232:. Elo once stated that the process of rating players was in any case rather approximate; he compared it to "the measurement of the position of a cork bobbing up and down on the surface of agitated water with a yard stick tied to a rope and which is swaying in the wind". Any attempt to consolidate all aspects of a player's strength into a single number inevitably misses some of the picture.
490:, a 2635-rated player before his tournament, who scores 10½ points of a possible 16 winning points (as this is against 16 players). First, the difference in rating is recorded for each other player he faced. Then the expected score, against each, is determined from a table, which publishes this for every band of rating difference. For instance, one opponent was
199:
grades are deemed to be nil, so a personal score of 50 arose quickly in the lower leagues and experienced novices aspire to a 100 grading. The cyclical averaging and cycle-persistent Grades are its hallmarks. The maximum gain in a single cycle is 90 points, which would entail beating much higher-rated opponents at every match. The opposite applies to losses.
3419:
195:. Each game has a large potential effect. Points (grades) are never immediately effective for every game won, lost or drawn, in a registered competition (including English congresses, local and county leagues, and registered, approved team events) but are averaged into personal grade (ECF Grade) over a cycle of at least 30 games.
235:
FIDE divides all its normal tournaments into categories by a narrower average rating of the players. Each category is 25 rating points wide. Category 1 is for an average rating of 2251 to 2275, category 2 is 2276 to 2300, etc. Women's tournaments currently commence 200 points lower, including its
159:
When players compete in a tournament, the average rating of their competition is calculated. If a player scores 50%, they receive the average competition rating as their performance rating. If they score more than 50%, their new rating is the competition average plus 10 points per percentage point
198:
A player's contributing score for such averaging is taken to be their opponent's grade (but the gap is deemed to be 40 points, if greater than such a grade gap). However this is adjusted by adding 50 points for a win, subtracting 50 points for a loss, and making no adjustment for a draw. Negative
70:
also implement rating systems. In almost all systems, a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, players' ratings go up if they perform better than expected and down if they perform worse than expected. The magnitude of the change depends on the rating of their opponents. The
888:) is the first national organization to use a numerical rating system. It chooses the Short system which clubs on the west coast of the US had used. In 1934 the CCLA switched to the Walt James Percentage System but in 1940 returned to a point system designed by Kenneth Williams.
135:
to the average of the tournament entrants' scores; thus in all cases recalibrating all players after each tournament completely. A consequence is at most 50 points gained or shed per tournament (namely by a totally winning or totally losing participant) away from the
664:
358:
The USCF uses the USCF system, a modification of the Elo system, in which the K factor varies and it gives bonus points for superior performance in a tournament. USCF ratings are generally 50 to 100 points higher than the FIDE equivalents.
168:
A player with a rating of 1600 plays in an eleven-round tournament and scores 2½–8½ (22.7%) against competition with an average rating of 1850. This is 27.3% below 50% (50–22.7%), so their new rating is 1850 − (10 × 27.3) = 1577.
130:
the number of percentage points it is over 50% (e.g. a 12–4 or 24–8 wins-to-losses result is, as ever, noted as a 75% tournament outcome) – if having achieved worse than this then the number, again in percent, is
94:
in 1939. Soviet player Andrey
Khachaturov proposed a similar system in 1946. The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF adopted the Harkness system in 1950. Shortly after, the
1055:
According to Tinder CEO Jonathan Badeen, Tinder uses a variation of ELO scoring to determine how you rank among the site's userbase, and therefore, which profiles to suggest to you and whose queues your profile shows up
978:
2006 – Matej Guid and Ivan Bratko publish the research paper "Computer
Analysis of World Chess Champions", which rates champions by comparing their moves to the moves chosen by the computer program
126:
New players receive a high, fixed starting score. Players' new ratings centre on the average rating of entrants to their competition: then if having achieved better than a net draw set of result,
539:
1039:
1970:
119:
This was the system of the West German Chess
Federation from 1948 until 1992, designed by Anton Hoesslinger and published in 1948. It was replaced by an Elo system,
3461:
841:
75:
is currently the most widely used (though it has many variations and improvements). The Elo-like ratings systems have been adopted in many other contexts, such as
47:
54:. Most of the systems are used to recalculate ratings after a tournament or match but some are used to recalculate ratings after individual games. Popular
534:
Elo devised a linear approximation to his full system, negating the need for look-up tables of expected score. With that method, a player's new rating is
3199:
504:
or 1 but as this is higher than 0.5 even a draw will very slightly damage
Portisch's rating; conversely a draw will very slightly improve Hort's rating.
3634:
2756:
3214:
3174:
900:
1944 – The CCLA changes to an improved version of the
Williams system devised by William Wilcock. A slight change to the system was made in 1949.
3194:
91:
3629:
3189:
1585:
1567:
1528:
2746:
1014:
3454:
3134:
2997:
2987:
2751:
913:
1949 – The
Harkness system is submitted to the USCF. The British Chess Federation adopts it later and uses it at least as late as 1967.
852:
Many rating systems give a rating to players at a given time, but cannot compare players from different eras. In 2006, Matej Guid and
494:, who was rated at 2600. The rating difference of 35 gave Portisch an expected score of "0.55". This is an impossible score as not 0,
3550:
3272:
2742:
2737:
2065:
156:, who expounded his invention of it in articles of 1956, 14 years later. It was used by the USCF from 1950 to 1960 and other leagues.
3209:
3109:
3002:
2972:
742:
The Glicko system is a more modern approach, which was invented by Mark
Glickman as an improvement of the Elo system. It is used by
1727:
3179:
3169:
3087:
2977:
1722:
1453:
1043:
853:
3164:
3154:
1675:
864:
and argued that even a lower-ranked program (Elo around 2700) could identify good players. In their follow-up study, they used
507:
Portisch's expected score is summed for each of his matches, which gave a total expected score of 9.66. Then the formula is:
160:
exceeding 50. If they score less, their new rating is the competition average minus 10 points per percentage point shy of 50.
38:
to estimate the strength of a player, based on their performance versus other players. They are used by organizations such as
3447:
3159:
3149:
3144:
1812:
1774:
985:
2017 – Jean-Marc Alliot publishes the research paper "Who is the Master?", which rates champions by comparing their moves to
1643:
3726:
3705:
3294:
3204:
3139:
2720:
2482:
2033:
1558:
810:. It is based on computer analysis of a large database of games and is intended to be more accurate than the Elo system.
2558:
2038:
3515:
3308:
3257:
2967:
1633:
755:
2853:
1133:
3381:
3359:
3267:
3252:
2916:
2868:
2863:
2521:
2199:
2043:
1594:
747:
3313:
3247:
3097:
2992:
2841:
750:
and other online chess servers. The Glicko-2 system is a refinement of the original Glicko system and is used by
3525:
3289:
3262:
3104:
2219:
2214:
2171:
2070:
933:
1959 – The USCF names Arpad Elo the head of a committee to examine all rating systems and make recommendations.
904:
837:
188:
96:
51:
2826:
916:
1950 – The USCF starts using the
Harkness system and publishes its first rating list in the November issue of
1628:
1471:
3604:
3560:
3555:
3398:
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2593:
1939:
819:
2982:
2911:
2209:
2055:
1960:
1805:
1737:
1334:
2623:
659:{\displaystyle R_{new}=R_{old}+K\left({\frac {W-L}{2}}\right)-\left({\frac {K}{4C}}\right)\sum _{i}D_{i}}
3589:
3114:
3037:
2923:
2305:
2028:
1987:
1769:
962:
787:
120:
3644:
2618:
3599:
3494:
3470:
2831:
2768:
2727:
2688:
2470:
2460:
2390:
2204:
2135:
2060:
1945:
1744:
1549:
1315:
1009:
969:
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1961 – Elo develops his system and it is used by the USCF. It is published in the June 1961 issue of
737:
717:
274:
192:
100:
76:
3279:
3059:
2821:
2811:
2698:
2668:
2638:
2610:
2583:
2526:
2427:
2395:
2355:
2310:
2023:
1965:
1840:
1788:
1710:
1668:
1019:
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pioneered a new way of rating players, by comparing their moves against the recommended moves of a
264:
225:
67:
43:
1194:
3540:
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3520:
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3027:
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2477:
2365:
1977:
1845:
1168:
184:
178:
140:. Unlike other modern, nationally used chess systems, lower numbers indicate better performance.
202:
To convert between ECF and Elo grades, the formula ELO = (ECF * 7.50) + 700 was sometimes used.
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3575:
3369:
3242:
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3012:
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2710:
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2410:
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2338:
2181:
2149:
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1932:
1926:
1905:
1887:
1754:
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999:
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211:
104:
72:
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2489:
2465:
2432:
2004:
1918:
1692:
1537:
1368:
833:
294:
153:
716:
The USCF used a modification of this system to calculate ratings after individual games of
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3124:
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2816:
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1999:
1982:
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2016:
2009:
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1950:
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2283:
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2100:
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1800:
1553:
948:
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3690:
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2110:
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1867:
1857:
1793:
1759:
1732:
1700:
1004:
893:
857:
801:
55:
910:
1948 – The Ingo system is published and used by the West German Chess
Federation.
3695:
3685:
2703:
2693:
2442:
2405:
2288:
1899:
1894:
1852:
1705:
923:
885:
775:
284:
229:
3700:
3675:
3339:
2400:
2236:
2226:
2159:
2143:
1835:
1599:
1597:(February 2009), "Ratings, Rules, and Rockets: USCF's 2nd decade: 1949–1958",
918:
829:
807:
84:
1040:"Tinder matchmaking is more like Warcraft than you might think - Kill Screen"
3565:
3354:
2683:
2643:
2246:
2241:
2130:
2105:
1830:
1516:
743:
217:
59:
17:
3232:
1264:
1300:
3042:
2328:
2090:
1493:
Guid, Matej; Bratko, Ivan. "Computer analysis of world chess champions".
3439:
766:
TSF (Turkey Chess
Federation) uses a combination of ELO and UKD system.
3624:
1764:
1373:
1356:
751:
80:
63:
1906:
792:
The Deutsche Wertungszahl system replaced the Ingo system in Germany.
256:
No formal title, but sometimes informally called "super grandmasters"
2231:
979:
861:
1684:
865:
713:
is the expected score according to: 4C rating points equals 100%.
35:
3545:
3418:
1749:
1172:
944:
897:
uses the Harkness system, an improvement of the Williams system.
221:
108:
39:
3443:
1657:
832:, J. Isaac Miller and Maxime Rischard, with the support of the
778:
used its own system in the 1970s. It now uses the Elo system.
526:
Portisch's new rating is 2635 + 10×(10.5−9.66) = 2643.4.
1648:
1479:
875:
with an ELO rating around 3300, well above top human players.
1265:"The United States Chess Federation - CC Ratings Explanation"
1638:
1282:
1335:"Review of "Using Chess Engines to Estimate Human Skill""
27:
System used in chess to estimate the strength of a player
1653:
1316:"Review of "Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions""
884:
1933 – The Correspondence Chess League of America (now
224:, other organizations and some Chess websites such as
542:
689:
is the opponent's rating minus the player's rating,
220:
and is the most common rating system. It is used by
3658:
3617:
3574:
3508:
3477:
3322:
3225:
3078:
2958:
2904:
2767:
2609:
2549:
2540:
2451:
2319:
2180:
2081:
1917:
1821:
1691:
682:are the player's new and old ratings respectively,
1134:"The calculation of ECF Grades on a monthly basis"
658:
519:K is 10; W is the actual match/tournament score; W
871:In 2017, Jean-Marc Alliot compared players using
1495:International Computer Games Association Journal
907:uses a non-numerical system to classify players.
1639:Elo system and chess rating calculation in FIDE
1578:U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess
975:2005 – Chessmetrics is published by Jeff Sonas.
842:Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis
486:Elo gives an example of amending the rating of
90:The first modern rating system was used by the
1644:Interactive world map of FIDE country rankings
3455:
1669:
1521:The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present
848:Rating systems using computers as a reference
824:The Universal Rating System was developed by
48:International Correspondence Chess Federation
8:
956:The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
1081:
1068:
123:. It influenced some other rating systems.
3571:
3462:
3448:
3440:
2546:
1676:
1662:
1654:
1562:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
1372:
650:
640:
617:
588:
566:
547:
541:
511:new rating = old rating + (K × (W−W
3635:Harris Interactive College Football Poll
1414:
1401:
1388:
1225:
1212:
1120:
1107:
1094:
806:The Chessmetrics system was invented by
361:
238:
191:until 2020. It was published in 1958 by
1350:
1348:
1031:
92:Correspondence Chess League of America
3630:FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll
7:
1015:List of FIDE chess world number ones
965:replaces the Ingo system in Germany.
958:) on his rating system is published.
1576:Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003),
1440:
1427:
1251:
1238:
926:is first with a rating of 2817 and
3551:Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings
1472:"Welcome to the Chessmetrics site"
1195:"How to face a Super Grandmaster?"
868:to estimate chess player ratings.
99:started using a system devised by
25:
3536:English Chess Federation grading
3417:
3088:List of strong chess tournaments
1649:Complete World Chess Rating List
1624:"Chess Ratings" by Edward Winter
1333:Riis, Søren (11 November 2011).
860:. The authors used the program
2066:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
1314:Riis, Søren (2 November 2006).
709:is the score above or below 0.
216:The Elo system was invented by
173:English Chess Federation system
107:in 1960, which was adopted by
1:
3650:USA Today/Amway Coaches' Poll
3561:Rating Percentage Index (RPI)
3186:Computer chess championships
1559:The Oxford Companion to Chess
947:starts using the Elo system.
1169:FIDE Handbook, Section B.0.0
1042:. 2017-08-19. Archived from
103:. The USCF switched to the
3516:Advanced Football Analytics
3509:Methods and computer models
2968:Bishop and knight checkmate
1542:The Official Chess Handbook
758:and other online websites.
756:Australian Chess Federation
3743:
3131:Other world championships
1355:Alliot, Jean-Marc (2017).
951:is at the top of the list.
817:
799:
785:
748:Free Internet Chess Server
735:
275:International Masters (IM)
209:
176:
3412:
2978:Opposite-coloured bishops
1301:"Universal Rating System"
1005:Chess engine rating lists
972:by Glickman is published.
838:Kasparov Chess Foundation
697:is the number of losses,
148:This system was noted in
81:online competitive gaming
3526:Bowl Championship Series
3105:World Chess Championship
2071:World Chess Hall of Fame
1634:approximate USCF ratings
1138:English Chess Federation
189:English Chess Federation
152:by tournament organizer
97:British Chess Federation
52:English Chess Federation
3556:Pythagorean expectation
3399:Simultaneous exhibition
3309:Chess newspaper columns
2998:Rook and bishop vs rook
2988:Queen and pawn vs queen
1580:(5th ed.), McKay,
1283:"TSF UKD Bilgi Sistemi"
1082:Hooper & Whyld 1992
1069:Hooper & Whyld 1992
820:Universal Rating System
814:Universal Rating System
693:is the number of wins,
523:is the expected score.
363:USCF rating categories
2854:Richter–Veresov Attack
2842:Queen's Indian Defence
1199:Saint Louis Chess Club
660:
295:Candidate Masters (CM)
3471:Sports rating systems
3115:Candidates Tournament
3003:Rook and pawn vs rook
2973:King and pawn vs king
2924:List of chess gambits
2827:King's Indian Defence
2505:Isolated Queen's Pawn
2029:List of chess players
1971:Top player comparison
1770:Internet chess server
1482:on November 15, 2011.
963:Deutsche Wertungszahl
905:USSR Chess Federation
788:Deutsche Wertungszahl
782:Deutsche Wertungszahl
661:
121:Deutsche Wertungszahl
3727:Chess rating systems
3495:Strength of schedule
2832:Nimzo-Indian Defence
2728:Scandinavian Defense
2689:Semi-Italian Opening
2594:King's Indian Attack
2483:first-move advantage
2136:Threefold repetition
2061:Bobby Fischer Center
1946:Charlemagne chessmen
1940:Göttingen manuscript
1745:Correspondence chess
1629:Chessmetrics website
1357:"Who is the Master?"
1226:Just & Burg 2003
1213:Just & Burg 2003
1010:Sports rating system
930:is second with 2770.
738:Glicko rating system
732:Glicko rating system
718:correspondence chess
540:
530:Linear approximation
344:Class E, category 5
336:Class D, category 4
328:Class C, category 3
320:Class B, category 2
312:Class A, category 1
193:Richard W. B. Clarke
101:Richard W. B. Clarke
46:(USCF or US Chess),
34:is a system used in
3060:Two knights endgame
2812:Bogo-Indian Defence
2699:Two Knights Defense
2639:Nimzowitsch Defence
2329:Artificial castling
1966:Soviet chess school
1841:Dubrovnik chess set
1201:. January 25, 2019.
1020:FIDE world rankings
954:1978 – Elo's book (
364:
241:
226:Internet Chess Club
77:other games like Go
68:Internet Chess Club
44:US Chess Federation
32:chess rating system
3645:NAIA Coaches' Poll
3541:Litkenhous Ratings
3521:ARGH Power Ratings
3290:endgame literature
2837:Old Indian Defense
2747:Accelerated Dragon
2619:Alekhine's Defence
2351:Checkmate patterns
2220:symbols in Unicode
2215:annotation symbols
1978:Geography of chess
1846:Staunton chess set
1454:"Glickman website"
1374:10.3233/ICG-160012
656:
645:
362:
239:
185:ECF grading system
179:ECF grading system
138:tournament average
3714:
3713:
3618:Polls and opinion
3613:
3612:
3437:
3436:
3314:Chess periodicals
3243:Chess in the arts
3175:Chess composition
3013:Philidor position
2954:
2953:
2896:Trompowsky Attack
2879:Semi-Slav Defence
2769:Queen's Pawn Game
2649:Four Knights Game
2624:Caro–Kann Defence
2589:Zukertort Opening
2376:Discovered attack
2096:Cheating in chess
1933:Versus de scachis
1619:Chessbase article
1587:978-0-8129-3559-2
1569:978-0-19-280049-7
1538:Harkness, Kenneth
1530:978-0-668-04721-0
1460:on June 11, 2010.
1000:Elo rating system
762:Turkey UKD system
636:
630:
604:
479:
478:
356:
355:
285:FIDE Masters (FM)
265:Grandmasters (GM)
240:Elo scales, 1978
212:Elo rating system
206:Elo rating system
105:Elo rating system
73:Elo rating system
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3572:
3531:Dickinson System
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3424:Chess portal
3422:
3421:
3365:Leela Chess Zero
3296:Oxford Companion
3248:early literature
3238:Chess aesthetics
2983:Pawnless endgame
2934:Bongcloud Attack
2912:List of openings
2884:Chigorin Defense
2822:Grünfeld Defence
2733:Sicilian Defence
2679:Ponziani Opening
2674:Philidor Defence
2669:Petrov's Defence
2611:King's Pawn Game
2584:Larsen's Opening
2547:
1908:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1608:
1590:
1572:
1545:
1533:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1478:. Archived from
1476:chessmetrics.com
1468:
1462:
1461:
1456:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
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1431:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
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1184:Elo, 1978, p. 18
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834:Grand Chess Tour
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589:
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498:
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187:was used by the
154:Kenneth Harkness
21:
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3716:
3715:
3710:
3654:
3609:
3570:
3504:
3500:Win probability
3473:
3468:
3438:
3433:
3416:
3408:
3318:
3304:Chess libraries
3221:
3125:FIDE Grand Prix
3120:Chess World Cup
3074:
3070:Wrong rook pawn
3008:Lucena position
2950:
2900:
2817:Catalan Opening
2792:English Defence
2777:Budapest Gambit
2763:
2721:Austrian Attack
2605:
2574:English Opening
2536:
2532:School of chess
2515:Minority attack
2447:
2416:Queen sacrifice
2315:
2176:
2172:White and Black
2167:Touch-move rule
2126:Perpetual check
2121:Fifty-move rule
2077:
1913:
1910:
1817:
1687:
1682:
1615:
1593:
1588:
1575:
1570:
1548:
1536:
1531:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:www.uschess.org
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
996:
928:Sammy Reshevsky
881:
850:
822:
816:
804:
798:
790:
784:
772:
770:USA ICCF system
764:
740:
734:
705:= 32. The term
688:
681:
674:
646:
622:
613:
590:
584:
562:
543:
538:
537:
532:
522:
514:
500:
496:
495:
484:
384:National master
214:
208:
181:
175:
166:
146:
144:Harkness system
117:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Kenneth Massey
3678:
3673:
3671:John Hollinger
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Home advantage
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3345:Chess composer
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:North American
3197:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3093:Chess Olympiad
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:Scholar's mate
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2859:Queen's Gambit
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Benoni Defence
2797:Indian Defence
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2711:Owen's Defence
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2634:Modern Defence
2631:
2629:French Defence
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Bird's Opening
2561:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2495:Pawn structure
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:Alekhine's gun
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:Half-open file
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2195:Chess notation
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2150:Pawn promotion
2147:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2051:Women in chess
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Hypermodernism
1958:
1956:Romantic chess
1953:
1951:Lewis chessmen
1948:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1789:world rankings
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:Computer chess
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1613:External links
1611:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1586:
1573:
1568:
1554:Whyld, Kenneth
1546:
1534:
1529:
1511:
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1504:
1485:
1463:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
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1380:
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1325:
1306:
1292:
1287:ukd.tsf.org.tr
1274:
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1230:
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1204:
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1177:
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818:Main article:
815:
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800:Main article:
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786:Main article:
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736:Main article:
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492:Vlastimil Hort
488:Lajos Portisch
483:
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210:Main article:
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177:Main article:
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145:
142:
116:
113:
58:sites such as
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3739:
3728:
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3724:
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3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Mark Glickman
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
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3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
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3636:
3633:
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3446:
3445:
3442:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3404:Solving chess
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Chess prodigy
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:Chess problem
3375:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:opening books
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:short stories
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:Art and media
3224:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
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3178:
3176:
3173:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
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3081:
3077:
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3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:triangulation
3036:
3034:
3033:Tarrasch rule
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Queen vs pawn
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:London System
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Modern Benoni
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Dutch Defence
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:King's Gambit
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Grob's Attack
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Dunst Opening
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Benko Opening
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2551:Flank opening
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
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2379:
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2372:
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2347:
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2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Transposition
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:Chess museums
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Notable games
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
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1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1813:World records
1811:
1807:
1804:
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1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:Rating system
1782:
1776:
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1771:
1768:
1766:
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1650:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
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1627:
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1617:
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1612:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:Hooper, David
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:Harkness 1967
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:Lawrence 2009
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:Harkness 1967
1384:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1303:. 2017-01-03.
1302:
1296:
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1234:
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1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
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1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:Harkness 1967
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:Harkness 1967
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:Harkness 1967
1090:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1046:on 2017-08-19
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
971:
970:Glicko system
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:Bobby Fischer
946:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
899:
896:
895:
890:
887:
883:
882:
878:
876:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:Mark Glickman
821:
813:
811:
809:
803:
795:
793:
789:
781:
779:
777:
769:
767:
761:
759:
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753:
749:
745:
739:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
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708:
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696:
692:
685:
678:
671:
666:
651:
647:
641:
637:
632:
626:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
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585:
581:
578:
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
554:
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548:
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529:
527:
524:
510:
509:
508:
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493:
489:
481:
474:
471:
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458:
455:
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418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
382:
378:
376:Senior master
375:
374:
371:Rating range
370:
367:
366:
360:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
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237:
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227:
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205:
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200:
196:
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143:
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114:
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110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3691:Jeff Sagarin
3640:Legends Poll
3585:Chessmetrics
3490:Sabermetrics
3350:Chess engine
3335:Chess boxing
3295:
3065:Wrong bishop
2917:theory table
2891:Torre Attack
2874:Slav Defence
2782:Colle System
2757:Scheveningen
2716:Pirc Defence
2659:Italian Game
2654:Giuoco Piano
2599:Réti Opening
2522:Piece values
2510:Maróczy Bind
2471:the exchange
2461:Compensation
2391:Interference
2381:Double check
2155:Time control
2142:
2116:by agreement
2044:grandmasters
1988:South Africa
1938:
1931:
1907:Score sheets
1853:Chess pieces
1783:
1760:Online chess
1706:Chess titles
1701:Chess theory
1604:
1598:
1595:Lawrence, Al
1577:
1557:
1541:
1520:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1480:the original
1475:
1466:
1458:the original
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1383:
1364:
1361:ICGA Journal
1360:
1338:
1328:
1319:
1309:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1054:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1034:
955:
937:
917:
894:Chess Review
892:
870:
858:chess engine
851:
823:
805:
802:Chessmetrics
796:Chessmetrics
791:
773:
765:
741:
725:
721:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
676:
669:
667:
536:
533:
525:
518:
506:
485:
379:2400 and up
357:
245:Rating range
236:Category 1.
234:
215:
201:
197:
182:
167:
158:
150:Chess Review
149:
147:
137:
132:
127:
125:
118:
89:
56:online chess
31:
29:
18:Chess rating
3706:Peter Wolfe
3696:Nate Silver
3686:Ken Pomeroy
3280:Chess books
3080:Tournaments
2939:Fool's mate
2704:Vienna Game
2694:Scotch Game
2527:Prophylaxis
2443:Zwischenzug
2428:Undermining
2396:Overloading
2356:Combination
2205:descriptive
1900:Chess table
1895:Chess clock
1711:Grandmaster
987:Stockfish 6
968:2001 – the
924:Reuben Fine
903:1946 – The
886:ICCF U.S.A.
873:Stockfish 6
854:Ivan Bratko
776:ICCF U.S.A.
230:chess24.com
115:Ingo system
85:dating apps
3701:Jeff Sonas
3676:Bill James
3387:joke chess
3340:Chess club
3028:opposition
2490:Middlegame
2478:Initiative
2401:Pawn storm
2366:Deflection
2237:Key square
2227:Fianchetto
2160:Fast chess
2144:En passant
1836:chessboard
1600:Chess Life
1517:Elo, Arpad
1510:References
1501:(2): 3–14.
1157:Chess Life
1143:2022-07-08
1050:2024-02-04
938:Chess Life
919:Chess Life
879:Chronology
840:, and the
830:Jeff Sonas
808:Jeff Sonas
701:= 200 and
435:1000–1199
427:1200–1399
419:1400–1599
411:1600–1799
403:1800–1999
395:2000–2199
387:2200–2399
349:Below 1000
50:, and the
3605:Universal
3566:TrueSkill
3370:Stockfish
3360:Deep Blue
3355:AlphaZero
3263:paintings
3055:Tablebase
3019:Strategy
2929:Irregular
2684:Ruy Lopez
2644:Open Game
2411:Sacrifice
2371:Desperado
2274:connected
2247:Open file
2242:King walk
2200:algebraic
2131:Stalemate
2106:Checkmate
1831:Chess set
1823:Equipment
1339:Chessbase
1320:Chessbase
744:Chess.com
724:= 32 and
720:, with a
707:(W-L) / 2
638:∑
611:−
595:−
341:1199–1000
333:1399–1200
325:1599–1400
317:1799–1600
309:1999–1800
301:2199–2000
291:2299–2200
281:2399–2300
271:2499–2400
261:2700–2500
248:Category
218:Arpad Elo
111:in 1970.
83:, and in
60:Chess.com
3721:Category
3478:Concepts
3429:Category
3382:glossary
3043:Zugzwang
3023:fortress
2960:Endgames
2869:Declined
2864:Accepted
2542:Openings
2500:Hedgehog
2466:Exchange
2453:Strategy
2433:Windmill
2284:isolated
2269:backward
2091:Castling
2034:amateurs
1927:Timeline
1801:Variants
1755:Glossary
1738:software
1723:glossary
1556:(1992),
1540:(1967),
1523:, Arco,
1519:(1978),
1443::68, 89)
1441:Elo 1978
1428:Elo 1978
1367:: 3–43.
1252:Elo 1978
1239:Elo 1978
1215::259–73)
1175:web site
1110::185–88)
1097::205–6).
994:See also
475:100–199
467:200–399
459:400–599
451:600–799
443:800–999
368:Category
352:Novices
304:Experts
3625:AP poll
3330:Arbiter
3323:Related
3180:Solving
3170:Amateur
2752:Najdorf
2334:Battery
2321:Tactics
2296:Swindle
2279:doubled
2259:Outpost
2190:Blunder
2005:Armenia
1919:History
1765:Premove
1733:engines
1728:matches
1693:Outline
1544:, McKay
1254::28–29)
1159:, 1962.
961:1993 –
943:1970 –
891:1942 –
866:Rybka 3
752:Lichess
728:= 200.
711:ΣD / 4C
499:⁄
482:Example
472:Class J
464:Class I
456:Class H
448:Class G
440:Class F
432:Class E
424:Class D
416:Class C
408:Class B
400:Class A
164:Example
64:Lichess
3659:People
3600:Glicko
3578:family
3268:poetry
3258:novels
3233:Caïssa
3165:Senior
3155:Junior
2743:Dragon
2738:Alapin
2423:Skewer
2289:passed
2232:Gambit
2039:female
2000:Europe
1983:Africa
1878:Knight
1873:Bishop
1607:(2): 9
1584:
1566:
1527:
980:Crafty
862:Crafty
836:, the
668:where
392:Expert
66:, and
42:, the
3215:WCSCC
3160:Youth
3150:Blitz
3145:Rapid
3135:Women
3098:Women
3050:Study
2905:Other
2438:X-ray
2361:Decoy
2346:Block
2301:Tempo
2264:Pawns
2182:Terms
2101:Check
2083:Rules
2017:India
2010:Spain
1995:China
1888:Fairy
1863:Queen
1794:norms
1685:Chess
1430::197)
1417::184)
1391::184)
1228::112)
1123::187)
1084::332)
1071::332)
1026:Notes
253:2700+
133:added
128:minus
79:, in
36:chess
3546:Log5
3253:film
3210:WCCC
3205:TCEC
3195:CSVN
3140:Team
3110:List
2386:Fork
2311:Trap
2111:Draw
1883:Pawn
1868:Rook
1858:King
1806:List
1775:list
1750:FIDE
1605:2009
1582:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1241::37)
1173:FIDE
945:FIDE
774:The
675:and
228:and
222:FIDE
183:The
109:FIDE
40:FIDE
3595:Elo
3590:DWZ
3576:Elo
3190:CCC
2406:Pin
2210:PGN
1369:doi
1056:in.
680:old
673:new
3723::
1603:,
1552:;
1499:29
1497:.
1474:.
1365:39
1363:.
1359:.
1347:^
1337:.
1318:.
1285:.
1267:.
1197:.
1171:,
1136:.
1053:.
922:.
844:.
828:,
754:,
746:,
515:))
87:.
62:,
30:A
3463:e
3456:t
3449:v
2745:/
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
1439:(
1426:(
1413:(
1404:)
1400:(
1387:(
1377:.
1371::
1341:.
1322:.
1289:.
1271:.
1250:(
1237:(
1224:(
1211:(
1146:.
1119:(
1106:(
1093:(
1080:(
1067:(
989:.
982:.
940:.
726:C
722:K
703:K
699:C
695:L
691:W
687:i
684:D
677:R
670:R
652:i
648:D
642:i
633:)
627:C
624:4
620:K
615:(
607:)
602:2
598:L
592:W
586:(
582:K
579:+
574:d
571:l
568:o
564:R
560:=
555:w
552:e
549:n
545:R
521:e
513:e
501:2
497:1
20:)
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