Paris
3335:Jefferson Memorial
2962:Compromise of 1790
2937:First Party System
2839:Marbury v. Madison
2762:Corps of Discovery
2752:Louisiana Purchase
1672:The London Gazette
1014:The Fortune of War
944:single-ship action
889:Federal government
708:British government
676:
608:
543:
390:
3917:Conflicts in 1807
3869:
3868:
3736:Sarah N. Randolph
3639:(2020 miniseries)
3606:(2008 miniseries)
3440:Jefferson College
3400:Louisville statue
3370:Jefferson Lecture
2823:First Barbary War
2772:Empire of Liberty
2714:French Revolution
2643:Committee of Five
2610:the United States
2473:
2472:
2423:Samuel B. Roberts
2158:War & Society
1952:978-0-393-05847-5
1932:(1961): 196–210.
1860:978-0-7653-0702-6
1841:978-1-59629-298-7
1645:978-0-7653-0702-6
1552:978-0-393-05847-5
1450:(1961): 196–210.
1417:978-1-59629-298-7
989:Desolation Island
854:
853:
586:struck his colors
527:Attack and search
428:Gosport Navy Yard
421:Norfolk, Virginia
282:and the American
273:Norfolk, Virginia
257:
256:
217:
216:
204:1 frigate damaged
103:
102:
89:Norfolk, Virginia
3939:
3927:Combat incidents
3922:June 1807 events
3912:1807 in Virginia
3858:
3857:
3808:William Randolph
3750:(great-grandson)
3744:(great-grandson)
3664:Martha Jefferson
3579:Thomas Jefferson
3485:Jefferson nickel
3470:Other placenames
3395:Hempstead statue
3274:Virginia dynasty
3228:National Gazette
2917:Ratification Day
2653:physical history
2598:
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2507:Thomas Jefferson
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859:Thomas Jefferson
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3836:James Madison →
3819:
3754:Peter Jefferson
3720:(granddaughter)
3714:(granddaughter)
3688:Madison Hemings
3682:Harriet Hemings
3652:
3528:
3521:
3490:Two-dollar bill
3355:Jefferson River
3320:
3314:
3283:
3222:Pet mockingbird
3202:Religious views
3138:
3134:Founders Online
3077:
3010:
3003:
2888:accomplishments
2887:
2881:
2833:Burr conspiracy
2794:Cumberland Road
2789:Pike Expedition
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2110:Gilje, Paul A.
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1998:Further reading
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984:Patrick O'Brian
968:
956:Chesapeake Mill
916:Stephen Decatur
850:
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691:in early July.
639:
635:
632:
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592:
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475:
432:Stephen Decatur
394:Napoleonic Wars
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361:Embargo of 1807
333:court martialed
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3802:Isham Randolph
3799:
3798:(grand-nephew)
3796:Dabney S. Carr
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3082:Other writings
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3061:Jefferson Hall
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2987:Jefferson disk
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2982:American Creed
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2185:External links
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2099:(2): 131–142,
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2074:(7): 468–474.
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2068:History Today
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39:
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30:
26:
22:
19:
3853:
3847:Aaron Burr →
3843:← John Adams
3834:
3829:← John Adams
3827:
3634:
3623:2015 musical
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3558:1969 musical
3552:
3549:(1953 short)
3544:
3538:The Patriots
3536:
3330:Bibliography
3256:
3226:
3120:
3095:
3088:
3011:architecture
3009:Jeffersonian
2996:
2992:Swivel chair
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2364:
2355:
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2198:Chesapeake:
2195:
2191:
2161:
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2147:
2123:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2071:
2067:
2036:
2032:
2019:
2009:
2005:Adams, Henry
1970:
1941:
1929:
1921:
1911:February 16,
1909:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1880:
1868:
1850:
1830:
1812:
1802:Bibliography
1788:. Retrieved
1768:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1738:
1719:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1694:the original
1681:
1670:
1661:
1651:September 3,
1649:. Retrieved
1634:
1627:
1610:
1604:
1575:
1569:
1537:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1508:
1501:
1493:
1488:September 1,
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1370:February 16,
1368:. Retrieved
1359:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1300:. Retrieved
1295:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1252:
1246:
1217:
1196:
1186:
1169:
1163:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1096:
1060:
1042:
1038:Boston Jacky
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1007:
1001:
997:
987:
975:
971:
969:
947:
938:
932:
926:
925:
913:
899:
897:
886:
875:
871:impressments
867:James Monroe
855:
810:
800:Rule of 1756
757:
753:
752:
724:
711:
705:
700:
692:
683:
677:
665:Buenos Aires
652:
648:
621:
615:
611:
609:
596:
589:
581:
573:
565:
561:
553:
550:James Barron
545:
544:
519:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
472:
467:
455:
442:
437:
425:
415:
404:warships in
391:
377:
352:
343:
339:
337:
328:
326:
321:
318:James Barron
313:
309:
301:
293:
288:
278:
266:
262:
261:
259:
245:
237:
236:
168:James Barron
108:Belligerents
63:
56:
36:Part of the
28:
24:
18:
3892:War of 1812
3814:Henry Soane
3790:Dabney Carr
3784:Samuel Carr
3614:(2015 play)
3582:(1997 film)
3574:(1995 film)
3541:(1946 play)
3264:Tufton Farm
3051:The Rotunda
2886:Other noted
2721:Co-author,
2589:(1775–1776)
2577:(1779–1781)
2566:(1783–1784)
2554:(1785–1789)
2546:(1790–1793)
2535:(1797–1801)
2524:(1801–1809)
2307:Water Witch
2287:Little Belt
2164:(1): 1–19,
1667:"No. 17494"
1592:|work=
1320:|work=
1302:February 3,
1234:|work=
1151:|work=
1061:Little Belt
1043:Bloody Jack
1006:capture of
994:Jack Aubrey
962:, England.
878:War of 1812
811:Little Belt
744:War of 1812
657:colored man
645:woolly hair
540: 1900
462:fourth-rate
386: 1900
357:impressment
246:Little Belt
42:War of 1812
3876:Categories
3778:Peter Carr
3732:(grandson)
3726:(grandson)
3708:(grandson)
3702:(grandson)
3684:(daughter)
3678:(daughter)
3672:(daughter)
3636:Washington
3603:John Adams
3546:Ben and Me
3529:depictions
3319:Legacy and
3029:Monticello
3024:Farmington
2805:Chesapeake
2742:Transition
2734:Presidency
2275:Chesapeake
1074:References
1048:L.A. Meyer
1030:Chesapeake
1008:Chesapeake
972:Chesapeake
966:In fiction
952:Portsmouth
948:Chesapeake
939:Chesapeake
927:Chesapeake
900:Chesapeake
754:Chesapeake
712:Chesapeake
649:Chesapeake
612:Chesapeake
597:Chesapeake
590:Chesapeake
582:Chesapeake
578:broadsides
566:Chesapeake
546:Chesapeake
513:, and the
503:Chichester
443:Chesapeake
416:Chesapeake
410:Royal Navy
402:third-rate
378:Chesapeake
367:Background
353:Chesapeake
340:Chesapeake
329:Chesapeake
322:Chesapeake
314:Chesapeake
306:broadsides
302:Chesapeake
298:Royal Navy
289:Chesapeake
263:Chesapeake
238:Chesapeake
210:17 wounded
64:Chesapeake
25:Chesapeake
3774:(brother)
3628:2020 film
3563:1972 film
3322:memorials
3288:Elections
3125:(c. 1819)
2998:Megalonyx
2405:1987–1988
2376:1967–1968
2267:1807–1811
2178:159917004
2053:143511653
1892:(2005) .
1821:197401914
1703:April 22,
1619:197401914
1594:ignored (
1584:cite book
1322:ignored (
1312:cite book
1236:ignored (
1226:cite book
1178:197401914
1153:ignored (
1143:cite book
1020:HMS
937:captured
931:HMS
895:company.
795:War hawks
732:Aftermath
723:HMS
684:Columbine
653:Caledonia
620:HMS
518:HMS
508:HMS
501:HMS
494:HMS
487:HMS
482:Belleisle
480:HMS
466:HMS
436:HMS
414:USS
376:USS
287:USS
277:HMS
62:USS
55:HMS
3860:Category
3792:(nephew)
3786:(nephew)
3780:(nephew)
3768:(sister)
3762:(mother)
3756:(father)
3618:Hamilton
3587:Liberty!
3527:Cultural
3345:Birthday
3259:magazine
3170:patriots
3056:The Lawn
2767:timeline
2648:authored
2606:Founding
2583:Delegate
2560:Delegate
2425:incident
2416:incident
2396:incident
2387:incident
2367:incident
2358:incident
2349:incident
2329:incident
2309:incident
2145:(1883).
2121:(1869).
1990:70291925
1961:70291925
1934:in JSTOR
1878:(1824).
1811:(1826).
1790:June 20,
1750:July 11,
1561:70291925
1520:June 19,
1452:in JSTOR
1340:(1824).
1194:(1824).
1094:(1846).
1054:See also
720:schooner
661:enslaved
616:Melampus
464:warship
438:Melampus
207:4 killed
181:4th rate
174:Strength
83:Location
3385:Statues
3143:Related
3034:gardens
2910:history
2872:Cabinet
2809:Leopard
2639:(1776)
2585:to the
2562:to the
2465:attacks
2445:bombing
2385:Liberty
2279:Leopard
2105:4246209
2083:Sources
1543:303–304
1034:Leopard
1022:Shannon
1002:Leopard
998:Leopard
976:Leopard
960:Wickham
933:Shannon
758:Leopard
742:of the
740:Origins
701:Halifax
697:yardarm
693:Leopard
689:Halifax
638:⁄
622:Halifax
576:firing
574:Leopard
562:Leopard
554:Leopard
552:, when
520:Zenobia
510:Halifax
496:Triumph
489:Bellona
473:Leopard
468:Leopard
344:Leopard
310:Leopard
294:Leopard
284:frigate
279:Leopard
267:Leopard
187:frigate
57:Leopard
29:Leopard
3666:(wife)
3657:Family
3112:(1787)
3106:(1786)
3100:(1785)
2978:(1801)
2953:(1790)
2811:affair
2725:(1789)
2705:(1787)
2633:(1775)
2621:(1774)
2597:(1776)
2394:Pueblo
2356:Kearny
2289:affair
2281:affair
2176:
2131:
2103:
2051:
1988:
1978:
1959:
1949:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1781:
1726:
1642:
1617:
1559:
1549:
1414:
1176:
1063:affair
893:DuPont
813:affair
760:affair
716:Boston
515:cutter
269:affair
248:affair
240:affair
134:
120:
96:Result
38:events
31:affair
3696:(son)
3690:(son)
2463:Mason
2414:Stark
2347:Greer
2327:Panay
2174:S2CID
2101:JSTOR
2049:S2CID
1697:(PDF)
1690:(PDF)
942:in a
918:in a
725:Bream
593:'
476:'
3553:1776
3308:1804
3303:1800
3298:1796
2865:1805
2860:1802
2855:1801
2461:USS
2454:2016
2443:Cole
2441:USS
2434:2000
2421:USS
2412:USS
2392:USS
2383:USS
2363:USS
2354:USS
2345:USS
2338:1941
2325:USS
2318:1937
2305:USS
2298:1855
2129:ISBN
1986:OCLC
1976:ISBN
1957:OCLC
1947:ISBN
1913:2023
1855:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1817:OCLC
1792:2018
1779:ISBN
1752:2014
1724:ISBN
1705:2011
1653:2020
1640:ISBN
1615:OCLC
1596:help
1557:OCLC
1547:ISBN
1522:2012
1490:2020
1412:ISBN
1372:2023
1324:help
1304:2020
1238:help
1174:OCLC
1155:help
1028:The
920:duel
907:. A
887:The
680:brig
678:The
338:The
260:The
198:None
87:off
75:Date
2572:2nd
2541:1st
2530:2nd
2519:3rd
2166:doi
2041:doi
1515:137
1510:Etc
1365:259
1102:145
982:by
958:in
699:of
570:bow
3878::
2212::
2194::
2172:,
2162:29
2160:,
2097:64
2095:,
2072:19
2070:.
2066:.
2047:.
2037:23
2035:.
2031:.
1984:.
1955:.
1777:.
1775:84
1669:.
1588::
1586:}}
1582:{{
1555:.
1545:.
1492:.
1480:.
1380:^
1316::
1314:}}
1310:{{
1261:^
1230::
1228:}}
1224:{{
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