3473:(KIA) is a system of development that White may use in reply to almost any Black opening moves. The characteristic KIA setup is 1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, and 7.e4, although these moves may be played in many different orders. In fact, the KIA is probably most often reached after 1.e4 when White uses it to respond to a Black attempt to play one of the semi-open games such as the Caro–Kann, French, or Sicilian, or even the open games which usually come after 1.e4 e5. Its greatest appeal may be that by adopting a set pattern of development, White can avoid the large amount of opening study required to prepare to meet the many different possible Black replies to 1.e4.
2717:, rather than specific opening variations. White develops aiming for a particular formation without great concern over how Black chooses to defend. Both systems are popular with club players because they are easy to learn, but are rarely used by professionals because a well-prepared opponent playing Black can equalize fairly easily. The Stonewall is characterized by the White pawn formation on c3, d4, e3, and f4, and can be achieved by several move orders and against many different Black setups. The diagram positions and the move sequences given below are typical.
2088:(2.f4). These openings have some similarities with each other, in particular the Bishop's Opening frequently transposes to variations of the Vienna Game. The King's Gambit was extremely popular in the 19th century. White sacrifices a pawn for quick development and to divert a black pawn from the center. The Vienna Game also frequently features attacks on the Black center by means of a f2–f4 pawn advance.
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Since then, Indian defenses have been the most popular Black replies to 1.d4 because they offer an unbalanced game with chances for both sides. The usual White second move is 2.c4, grabbing a larger share of the center and allowing the move Nc3, to prepare for moving the e-pawn to e4 without blocking the c-pawn. Black's most popular replies are:
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1161:; amateur players may have trouble defending against Black's activity, while masters are more skilled at defending and making use of the extra pawn. Some openings played between grandmasters are so complex and theoretical that amateur players will have trouble understanding them. An example is the Perenyi Attack of the
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First moves other than the king pawn (1.e4), queen pawn (1.d4), or flank openings (1.b3, 1.b4, 1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, or 1.g3) are not regarded as effective ways to exploit White's first-move advantage and thus are rarely played. Although some of these openings are not actually bad for White, each of the
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are important and many of the Indian defenses can be reached by several different move orders. Although Indian defenses were championed in the 1920s by players in the hypermodern school, they were not fully accepted until Soviet players showed in the late 1940s that these systems are sound for Black.
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school showed that it was not always necessary or even desirable to occupy the center in this way, and that too broad a pawn front could be attacked and destroyed, leaving its architect vulnerable; an impressive-looking pawn center is worth little unless it can be maintained. The hypermoderns instead
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At the start of the game, it is not clear on which part of the board the pieces will be needed. However, control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent. The classical view is that central control
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is often played by strong players, and is very popular at lower levels. Black plays to open lines on the queenside where White will be subject to considerable pressure. If White accepts the gambit, Black's compensation is positional rather than tactical, and their initiative can last even after many
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was the first of the Indian systems to gain full acceptance. It remains one of the most popular and well-respected defenses to 1.d4 and White often adopts move orders designed to avoid it. Black attacks the center with pieces and is prepared to trade a bishop for a knight to weaken White's queenside
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The openings classified as closed games begin 1.d4 d5. The move 1.d4 offers the same benefits to development and center control as does 1.e4, but unlike with King Pawn openings where the e4-pawn is undefended after the first move, the d4-pawn is protected by White's queen. This slight difference has
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may also be carried out in the opening. These include preparing pawn breaks to create counterplay, creating weaknesses in the opponent's pawn structure, seizing control of key squares, making favorable exchanges of minor pieces (e.g. gaining the bishop pair), or gaining a space advantage, whether in
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One of the main aims of the opening is to mobilize the pieces on useful squares where they will have impact on the game. To this end, knights are usually developed to f3, c3, f6, and c6 (or sometimes e2, d2, e7, or d7), and both players' king and queen pawns are moved so the bishops can be developed
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Professional chess players spend years studying openings, and they continue doing so throughout their careers as opening theory continues to evolve. Players at the club level also study openings, but the importance of the opening phase is less there since games are rarely decided in the opening. The
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1.b3 and 1.g3 aid development a bit, but they only address center control peripherally and are slower than the more popular openings. The eleven remaining possibilities are rarely played at the top levels of chess. Of these, the best are merely slow such as 1.c3, 1.d3, and 1.e3. Worse possibilities
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are sometimes used as surprise weapons, but are unreliable for a stable repertoire. Repertoires often change as a player develops, and a player's advancement may be stifled if the opening repertoire does not evolve. Some openings that are effective against amateur players are less effective at the
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Most players realize after a while that they play certain types of positions better than others, and that the amount of theory they can learn is limited. Therefore, most players specialize in certain openings where they know the theory and that lead to positions they favor. The set of openings a
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Chess openings are primarily categorized by move sequences. In the initial position, White has twenty legal moves. Of these, 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, and 1.c4 are by far the most popular as these moves do the most to promote rapid development and control of the center. A few other opening moves are
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considerations for a quick attack on the opponent's position. Some unbalanced openings for Black, in particular, make use of this idea, such as the Dutch and the
Sicilian. Other openings, such as the Alekhine and the Benoni, invite the opponent to overextend and form pawn weaknesses. Specific
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Some openings have been given fanciful names, often names of animals. This practice became more common in the 20th century. By then, most of the more common and traditional sequences of opening moves had already been named, so these tend to be unusual or recently developed openings like the
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since 1966. Instead of using the traditional names for the openings and descriptive text to evaluate positions, Informator has developed a unique coding system that is language independent so that it can be read by chess players around the world without requiring translation. Called the
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and people. Many openings are named after nationalities of players who advocated them, for example Indian, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Scotch, Russian, Italian, Scandinavian and
Sicilian, or places where important games featuring the opening were played such as Vienna, Berlin, and
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Chess players' names are the most common sources of opening names. The name given to an opening is not always that of the first player to adopt it; often an opening is named for the player who was the first to popularize it or to publish analysis of it. Eponymic openings include the
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The
Sicilian and French Defenses lead to unbalanced positions that can offer exciting play with both sides having chances to win. The Caro–Kann Defense is solid as Black intends to use their c-pawn to support their center (1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5). Alekhine's, the Pirc and the Modern are
2686:, Black plays ...dxc4, giving up the center for free development and the chance to try to give White an isolated queen pawn with a subsequent ...c5 and ...cxd4. White will get active pieces and possibilities for the attack. Black has two popular ways to decline the pawn, the
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White starts by playing 1.e4 (moving their king pawn two spaces). This is the most popular opening move and it has many strengths—it immediately works on controlling the center, and it activates two pieces (the queen and a bishop). The oldest openings in chess follow 1.e4.
3244:. Black often chooses the Queen's Indian when White avoids the Nimzo-Indian by playing 3.Nf3 instead of 3.Nc3. Black constructs a sound position that makes no positional concessions, although sometimes it is difficult for Black to obtain good winning chances.
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is aggressive, somewhat risky, and generally indicates that Black will not be satisfied with a draw. Although it was played occasionally as early as the late 19th century, the King's Indian was considered inferior until the 1940s, when it was taken up by
1553:, 1.Nc3, develops a knight to a good square, but is somewhat inflexible because it blocks White's c-pawn; also, after 1...d5 the knight is liable to be driven to an inferior square by ...d4. (Note that after 1.Nf3 the analogous 1...e5? loses a pawn.)
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The
Perenyi Attack, which arises from the opening moves 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be3 e6 7.g4 e5 8.Nf5 g6 9.g5 gxf5 10.exf5 d5 11.Qf3 d4. Played several times between grandmasters, but Lars Bo Hansen does not recommend this to
782:
A third objective, which is complementary to the previous ones and has been common since the 19th century, is to lure the opponent into positions with which the player is more familiar and comfortable than the opponent. This is usually done by
2694:(2...e6). Both of these moves lead to an immense forest of variations that can require a great deal of opening study to play well. Among the many possibilities in the Queen's Gambit Declined are the Orthodox Defense, Lasker's Defense, the
1309:
Opening names usually include one of the terms "opening", "variation", "defense", "gambit" etc, however the terminology is inconsistent and imprecise, and is not a useful basis for classification. Broadly, these terms are used as follows:
2095:(2.d4) White immediately opens the center but if the pawn is to be recovered after 2...exd4, White must contend with a slightly premature queen development after 3.Qxd4. An alternative is to sacrifice one or two pawns, for example in the
2052:
The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3 attacking Black's king pawn, preparing for a kingside castle, and anticipating the advance of the queen pawn to d4. Black's most common reply is 2...Nc6, which usually leads to the
1148:
A very narrow repertoire allows for deeper specialization but also makes a player less flexible to vary against different opponents. In addition, opponents may find it easier to prepare against a player with a narrow repertoire.
1600:. Although these codes are invaluable for the serious study of the chess opening, they are not very practical for a broad survey of the chess opening as the codes obscure common structural features between related openings.
720:
At higher levels of competition, for many years the main objectives of opening play were to obtain a better position when playing as White and to equalize when playing as Black. The idea behind this is that playing first
735:, the purpose of the opening is to create dynamic imbalances between the two sides, which will determine the character of the middlegame and the strategic plans chosen by both sides. For example, in the main line of the
3228:
in 1922. Distinguished by the move 3...d5, Grünfeld intended it as an improvement to the King's Indian which was not considered entirely satisfactory at that time. The Grünfeld has been adopted by World
Champions
2073:(2...d6) is not popular in modern chess because it allows White an easy space advantage while Black's position remains cramped and passive, although solid. Other responses to 2.Nf3 are not seen in master play.
4269:
wrote of the King's Indian Attack, "White's resilient setup is truly magical. It throws both players on their own resources and eliminates the need of memorizing long-winded columns of analysis." Larry Evans,
601:
Whether they are trying to gain the upper hand as White, or to equalize as Black or to create dynamic imbalances, players generally devote a lot of attention in the opening stages to the following strategies:
4359:, this is the 15th edition of a work that has been the standard English language reference on chess openings since the first (1911) edition. This book is a valuable reference for club and tournament players.
1173:
Major changes in the rules of chess in the late fifteenth century increased the speed of the game, consequently emphasizing the importance of opening study. Thus, early chess books, such as the 1497 text of
1523:
Prefix for openings designed to avoid a specific line, for example the Anti-Marshall (against the
Marshall (Counter) Attack in the Ruy Lopez) and the Anti-Meran Gambit (against the Meran Variation of the
3444:
style, attacking the center from the flanks with pieces rather than occupying it with pawns. These openings are played often, and 1.Nf3 and 1.c4 trail only 1.e4 and 1.d4 in popularity as opening moves.
2049:
rated 1.e4 as "Best by test." On the downside, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended square and weakens d4 and f4. If Black mirrors White's move and replies with 1...e5, the result is an open game.
2682:
The most important closed openings are in the Queen's Gambit family (White plays 2.c4). The Queen's Gambit is somewhat misnamed, since White can always regain the offered pawn if desired. In the
616:
with a maneuver such as g3 and Bg2). Rapid mobilization is the key. The queen, and to a lesser extent the rooks, are not usually played to a central position until later in the game, when many
639:
advocated controlling the center from a distance with pieces, breaking down one's opponent's center, and only taking over the center oneself later in the game. This leads to openings such as
3480:(1.c4) also frequently transposes into a d4 opening, but it can take on independent character as well including the Symmetrical Variation (1.c4 c5) and the Reversed Sicilian (1.c4 e5).
1165:(see diagram), which yields an immensely complicated and tactical position that even strong players have difficulty handling, and that is beyond the comprehension of most amateurs.
3521:(1.f4) White tries to get a strong grip on the e5-square. The opening can resemble a Dutch Defense in reverse after 1.f4 d5, or Black may try to disrupt White by playing 1...e5!? (
2679:
remains a popular weapon at all levels of play. Also, compared with the King Pawn openings, transpositions among variations are more common and critical in the closed games.
5027:
3154:
The Indian systems are asymmetrical defenses to 1.d4 that employ hypermodern chess strategy. Fianchettos are common in many of these openings. As with the closed games,
2194:
In the semi-open games White plays 1.e4 and Black breaks symmetry immediately by replying with a move other than 1...e5. The most popular Black defense to 1.e4 is the
1570:
either ignore the center and development such as 1.a3, weaken White's position (for instance, 1.f3 and 1.g4), or place the knights on poor squares (1.Na3 and 1.Nh3).
2698:, the Tartakower Variation, and the Tarrasch and Semi-Tarrasch Defenses. Black replies to the Queen's Gambit other than 2...dxc4, 2...c6, and 2...e6 are uncommon.
1611:, and Others. Since these categories are still individually very large, it is common to divide each of them further. One reasonable way to group the openings is:
3163:
2...e6, freeing the king's bishop and leading into the Nimzo-Indian
Defense, Queen's Indian Defense, Bogo-Indian Defense, Modern Benoni, or regular lines of the
1573:
Black has twenty complementary responses to White's opening move. Many of these are mirror images of the most popular first moves for White, but with one less
653:
The king is somewhat exposed in the middle of the board. Measures must be taken to reduce his vulnerability. It is therefore common for both players either to
1517:. The Reti, King's Indian Attack, Sicilian Reversed (from the English), and other "Black played by White with an extra tempo" often start with 1.Nf3 or 1.c4.
1513:
A Black opening played by White, or more rarely a White opening played by Black. Examples include the
Sicilian Reversed (from the English Opening) and the
3255:
is a risky attempt by Black to unbalance the position and gain active piece play at the cost of allowing White a pawn wedge at d5 and a central majority.
1152:
The main openings in a repertoire are usually reasonably sound; that is, they should lead to playable positions even against optimal counterplay. Unsound
6256:
1197:
Opening nomenclature developed haphazardly, and most names are historical accidents not based on systematic principles. In the early 1930s, the nascent
3448:
If White opens with 1.Nf3, the game often becomes one of the d4 openings (closed games or semi-closed games) by a different move order (this is called
1577:. Defenses beginning with 1...c6 and 1...e6, often followed by the center thrust 2...d5, are also popular. Defenses with an early ...d6 coupled with a
3640:
3635:
1260:
1225:
1205:
544:, the players are said to be "out of book". In some openings, book lines have been worked out for over 30 moves, such as some lines in the classical
5813:
1440:
1194:. Opening theory was studied more scientifically from the 1840s on, and many opening variations were discovered and named in this period and later.
3259:
popularized the defense in the 1960s by winning several brilliant games with it, and
Fischer occasionally adopted it, with good results, including
6271:
6231:
1201:
embarked on a project to standardize opening nomenclature, culminating in the publication of a short booklet in 1933, but this had little impact.
1186:(1561). Ruy López's disagreement with Damiano regarding the merits of 2...Nc6 led to 3.Bb5 (after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6) being named for him as the
6251:
4190:
theory, which generally categorizes openings by form regardless of the move sequences that brought about the form in what are sometimes called
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4255:
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5803:
1409:). The terms "Accepted" or "Declined" may be appended to the name, depending on whether the opponent takes the offered material, as in the
647:) White has a formidable pawn center for the moment, but Black hopes to undermine it later in the game, leaving White's position exposed.
6191:
6054:
6044:
5808:
549:
540:
Opening moves that are considered standard are referred to as "book moves", or simply "book". When a game begins to deviate from known
6329:
5799:
5794:
5122:
4335:
3290:
is characterized by White forming a pawn center at d4 and c4 and fianchettoing their king's bishop. It resembles a combination of the
694:
As the players mobilize their pieces, they both seek to ensure that they are working harmoniously towards the control of key squares.
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767:(in particular, trading off one of White's bishops to blunt this advantage) and counterattack against the weakened pawns on White's
119:
4784:
3271:. Often Black adopts a slightly different move order, playing 2...e6 before 3...c5 in order to avoid the sharpest lines for White.
1491:
Usually used to describe an aggressive or provocative variation such as the Albin–Chatard Attack (or
Chatard–Alekhine Attack), the
6236:
6226:
6144:
6034:
4779:
3952:
787:, in which a game that apparently starts with one opening can reach a position that is normally produced by a different opening.
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4109:
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1596:
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player has specialized in is called an opening repertoire. The main elements a player needs to consider in a repertoire are:
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twelve remaining possible first moves suffers one or more of the following defects compared to the more popular choices:
5615:
5095:
657:
in the opening (simultaneously developing one of the rooks) or to otherwise bring the king to the side of the board via
6365:
6314:
6024:
5910:
3904:
79:
4003:"Measuring Chess Experts' Single-Use Sequence Knowledge: An Archival Study of Departure from 'Theoretical' Openings"
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6438:
6416:
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5973:
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5920:
5578:
5256:
5100:
4395:
4295:
3657:
3299:
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2...g6, preparing a fianchetto of the king's bishop and entering the King's Indian Defense or Grünfeld Defense, and
3164:
2748:
2741:
2691:
2683:
1514:
1414:
1410:
1210:
583:
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one or both bishops, and not playing an early d4 (which would generally transpose into one of the 1.d4 openings).
6370:
6304:
6154:
6049:
5898:
4589:
3491:
3333:
3237:
2695:
725:; for example, White will be the first to attack if the game opens symmetrically (Black mirrors White's moves).
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4113:
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2223:
86:
5883:
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3194:
1504:
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1380:
775:; both players accept different combinations of advantages and disadvantages. This idea was a doctrine of the
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The flank openings are the group of White openings typified by play on one or both flanks. White plays in
2231:
1588:
1542:
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1175:
635:
68:
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2258:
2203:
1465:
A method of development that can be used against many different setups by the opponent. Examples include
1249:
739:
of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3), White will try to use their
537:
lists 1,327 named openings and variants, and there are many others with varying degrees of common usage.
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openings in which Black tempts White to build a large center with the goal of attacking it with pieces.
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considered reasonable but less consistent with opening principles than the four most popular moves. The
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The most important Indian Defenses are listed below, but many others have been studied and played; see
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4495:, these volumes are the most comprehensive reference for professional and serious tournament players.
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2065:(3.Bc4). If Black instead maintains symmetry and counterattacks White's center with 2...Nf6 then the
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3302:-like move sequence is 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.g3), it is sometimes called the Catalan System.
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2066:
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1287:
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1421:, the sacrifice of material is only temporary as there is no good way for Black to keep the pawn (
6443:
6341:
6084:
5893:
5534:
5422:
5034:
4902:
3625:
3378:
1557:, 1.f4, addresses center control but not development and weakens the king position slightly. The
1492:
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and is intended as a reference for club and tournament players. It is similar in format to MCO.
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openings accept pawn weaknesses in exchange for compensation in the form of dynamic play. (See
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This is an advanced, technical work in five volumes published by Chess Informant of Belgrade.
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741:
566:
6421:
6294:
6136:
6079:
5990:
5940:
5789:
5735:
5730:
5720:
5635:
5556:
5546:
5522:
5489:
5061:
4975:
4749:
4034:
4024:
3662:
3620:
3574:
3536:
3522:
3487:
3409:
3364:
3207:
3178:
2761:
2706:
2672:
2246:
2195:
2165:
2147:
2085:
2070:
1660:(1.d4 Nf6) are the most important of the Semi-Closed Games, and warrant separate treatment.
1637:
1558:
1482:
1444:
1431:
A gambit played by Black, often in response to another gambit. Examples of this include the
1402:
1384:
1362:
1330:
1303:
1295:
1271:
1162:
764:
708:
528:
516:
4705:
3551:(characteristically followed by fianchettoing one or both bishops, and without an early d4)
93:
6386:
6360:
6181:
6176:
6126:
6064:
5873:
5848:
5833:
5630:
5588:
5571:
5472:
5390:
5352:
5330:
5315:
5246:
5223:
5182:
5177:
5056:
5039:
4879:
4677:
4520:
4486:
4344:
4321:
4131:
3542:
3477:
3386:
3339:
3287:
3199:
1344:
5655:
5566:
3455:
3295:
1474:
1299:
1245:
728:
Since about the 1950s another objective has gradually become more dominant. According to
4020:
3602:
does little to aid White's development or control the center (1.a3, 1.a4, 1.h3, or 1.h4)
6485:
6401:
6149:
5995:
5858:
5853:
5690:
5685:
5551:
5509:
5479:
5308:
5251:
5139:
5107:
5073:
5066:
5051:
5012:
5007:
4934:
4929:
4774:
4718:
4684:
4657:
4634:
4611:
4365:
4039:
4002:
3775:
3606:
3417:
3398:
3374:
3306:
3245:
3230:
3215:
3147:
2779:
2283:
2252:
2238:
2211:
2199:
2189:
1657:
1623:
1452:
1406:
1334:
1214:
736:
685:
3956:
634:
there, ideally establishing pawns on d4 and e4 (or d5 and e5 for Black). However, the
6500:
6460:
6450:
6433:
6106:
6089:
6016:
5905:
5863:
5843:
5625:
5607:
5561:
5494:
5417:
5402:
5357:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5157:
4919:
4857:
4391:
4187:
4135:
3970:
3931:
3715:
3667:
3568:
3499:
3435:
3423:
3402:
3370:
3314:
3280:
3268:
3252:
3218:'s successes with the defense restored the King's Indian to prominence in the 1980s.
3211:
3187:
2177:
2096:
2046:
1643:
1574:
1550:
1466:
1179:
732:
680:
676:
672:
668:
520:
1298:, Hippopotamus, Elephant, and Hedgehog. A few are given humorous names, such as the
6480:
6406:
6391:
6121:
5947:
5930:
5838:
5772:
5715:
5710:
5442:
5437:
5377:
5320:
5211:
5167:
4939:
4924:
4914:
4850:
4816:
4789:
4757:
3320:
3275:
3241:
2767:
2755:
2702:
2687:
2271:
2207:
2129:
2062:
1470:
1267:
1158:
631:
557:
541:
512:
3369:
Of the defenses to 1.d4 other than 1...d5 and 1...Nf6, the most important are the
1587:
The most important scheme of classifying chess openings for serious players is by
4029:
1157:
master level. For example, Black obtains active play in return for a pawn in the
5760:
5750:
5499:
5462:
5345:
4956:
4951:
4909:
4762:
3503:
3394:
3256:
3173:
2...c5 3.d5 e6, the Modern Benoni, with an immediate counterpunch in the center.
2729:
2721:
2663:
2295:
2171:
2153:
2123:
2092:
2077:
2058:
1630:
1496:
1322:
1318:
617:
35:
4459:
and is a reference for club and tournament players. It is similar in format to
6396:
5457:
5293:
5283:
5216:
5200:
4892:
3752:
3511:
3463:
3283:. White often chooses instead either to decline the gambit pawn or return it.
1581:
1562:
612:
17:
3408:
Several other uncommon semi-closed openings have been named and studied, see
698:
Creating positions in which the player is more comfortable than the opponent:
567:
6411:
5740:
5700:
5303:
5298:
5187:
5162:
4887:
4448:
4207:
3495:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2054:
2037:
1669:
1616:
1241:
1233:
1218:
1187:
573:. When kept secret until used in a competitive game, it is often known as a
6289:
4048:
4096:
3462:
are also common. The Réti itself is characterized by White playing 1.Nf3,
6099:
5385:
5147:
4007:
3377:. The Dutch, an aggressive defense adopted for a time by World Champions
3298:. Since the Catalan can be reached from many different move orders, (one
1578:
654:
4630:(Three chapters of general opening principles; open and semi-open games)
1329:. In the 19th century it was used for other common openings such as the
4821:
3430:
Flank openings (including English, Réti, Bird's, and White fianchettos)
4963:
667:
Most openings strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as
5288:
1398:
1153:
742:
556:
study of openings can become unbalanced if it is to the exclusion of
1397:
of material, usually one or more pawns. Most openings described as "
1357:
Used to describe a branch of another named opening, for example the
3214:'s favored defense to 1.d4, its popularity faded in the mid-1970s.
770:
4741:
2760:
1.d4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.Bd3 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.f4 (a typical move sequence)
2206:(1...c6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) are also very popular. The
758:
508:
496:
2720:
Other closed openings have been studied but are less common; see
2237:
Other semi-open games have been studied but are less common; see
2214:
are closely related openings that are also often seen, while the
6475:
4806:
1198:
4714:
1343:
This usually refers to an opening played by White, such as the
750:
2671:
a tremendous effect on the opening. For instance, whereas the
643:– in a line like 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.f4 (the
29:
4484:
It analyzes openings used in tournament play and archived in
2713:
because White plays d4 but not c4. They are also examples of
1603:
A simple descriptive categorization of the chess opening is
4481:
2675:
is rarely played today at the highest levels of chess, the
2102:
Many other variations after 1.e4 e5 have been studied; see
563:
A new sequence of moves in the opening is referred to as a
4542:
Stefan Djuric, Dimitri Komarov, & Claudio Pantaleoni,
1141:
As White, whether to open with 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.c4, or 1.Nf3
4710:
1317:
Used for some of the oldest named openings, such as the
3926:
3924:
3401:, which may become very wild if it develops into the
1379:. Some openings described as "defenses", such as the
707:
Apart from these ideas, other strategies used in the
4455:
and a noted chess author. This book is often called
4091:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 782–83, 814–15.
3905:"How to Control the Center (and Why It's Important)"
3599:
gratuitously weakens White's position (1.f3 or 1.g4)
3558:(KIA) (moves may be played in many different orders)
2184:
Semi-open games: 1.e4, Black plays other than 1...e5
1266:
A few opening names are purely descriptive, such as
6379:
6282:
6135:
6015:
5961:
5824:
5666:
5606:
5597:
5508:
5376:
5237:
5138:
4974:
4878:
4748:
3393:, is still played occasionally at the top level by
1248:. Some opening names honor two people, such as the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3596:too passive for White (1.d3, 1.e3, 1.c3, or 1.Nc3)
3845:
3843:
3397:and others. Another fairly common opening is the
1144:As Black, a defense against any of these openings
3724:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
3240:is considered solid, safe, and perhaps somewhat
2785:
2301:
1675:
1594:, a series of 500 opening codes assigned by the
796:
133:
4202:
4200:
4126:
4124:
3826:. Andre Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover).
2202:(1...e6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) and the
2076:The most popular alternatives to 2.Nf3 are the
3792:
3790:
3554:1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, 7.e4
3385:, and played by both Botvinnik and challenger
1371:Refers to an opening chosen by Black, such as
577:, a powerful weapon in top-class competition.
560:training and middlegame and endgame strategy.
4726:
679:, pawn islands, etc. Some openings sacrifice
8:
3875:McHarg (AMcHarg), Andrew (31 January 2009).
3688:"Phases of the game - Chess Strategy Online"
1537:For a list of openings as classified by the
4234:Chess Openings for White Explained, p. 27,
4001:Chassy, Philippe; Gobet, Ferdinand (2011).
3903:Neustroev (Gertsog), Viktor (19 May 2020).
5603:
4733:
4719:
4711:
3405:, though other variations are more solid.
2267:(also known as the Center Counter defense)
4038:
4028:
3641:List of chess openings named after places
3636:List of chess openings named after people
1646:(including 1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, and others)
1261:List of chess openings named after people
1226:List of chess openings named after places
511:game. It usually consists of established
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3996:
3994:
1405:), but a few are played by Black (e.g.,
755:advantage to mount an attack on Black's
4115:Chess Notes 3902, Openings nomenclature
3679:
3429:
3040:
3033:
3012:
3005:
2935:
2865:
2844:
2837:
2728:1.d4 d5 Double Queen's Pawn Opening or
2556:
2549:
2528:
2521:
2388:
2381:
2360:
2353:
1930:
1923:
1902:
1895:
1762:
1755:
1734:
1727:
1023:
960:
953:
918:
876:
855:
848:
388:
381:
360:
353:
220:
213:
192:
185:
3621:Outline of chess § Chess openings
3609:to an inferior square (1.Na3 or 1.Nh3)
3248:was a leading expert in this opening.
3019:
2851:
2535:
2367:
2110:1.e4 e5 Double King's Pawn Opening or
1909:
1741:
967:
862:
723:gives White a slight initial advantage
367:
199:
4503:The Greatest Ever Chess Opening Ideas
3047:
3026:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2858:
2830:
2821:
2563:
2542:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2374:
2346:
2337:
1937:
1916:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1748:
1720:
1711:
1030:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
946:
939:
932:
925:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
869:
841:
832:
395:
374:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
206:
178:
169:
7:
4330:. Random House Puzzles & Games.
3898:
3896:
3747:
3745:
2222:have made occasional appearances in
1495:in the Two Knights Defense, and the
1422:
763:, while Black will seek simplifying
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4250:Chess Opening Essentials 3, p. 38,
4170:Chess Opening Essentials 4, p. 11,
3975:The Complete Book of Chess Strategy
3797:Hansen, Lars Bo (October 7, 2008).
3454:), but unique openings such as the
1259:For a more comprehensive list, see
1224:For a more comprehensive list, see
610:(alternatively, the bishops may be
523:. Many opening sequences, known as
4653:(Closed games and Indian defenses)
3953:"Transpo Tricks in Chess – review"
3279:piece exchanges and well into the
1387:, can in fact be quite aggressive.
1178:, present opening analysis, as do
25:
4555:A Killer Chess Opening Repertoire
3977:. Silman-James Press. p. 3.
6474:
6145:List of strong chess tournaments
4539:An elementary/introductory book.
4300:Understanding the Chess Openings
3955:. chessville.com. Archived from
3799:How Chess Games are Won and Lost
3490:(1.b4) are occasionally seen in
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2339:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1561:1.b4 and the King's and Queen's
1533:Classification of chess openings
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
834:
703:is one common way of doing this.
620:and pawns are no longer present.
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
171:
34:
5123:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
4706:Chess Openings by Edward Winter
4475:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
3877:"The Importance of Development"
3852:Ideas Behind the Chess Openings
3652:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
1615:Double King Pawn, Symmetric or
1597:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
1539:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
1204:The oldest openings tend to be
527:, have standard names such as "
45:needs additional citations for
4142:, Everyman Chess, p. 36,
1503:is an exception, describing a
665:Prevention of pawn weaknesses:
1:
6243:Computer chess championships
4386:Garry Kasparov is the former
4327:Modern Chess Openings: MCO-15
4274:, R.H.M. Press, 1975, p. 38.
3824:The World's Great Chess Games
3721:The Oxford Companion to Chess
3581:Unusual first moves for White
3359:Other Black responses to 1.d4
1401:" are played by White (e.g.,
1393:An opening that involves the
712:the center or on the flanks.
534:The Oxford Companion to Chess
27:Initial moves of a chess game
4689:Mastering the Chess Openings
4662:Mastering the Chess Openings
4639:Mastering the Chess Openings
4616:Mastering the Chess Openings
4501:Scheerer, Christoph (2008).
4398:. This book is often called
4030:10.1371/journal.pone.0026692
2134:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6
630:is best effected by placing
6025:Bishop and knight checkmate
4594:The Queen's Gambit Accepted
4066:. Oxford University Press.
3692:www.chessstrategyonline.com
3350:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7
3326:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4
1206:named for geographic places
597:Common aims in opening play
515:. The other phases are the
6533:
6188:Other world championships
4576:Fundamental Chess Openings
4368:; Keene, Raymond (1994) .
3658:Chess opening theory table
3584:
3433:
3362:
3344:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5
3332:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6
2777:
2293:
2270:1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6
2187:
1667:
1584:are also commonly played.
1536:
1258:
1223:
579:
507:is the initial stage of a
6469:
6035:Opposite-coloured bishops
4370:Batsford Chess Openings 2
4272:The Chess Opening for You
4087:Murray, H. J. R. (1913).
3753:"Book Move - Chess Terms"
3498:used 1.g3 to defeat both
3319:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5
3313:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6
3233:, Fischer, and Kasparov.
2774:Indian defenses: 1.d4 Nf6
2696:Cambridge Springs Defense
2170:1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.Qxd4
552:of the Sicilian Defense.
495:The starting position of
6162:World Chess Championship
5128:World Chess Hall of Fame
4544:Chess Opening Essentials
4482:http://www.sahovski.com/
4430:Nunn, John, ed. (1999).
4214:. Knopf/DK. p. 58.
4212:Learn Chess in a Weekend
4161:Hooper & Whyld, p281
3391:world championship match
2224:World Chess Championship
2128:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4
2116:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5
1451:(the former name of the
586:to describe chess moves.
6456:Simultaneous exhibition
6366:Chess newspaper columns
6055:Rook and bishop vs rook
6045:Queen and pawn vs queen
4691:. Vol. 4. Gambit.
4664:. Vol. 3. Gambit.
4641:. Vol. 2. Gambit.
4618:. Vol. 1. Gambit.
4415:. Sterling Pub Co Inc.
4186:This is in contrast to
3936:Transpo Tricks in Chess
3587:Irregular chess opening
3300:Queen's Gambit Declined
3265:1972 world championship
3165:Queen's Gambit Declined
2766:1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3
2749:Queen's Gambit Declined
2742:Queen's Gambit Accepted
2692:Queen's Gambit Declined
2684:Queen's Gambit Accepted
2176:1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3
2122:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4
1415:Queen's Gambit Declined
1411:Queen's Gambit Accepted
5911:Richter–Veresov Attack
5899:Queen's Indian Defence
4525:Winning Chess Openings
4453:British Chess Champion
4413:Victory in the Opening
4396:British chess champion
4390:from 1985 to 2000 and
3631:List of chess openings
3338:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3
3334:Queen's Indian Defense
3238:Queen's Indian Defense
3181:as early as 1913, the
1543:List of chess openings
1441:Falkbeer Countergambit
1333:("Sicilian Game") and
1275:
1176:Luis Ramirez de Lucena
777:Soviet school of chess
6172:Candidates Tournament
6060:Rook and pawn vs rook
6030:King and pawn vs king
5981:List of chess gambits
5884:King's Indian Defence
5562:Isolated Queen's Pawn
5086:List of chess players
5028:Top player comparison
4827:Internet chess server
4572:van der Sterren, Paul
4472:Sahovski Informator.
4432:Nunn's Chess Openings
4140:Winning Chess Tactics
3646:List of chess gambits
3508:Candidates Tournament
3352:King's Indian Defense
3195:King's Indian Defense
2290:Closed games: 1.d4 d5
1636:Single Queen Pawn or
1629:Double Queen Pawn or
1609:Queen's Pawn Openings
1507:with colors reversed.
1505:King's Indian Defense
1457:King's Knight Opening
1455:) in response to the
1417:. In the case of the
1381:King's Indian Defense
625:Control of the center
546:King's Indian Defense
5889:Nimzo-Indian Defence
5785:Scandinavian Defense
5746:Semi-Italian Opening
5651:King's Indian Attack
5540:first-move advantage
5193:Threefold repetition
5118:Bobby Fischer Center
5003:Charlemagne chessmen
4997:Göttingen manuscript
4802:Correspondence chess
4388:World Chess Champion
4062:Webb, Simon (1979).
3556:King's Indian Attack
3471:King's Indian Attack
3460:King's Indian Attack
3328:Nimzo-Indian Defense
3183:Nimzo-Indian Defense
2265:Scandinavian Defense
1622:Single King Pawn or
1605:King's Pawn Openings
1501:King's Indian Attack
1449:Greco Counter Gambit
1169:Opening nomenclature
716:Top-level objectives
54:improve this article
6117:Two knights endgame
5869:Bogo-Indian Defence
5756:Two Knights Defense
5696:Nimzowitsch Defence
5386:Artificial castling
5023:Soviet chess school
4898:Dubrovnik chess set
4349:U.S. Chess Champion
4304:Gambit Publications
4021:2011PLoSO...626692C
1664:Open games: 1.e4 e5
1650:Unusual first moves
1511:Reversed, Inverted:
1443:in response to the
1435:in response to the
1433:Albin Countergambit
1373:Two Knights Defense
1280:Two Knights Defense
1217:is named after the
1184:Ruy López de Segura
791:Opening repertoires
692:Piece coordination:
659:artificial castling
592:Aims of the opening
568:theoretical novelty
6347:endgame literature
5894:Old Indian Defense
5804:Accelerated Dragon
5676:Alekhine's Defence
5408:Checkmate patterns
5277:symbols in Unicode
5272:annotation symbols
5035:Geography of chess
4903:Staunton chess set
4551:Summerscale, Aaron
4527:. Everyman Chess.
4505:. Everyman Chess.
4434:. Everyman Chess.
4089:A History of Chess
3850:Fine, R. (1990) .
3626:Chess opening book
2740:1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4
2711:Queen's Pawn Games
2709:are classified as
2278:Alekhine's Defense
2198:(1...c5), but the
2140:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6
1515:Inverted Hungarian
1493:Fried Liver Attack
1238:Alekhine's Defense
641:Alekhine's Defense
584:algebraic notation
582:This article uses
575:prepared variation
6517:Chess terminology
6494:
6493:
6371:Chess periodicals
6300:Chess in the arts
6232:Chess composition
6070:Philidor position
6011:
6010:
5953:Trompowsky Attack
5936:Semi-Slav Defence
5826:Queen's Pawn Game
5706:Four Knights Game
5681:Caro–Kann Defence
5646:Zukertort Opening
5433:Discovered attack
5153:Cheating in chess
4990:Versus de scachis
4698:978-1-906454-19-7
4671:978-1-904600-98-5
4648:978-1-904600-69-5
4625:978-1-904600-60-2
4584:978-1-906454-13-5
4564:978-1-85744-519-0
4512:978-1-85744-561-9
4422:978-0-7134-8427-4
4256:978-90-5691-308-3
4194:in western chess.
4176:978-90-5691-308-3
3945:978-0-7134-9051-0
3822:Fine, R. (1952).
3808:978-1-906454-01-2
3549:Zukertort Opening
3323:(or Volga Gambit)
3145:
3144:
2690:(2...c6) and the
2661:
2660:
2259:Caro–Kann Defense
2146:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6
2136:Four Knights Game
2084:(2.Bc4), and the
2035:
2034:
1638:Semi-Closed Games
1526:Semi-Slav Defense
1377:Caro-Kann Defense
1359:Najdorf Variation
1327:Four Knights Game
1284:Four Knights Game
1128:
1127:
737:Winawer Variation
645:Four Pawns Attack
550:Najdorf Variation
493:
492:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6524:
6481:Chess portal
6479:
6478:
6422:Leela Chess Zero
6353:Oxford Companion
6305:early literature
6295:Chess aesthetics
6040:Pawnless endgame
5991:Bongcloud Attack
5969:List of openings
5941:Chigorin Defense
5879:Grünfeld Defence
5790:Sicilian Defence
5736:Ponziani Opening
5731:Philidor Defence
5726:Petrov's Defence
5668:King's Pawn Game
5641:Larsen's Opening
5604:
4965:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4712:
4702:
4675:
4652:
4629:
4607:
4578:, Gambit, 2009,
4568:
4557:. Globe Pequot.
4538:
4521:Seirawan, Yasser
4516:
4445:
4426:
4383:
4347:is a three-time
4341:
4322:De Firmian, Nick
4317:
4283:
4264:
4258:
4248:
4242:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4204:
4195:
4184:
4178:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4132:Seirawan, Yasser
4128:
4119:
4118:, 21 August 2005
4107:
4101:
4100:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4064:Chess for Tigers
4059:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4032:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3949:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3854:. Random House.
3847:
3838:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3794:
3785:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3684:
3537:Sokolsky Opening
3531:Larsen's Opening
3488:Sokolsky Opening
3484:Larsen's Opening
3410:Semi-Closed Game
3365:Semi-Closed Game
3346:Grünfeld Defense
3226:Grünfeld Defense
3210:. Despite being
3050:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2786:
2762:Stonewall Attack
2754:1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6
2747:1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6
2707:Stonewall Attack
2566:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
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2475:
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2468:
2467:
2461:
2460:
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2440:
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2426:
2425:
2419:
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2412:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2302:
2247:Sicilian Defense
2160:Bishop's Opening
2148:Philidor Defense
2142:Petrov's Defense
2082:Bishop's Opening
2071:Philidor Defense
2067:Petrov's Defense
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
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1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1676:
1567:Larsen's Opening
1559:Sokolsky Opening
1385:Sicilian Defense
1363:Sicilian Defense
1361:, a line of the
1337:("French Game").
1331:Sicilian Defense
1304:Toilet Variation
1288:Bishop's Opening
1163:Sicilian Defense
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
991:
990:
984:
983:
977:
976:
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963:
962:
956:
955:
949:
948:
942:
941:
935:
934:
928:
927:
921:
920:
914:
913:
907:
906:
900:
899:
893:
892:
886:
885:
879:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
851:
850:
844:
843:
838:
837:
797:
772:
760:
752:
744:
569:
529:Sicilian Defense
398:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
377:
376:
370:
369:
363:
362:
356:
355:
349:
348:
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335:
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328:
327:
321:
320:
314:
313:
307:
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300:
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293:
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286:
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279:
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272:
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265:
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258:
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251:
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244:
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230:
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216:
215:
209:
208:
202:
201:
195:
194:
188:
187:
181:
180:
175:
174:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6473:
6465:
6375:
6361:Chess libraries
6278:
6182:FIDE Grand Prix
6177:Chess World Cup
6131:
6127:Wrong rook pawn
6065:Lucena position
6007:
5957:
5874:Catalan Opening
5849:English Defence
5834:Budapest Gambit
5820:
5778:Austrian Attack
5662:
5631:English Opening
5593:
5589:School of chess
5572:Minority attack
5504:
5473:Queen sacrifice
5372:
5233:
5229:White and Black
5224:Touch-move rule
5183:Perpetual check
5178:Fifty-move rule
5134:
4970:
4967:
4874:
4744:
4739:
4699:
4683:
4678:English Opening
4672:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4626:
4610:
4604:
4588:
4565:
4549:
4535:
4519:
4513:
4500:
4487:Chess Informant
4442:
4429:
4423:
4407:
4380:
4366:Kasparov, Garry
4364:
4351:. Often called
4345:Nick de Firmian
4338:
4320:
4314:
4294:
4291:
4289:Further reading
4286:
4265:
4261:
4249:
4245:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4185:
4181:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4108:
4104:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3951:
3946:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3616:
3589:
3583:
3543:English Opening
3486:(1.b3) and the
3478:English Opening
3438:
3432:
3387:David Bronstein
3367:
3361:
3340:Catalan Opening
3288:Catalan Opening
3152:
3151:
3150:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2824:
2782:
2776:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2340:
2298:
2292:
2192:
2186:
2042:
2041:
2040:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1672:
1666:
1624:Semi-Open Games
1546:
1535:
1483:Hedgehog System
1345:English Opening
1264:
1229:
1192:Spanish Opening
1171:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
835:
793:
774:
762:
754:
746:
718:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
571:
501:
500:
499:
400:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
172:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Chess opening"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Chess openings
6499:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6404:
6402:Chess composer
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6257:North American
6254:
6249:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6150:Chess Olympiad
6147:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6001:Scholar's mate
5998:
5993:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5916:Queen's Gambit
5913:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5859:Benoni Defence
5854:Indian Defence
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5797:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5768:Owen's Defence
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5698:
5693:
5691:Modern Defence
5688:
5686:French Defence
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5621:Bird's Opening
5618:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5552:Pawn structure
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5396:Alekhine's gun
5388:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5309:Half-open file
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5252:Chess notation
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5207:Pawn promotion
5204:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5108:Women in chess
5105:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Hypermodernism
5015:
5013:Romantic chess
5010:
5008:Lewis chessmen
5005:
5000:
4993:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4846:world rankings
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4775:Computer chess
4772:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4681:
4670:
4654:
4647:
4631:
4624:
4608:
4602:
4586:
4569:
4563:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4517:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4440:
4427:
4421:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4378:
4372:. Henry Holt.
4362:
4361:
4360:
4337:978-0812936827
4336:
4318:
4312:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4259:
4243:
4227:
4220:
4208:Whyld, Kenneth
4196:
4179:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4120:
4102:
4079:
4072:
4054:
4015:(11): e26692.
3990:
3983:
3962:
3959:on 2008-04-18.
3950:See review at
3944:
3920:
3892:
3867:
3860:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3807:
3786:
3784:part 1, p. 353
3776:Garry Kasparov
3768:
3741:
3734:
3716:Whyld, Kenneth
3703:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3585:Main article:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3563:Bird's Opening
3559:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3519:Bird's Opening
3434:Main article:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3418:Benoni Defense
3399:Benoni Defense
3389:in their 1951
3375:Benoni Defense
3363:Main article:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3317:
3307:Indian Defense
3292:Queen's Gambit
3267:match against
3222:Ernst Grünfeld
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3156:transpositions
3148:Indian Defense
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2780:Indian Defense
2778:Main article:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2736:Queen's Gambit
2732:
2677:Queen's Gambit
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:Main article:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:Modern Defense
2280:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2253:French Defense
2249:
2239:Semi-Open Game
2190:Semi-Open Game
2188:Main article:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2158:1.e4 e5 2.Bc4
2156:
2152:1.e4 e5 2.Nc3
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:Main article:
1665:
1662:
1658:Indian systems
1654:
1653:
1647:
1644:Flank openings
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1555:Bird's Opening
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1508:
1486:
1460:
1453:Latvian Gambit
1437:Queen's Gambit
1429:Countergambit:
1426:
1419:Queen's Gambit
1407:Latvian Gambit
1388:
1366:
1352:
1349:Bird's Opening
1338:
1335:French Defense
1242:Morphy Defense
1215:Catalan System
1170:
1167:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
833:
831:
827:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
795:
794:
792:
789:
785:transpositions
768:
756:
748:
740:
717:
714:
705:
704:
699:
695:
693:
689:
686:Pawn structure
677:backward pawns
666:
662:
648:
621:
598:
595:
593:
590:
581:
580:
565:
542:opening theory
494:
491:
490:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
457:
453:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Chess openings
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6529:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6462:
6461:Solving chess
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6451:Chess prodigy
6449:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:Chess problem
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:opening books
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6330:short stories
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:Art and media
6281:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6095:triangulation
6093:
6091:
6090:Tarrasch rule
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:Queen vs pawn
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:London System
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:Modern Benoni
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:Dutch Defence
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:King's Gambit
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Grob's Attack
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Dunst Opening
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:Benko Opening
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5608:Flank opening
5605:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Transposition
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:Chess museums
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5081:Notable games
5079:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4870:World records
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:Rating system
4839:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4603:0-7134-8467-5
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4534:1-85744-349-7
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:1-85744-221-0
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:Raymond Keene
4389:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:0-8050-3409-9
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:1-904600-28-X
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4280:0-89058-020-0
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:1-889323-11-X
4237:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4221:9780679422297
4217:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:shogi opening
4183:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4149:1-85744-386-1
4145:
4141:
4137:
4136:Silman, Jerry
4133:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4110:Edward Winter
4106:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4073:0-7134-8988-X
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3984:1-890085-01-4
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:Jeremy Silman
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3861:0-8129-1756-1
3857:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3833:0-679-13046-2
3829:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:0-19-280049-3
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3712:Hooper, David
3707:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3575:Grob's Attack
3572:
3570:
3569:Benko Opening
3566:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:From's Gambit
3520:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3464:fianchettoing
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:transposition
3446:
3443:
3437:
3436:Flank opening
3425:
3424:Dutch Defense
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:for details.
3411:
3406:
3404:
3403:Modern Benoni
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:Dutch Defense
3366:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:Modern Benoni
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:for details.
3308:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3269:Boris Spassky
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:Modern Benoni
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3188:doubled pawns
3184:
3180:
3177:Advocated by
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2734:1.d4 d5 2.c4
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:for details.
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:King's Gambit
2665:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:for details.
2240:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2178:Danish Gambit
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:King's Gambit
2164:1.e4 e5 2.f4
2163:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:for details.
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:Danish Gambit
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:King's Gambit
2083:
2080:(2.Nc3), the
2079:
2074:
2072:
2069:results. The
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2047:Bobby Fischer
2039:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Dunst Opening
1544:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:Barcza System
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:London System
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:King's Gambit
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:King's Gambit
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Pedro Damiano
1177:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
799:
798:
790:
788:
786:
780:
778:
773:
766:
761:
753:
745:
738:
734:
733:Jeremy Silman
731:
726:
724:
715:
713:
710:
702:
701:Transposition
697:
696:
691:
690:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
663:
660:
656:
652:
649:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
619:
615:
614:
608:
605:
604:
603:
596:
591:
585:
578:
576:
572:
570:
561:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
463:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
430:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
136:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6512:Chess theory
6407:Chess engine
6392:Chess boxing
6352:
6122:Wrong bishop
5974:theory table
5948:Torre Attack
5931:Slav Defence
5839:Colle System
5814:Scheveningen
5773:Pirc Defence
5716:Italian Game
5711:Giuoco Piano
5656:Réti Opening
5598:
5579:Piece values
5567:Maróczy Bind
5528:the exchange
5518:Compensation
5448:Interference
5438:Double check
5212:Time control
5199:
5173:by agreement
5101:grandmasters
5045:South Africa
4995:
4988:
4964:Score sheets
4910:Chess pieces
4817:Online chess
4763:Chess titles
4758:Chess theory
4688:
4685:Watson, John
4661:
4658:Watson, John
4638:
4635:Watson, John
4615:
4612:Watson, John
4596:. Batsford.
4593:
4575:
4554:
4543:
4524:
4502:
4492:
4485:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:is a former
4431:
4412:
4399:
4394:is a former
4369:
4356:
4352:
4326:
4299:
4296:Collins, Sam
4271:
4262:
4246:
4230:
4211:
4191:
4182:
4166:
4157:
4139:
4114:
4105:
4088:
4082:
4063:
4057:
4012:
4006:
3974:
3965:
3957:the original
3938:. Batsford.
3935:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:
3870:
3851:
3823:
3817:
3798:
3781:Modern Chess
3779:
3771:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:
3720:
3706:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:
3682:
3650:
3590:
3516:
3506:in the 1962
3482:
3475:
3468:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3407:
3368:
3321:Benko Gambit
3304:
3296:Réti Opening
3285:
3276:Benko Gambit
3273:
3250:
3235:
3224:debuted the
3220:
3192:
3176:
3153:
2768:Colle System
2756:Slav Defense
2719:
2714:
2703:Colle System
2700:
2681:
2669:
2272:Pirc Defense
2236:
2228:
2220:Scandinavian
2193:
2130:Italian Game
2101:
2090:
2075:
2063:Italian Game
2051:
2043:
1655:
1640:(1.d4 other)
1631:Closed Games
1626:(1.e4 other)
1602:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1572:
1547:
1520:
1510:
1488:
1471:Colle System
1462:
1428:
1390:
1368:
1354:
1340:
1314:
1308:
1300:Monkey's Bum
1292:
1268:Giuoco Piano
1265:
1246:Réti Opening
1230:
1211:Wilkes-Barre
1203:
1196:
1191:
1172:
1159:Benko Gambit
1151:
1147:
1135:
781:
727:
719:
706:
651:King safety:
650:
644:
623:
618:minor pieces
613:fianchettoed
611:
607:Development:
606:
600:
574:
564:
562:
554:
539:
532:
524:
504:
502:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6337:Chess books
6137:Tournaments
5996:Fool's mate
5761:Vienna Game
5751:Scotch Game
5584:Prophylaxis
5500:Zwischenzug
5485:Undermining
5453:Overloading
5413:Combination
5262:descriptive
4957:Chess table
4952:Chess clock
4768:Grandmaster
4590:Ward, Chris
4546:(4 volumes)
4267:Larry Evans
3605:develops a
3492:grandmaster
3442:hypermodern
3204:Boleslavsky
3179:Nimzowitsch
2730:Closed Game
2722:Closed Game
2664:Closed Game
2296:Closed Game
2232:hypermodern
2172:Center Game
2154:Vienna Game
2124:Scotch Game
2093:Center Game
2078:Vienna Game
2061:(3.d4), or
2059:Scotch Game
1563:fianchettos
1497:Grob Attack
1475:Réti System
1323:Vienna Game
1319:Scotch Game
1254:Smith–Morra
1182:(1512) and
743:bishop pair
636:hypermodern
548:and in the
6501:Categories
6444:joke chess
6397:Chess club
6085:opposition
5547:Middlegame
5535:Initiative
5458:Pawn storm
5423:Deflection
5294:Key square
5284:Fianchetto
5217:Fast chess
5201:En passant
4893:chessboard
4409:Lane, Gary
4355:or simply
3932:Soltis, A.
3914:2021-03-30
3886:2021-03-30
3801:. Gambit.
3762:2021-03-30
3697:2021-03-30
3675:References
3663:Middlegame
1617:Open Games
1582:fianchetto
1447:, and the
1355:Variation:
1276:quiet game
1244:, and the
709:middlegame
517:middlegame
110:March 2021
80:newspapers
6427:Stockfish
6417:Deep Blue
6412:AlphaZero
6320:paintings
6112:Tablebase
6076:Strategy
5986:Irregular
5741:Ruy Lopez
5701:Open Game
5468:Sacrifice
5428:Desperado
5331:connected
5304:Open file
5299:King walk
5257:algebraic
5188:Stalemate
5163:Checkmate
4888:Chess set
4880:Equipment
4449:John Nunn
3909:Chess.com
3881:Chess.com
3757:Chess.com
3383:Botvinnik
3208:Reshevsky
3200:Bronstein
2276:1.e4 Nf6
2204:Caro–Kann
2118:Ruy Lopez
2112:Open Game
2104:Open Game
2057:(3.Bb5),
2055:Ruy Lopez
2038:Open Game
1670:Open Game
1652:for White
1633:(1.d4 d5)
1619:(1.e4 e5)
1423:Ward 1999
1395:sacrifice
1296:Orangutan
1250:Caro–Kann
1234:Ruy Lopez
1219:Catalonia
1188:Ruy Lopez
1131:amateurs.
771:queenside
765:exchanges
6486:Category
6439:glossary
6100:Zugzwang
6080:fortress
6017:Endgames
5926:Declined
5921:Accepted
5599:Openings
5557:Hedgehog
5523:Exchange
5510:Strategy
5490:Windmill
5341:isolated
5326:backward
5148:Castling
5091:amateurs
4984:Timeline
4858:Variants
4812:Glossary
4795:software
4780:glossary
4687:(2010).
4660:(2008).
4637:(2007).
4614:(2006).
4592:(1999).
4553:(1999).
4523:(2003).
4411:(1999).
4324:(2008).
4298:(2005).
4210:(1993).
4138:(2005),
4049:22110590
4008:PLOS One
3973:(1998).
3934:(2007).
3718:(1992).
3614:See also
3422:1.d4 f5
3416:1.d4 c5
3379:Alekhine
3373:and the
3216:Kasparov
2282:1.e4 g6
2263:1.e4 d5
2257:1.e4 c6
2251:1.e4 e6
2245:1.e4 c5
2218:and the
2216:Alekhine
2210:and the
2196:Sicilian
1579:kingside
1369:Defense:
1341:Opening:
1302:and the
1252:and the
1221:region.
759:kingside
669:isolated
558:tactical
525:openings
519:and the
6387:Arbiter
6380:Related
6237:Solving
6227:Amateur
5809:Najdorf
5391:Battery
5378:Tactics
5353:Swindle
5336:doubled
5316:Outpost
5247:Blunder
5062:Armenia
4976:History
4822:Premove
4790:engines
4785:matches
4750:Outline
4192:systems
4040:3217924
4017:Bibcode
3668:Endgame
3512:Curaçao
3500:Fischer
3281:endgame
3263:in his
3242:drawish
3231:Smyslov
3212:Fischer
2715:Systems
2226:games.
2091:In the
1489:Attack:
1463:System:
1399:Gambits
1391:Gambit:
1272:Italian
1154:gambits
681:endgame
673:doubled
521:endgame
505:opening
94:scholar
6325:poetry
6315:novels
6290:Caïssa
6222:Senior
6212:Junior
5800:Dragon
5795:Alapin
5480:Skewer
5346:passed
5289:Gambit
5096:female
5057:Europe
5040:Africa
4935:Knight
4930:Bishop
4695:
4668:
4645:
4622:
4600:
4582:
4561:
4531:
4509:
4438:
4419:
4376:
4353:MCO-15
4334:
4310:
4278:
4254:
4238:
4218:
4174:
4146:
4097:643082
4095:
4070:
4047:
4037:
3981:
3942:
3858:
3830:
3805:
3732:
3728:–480.
3607:knight
3547:1.Nf3
3494:play.
3246:Karpov
3206:, and
2212:Modern
2200:French
1541:, see
1521:Anti-:
1499:. The
1481:, and
1439:, the
1325:, and
1213:. The
655:castle
513:theory
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6272:WCSCC
6217:Youth
6207:Blitz
6202:Rapid
6192:Women
6155:Women
6107:Study
5962:Other
5495:X-ray
5418:Decoy
5403:Block
5358:Tempo
5321:Pawns
5239:Terms
5158:Check
5140:Rules
5074:India
5067:Spain
5052:China
4945:Fairy
4920:Queen
4851:norms
4742:Chess
4465:BCO 2
4400:BCO 2
3573:1.g4
3567:1.g3
3561:1.f4
3541:1.c4
3535:1.b4
3529:1.b3
3517:With
3496:Benko
3395:Short
3354:(KID)
3261:a win
3186:with
2751:(QGD)
2744:(QGA)
1575:tempo
1425::10).
1315:Game:
751:space
632:pawns
509:chess
497:chess
101:JSTOR
87:books
6310:film
6267:WCCC
6262:TCEC
6252:CSVN
6197:Team
6167:List
5443:Fork
5368:Trap
5168:Draw
4940:Pawn
4925:Rook
4915:King
4863:List
4832:list
4807:FIDE
4693:ISBN
4666:ISBN
4643:ISBN
4620:ISBN
4598:ISBN
4580:ISBN
4559:ISBN
4529:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4463:and
4436:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4374:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4252:ISBN
4236:ISBN
4216:ISBN
4172:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4093:OCLC
4068:ISBN
4045:PMID
3979:ISBN
3940:ISBN
3856:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3803:ISBN
3730:ISBN
3502:and
3476:The
3469:The
3458:and
3456:Réti
3381:and
3294:and
3286:The
3274:The
3251:The
3236:The
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