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where his life was principally led the chewer spat upon his lands without offence to other men, and his homes and public buildings were supplied with spittoons. Brown and yellow parabolas were projected to right and left toward these receivers, but very often without the careful aim which made for cleanly living. Even the pews of fashionable churches were likely to contain these familiar conveniences. The large numbers of
Southern men, and these were of the better class (officers in the Confederate army and planters, worth $ 20,000 or more, and barred from general amnesty) who presented themselves for the pardon of President Johnson, while they sat awaiting his pleasure in the ante-room at the White House, covered its floor with pools and rivulets of their spittle. An observant traveller in the South in 1865 said that in his belief seven-tenths of all persons above the age of twelve years, both male and female, used tobacco in some form. Women could be seen at the doors of their cabins in their bare feet, in their dirty one-piece cotton garments, their chairs tipped back, smoking pipes made of corn cobs into which were fitted reed stems or goose quills. Boys of eight or nine years of age and half-grown girls smoked. Women and girls "dipped" in their houses, on their porches, in the public parlours of hotels and in the streets.
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367:, however, says, "the use of smokeless tobacco by players has a powerful role-model effect on youth, particularly among young males in sport, some of whom remain addicted in future careers as professional athletes." According to Connolly, one-quarter of Minor League players do not support allowing the use of chewing tobacco during games, and one-third of Major League players support abolishing it. Due to health concerns, MLB was asked to ban the use of chewing tobacco during the
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removed. He also had his taste buds removed. Tuttle dedicated the last years of his life to speaking with Major League teams about not using chewing tobacco where television cameras could see the players so that children could not witness and be influenced by it. He also dedicated time to the
National Spit Tobacco Education Program, which was being run by friend and former Major League player, Joe Garagiola. Tuttle died July 27, 1998, after a 5-year battle with cancer.
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has decreased. This is true especially among white and
Hispanic males. In 1970, five times as many 65-and-older males used smokeless tobacco as 18- to 24-year-olds did (12.7% of the population were 65+ male users, 2.2% of the population were 18–24 male users). More specifically, moist snuff use increased for males ages 18–24 from 1% of the population to 6.2% of the population, while 65+ male users decreased from 4% to 2.2%.
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555:). The purpose of the spittoon was to provide a receptacle for excess juices and spittle accumulated from the oral use of tobacco. As chewing tobacco's popularity declined throughout the years, the spittoon became merely a relic of the Old West and is rarely seen outside museums. Spittoons are still present on the floor of the
109:. Chewing tobacco poses a lower health risk than traditional combusted products. However it is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking. The level of risk varies between different types of products and producing regions. There is no safe level of chewing tobacco use. Globally it contributes to 650,000 deaths each year.
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The
Southern United States was distinctive for their production of tobacco, which earned premium prices globally. Most farmers grew some for their own use, or traded with neighbors who grew it. Commercial sales became important in the late 19th century, as major tobacco companies arose in the South,
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Plug chewing tobacco is tobacco leaves pressed into a square, brick-like mass called a plug. From this, pieces are bitten off or cut from the plug and then chewed. Plug tobacco is declining in popularity, thus less readily available than loose-leaf chewing tobacco. Historically, plug tobacco could
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Loose-leaf chewing tobacco is the most widely available and most frequently used type of chewing tobacco. It consists of shredded tobacco leaf, usually sweetened and sometimes flavored, and often sold in a sealed pouch typically weighing 3 oz. Loose-leaf chewing tobacco has a sticky texture due to
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Chewing tobacco may be left as loose leaf or compressed into a small rectangular "plug". Nearly all modern chewing tobaccos are produced by a process of leaf curing, cutting, fermentation, and processing, which may include sweetening and flavoring. Historically, many
American chewing-tobacco brands
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The chewing of tobacco was well-nigh universal. This habit had been widespread among the agricultural population of
America both North and South before the war. Soldiers had found the quid a solace in the field and continued to revolve it in their mouths upon returning to their homes. Out of doors
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Many believe that the widespread use of chewing tobacco by baseball players has led to a rampant increase in youth, and particularly teen, use. Additionally, teen use of smokeless tobacco has increased and it is more harmful and dangerous to tobacco user, while use of all tobacco products by teens
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Chewing tobacco is still used, predominantly by young males in some parts of the
American South, but also in other areas and age groups. In September 2006, both the Republican and Democratic candidates for Senator from Virginia admitted to chewing tobacco and agreed that it sets a bad example for
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pictured him with a bulge in his cheek from the tobacco. Nearly 40 years after he began using smokeless tobacco, Tuttle developed a tumor in his mouth so severe, it protruded through his skin. A few years before he died, Tuttle had many of his teeth, his jawbone, his gums, and his right cheekbone
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were first written in 1845, the carcinogenic potential of chewing tobacco was unknown. At that time, it was commonly used by players and coaches alike. Smokeless tobacco use became rampant by players by the early 1900s. The use of chewing tobacco in baseball steadily increased until the mid-20th
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Twist chewing tobacco consists of leaves twisted together into a rope-like mass. Unlike most loose-leaf tobaccos, twist chewing tobacco is usually not sweetened. Pieces of twist are either bitten off or cut, and then chewed. Twist chewing tobacco is not widely available and is mostly found in
391:
A 2009 survey by The U.S. Centers for
Disease Control revealed that 8.9% of U.S. high-school students had used smokeless tobacco on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. Usage was more common among males (15.0%) than females (2.2%) and among Whites (11.9%) than Blacks (3.3%) or
1129:
Sinha, Dhirendra N; Suliankatchi, Rizwan A; Gupta, Prakash C; Thamarangsi, Thaksaphon; Agarwal, Naveen; Parascandola, Mark; Mehrotra, Ravi (2016). "Global burden of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to smokeless tobacco use: systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Even though it is less dangerous than smoking, chewing tobacco is addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Globally it contributes to 650,000 deaths each year, with a significant proportion of these in
1873:
Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah (June 2023).
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Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah (June 2023).
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Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah (June 2023).
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Using chewing tobacco can cause a number of adverse health effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and deformities in the female reproductive system. It also raises the risk of fatal
262:. In 2010 more than 200 000 people died from coronary heart disease due to smokeless tobacco use. Use of chewing tobacco also seems to greatly raise the risk of non-fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe.
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Hispanics (5.1%). The five states with the highest percentage of high-school users were
Wyoming (16.2%), North Dakota (15.3%), South Dakota (14.6%), Montana (14.6%), and West Virginia (14.4%).
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compounds occurring in chewing tobacco vary widely, and depend upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured. There are 28 known cancer-causing substances in chewing tobacco products.
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A historian of the
American South in the late 1860s reported on typical usage in the region where it was grown, paying close attention to class and gender:
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was a Major League player who made a big name for himself both through baseball and his anti-chewing tobacco efforts. Tuttle was an outfielder for the
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Drope, Jeffrey; Cahn, Zachary; Kennedy, Rosemary; Liber, Alex C.; Stoklosa, Michal; Henson, Rosemarie; Douglas, Clifford E.; Drope, Jacqui (2017).
954: by David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura available under the
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235:. Increased risk of oral cancer caused by chewing tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in
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309:" ... "With oral cancer, you die one piece at a time. They operate on your neck, they operate on your jaw, they operate on your throat."
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to draw out its flavor. It consists of coarsely chopped aged tobacco that is flavored and often sweetened; it is not ground fine like
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Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. (2018).
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1686: by Kamal Niaz, Faheem Maqbool, Fazlullah Khan, Haji Bahadar, Fatima Ismail Hassan, Mohammad Abdollahi available under the
1287: by Kamal Niaz, Faheem Maqbool, Fazlullah Khan, Haji Bahadar, Fatima Ismail Hassan, Mohammad Abdollahi available under the
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In the late 19th century, during the peak in popularity of chewing tobacco in the Western United States, a device known as the
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died of salivary cancer on June 16, 2014. He claimed the cancer was linked to his lifetime use of chewing and dipping tobacco.
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1916:
1818:"Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data"
1362:"Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data"
777:"Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data"
491:
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282:. Nicotine in chewing tobacco products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth.
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1706:"Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine"
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513:
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1573:"Smokeless Tobacco Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis of US Studies in the INHANCE Consortium"
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1620:
Niaz, Kamal; Maqbool, Faheem; Khan, Fazlullah; Bahadar, Haji; Ismail Hassan, Fatima; Abdollahi, Mohammad (2017).
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Niaz, Kamal; Maqbool, Faheem; Khan, Fazlullah; Bahadar, Haji; Ismail Hassan, Fatima; Abdollahi, Mohammad (2017).
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1948:
490:. Southerners dominated the tobacco industry in the United States. So much so that a concern as large as the
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Bird, Patrick J.. "Chewing Tobacco the Spitting Image of Baseball". Ocala Star-Banner April 11, 1989: 7C.
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2013:
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896:"Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives"
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Debate exists over whether players should be banned from using tobacco products during the games. The
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in both North and South America chewed the leaves of the plant long before the arrival of Europeans.
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century, when cigarettes became popular and took the place of some players' smokeless tobacco habit.
28:
1760:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1683:
1472:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1304:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1284:
719:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
619:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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1972:
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510:. Reynolds sold large quantities of chewing tobacco, even though that market peaked around 1910.
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1816:
Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi (2019-01-01).
1360:
Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi (2019-01-01).
775:
Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi (2019-01-01).
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305:"I tell these guys, 'You may not like what I say, but with lung cancer you die of lung cancer,
232:
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90:
86:
75:
41:
1876:"The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review"
1184:"The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review"
972:"The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review"
912:
215:. There is no scientific evidence that using chewing tobacco can help a person quit smoking.
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1999:
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Protecting Smokers, Saving Lives: The Case for a Tobacco and Nicotine Regulatory Authority
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marketed 84 brands of chewing tobacco, 12 brands of smoking tobacco, and the top-selling
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disagrees, claiming it is a legal substance, so is acceptable to be used during games.
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Wyss AB, Hashibe M, Lee YA, Chuang SC, Muscat J, Chen C, et al. (November 2016).
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Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. (4 December 2021).
430:
146:
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be either smoked in a pipe or chewed, but today, these are two distinct products.
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All tobacco products, including chewing, contain cancer-causing chemicals. These
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3381:
3272:
2573:
685:
556:
450:
313:
224:
179:. Historically, twists could also be smoked in a pipe, or ground up into nasal
82:
81:
Using chewing tobacco can cause various harmful effects such as dental disease,
1992:
853:
2297:
495:
337:
271:
243:
176:
98:
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Historical advertisement of Grimm & Triepel Kruse chewing tobacco (1895)
71:
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753:
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1645:
1528:
Aupérin A (May 2020). "Epidemiology of head and neck cancers: an update".
1246:
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792:
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was a ubiquitous feature throughout places both private and public (e.g.
544:
291:
67:
60:
141:
the sweeteners added. Common loose-leaf chewing tobacco brands include
2360:
2345:
2314:
1722:
1705:
1102:
Royal College of Physicians of London. Tobacco Advisory Group (2002).
837:"The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review"
19:
2403:
2272:
583:
548:
259:
205:
2014:"Tony Gwynn's last days: Cancer, tobacco and the death of a legend"
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568:
512:
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156:
129:
48:
18:
1926:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1431:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1088:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
703:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
270:
Chewing tobacco can cause adverse reproductive effects including
2524:
52:
2778:
2216:
1919:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 December 2016.
686:"Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014"
343:
A 2016 MLB collective bargaining agreement prohibited all new
2212:
1991:
Goldstein, Richard. "Big League Anti-Tobacco Advocate Dies".
688:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
2296:
2044:"Report: CBA includes smokeless tobacco ban for new players"
1753:
1751:
1749:
1630:) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer"
1231:) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer"
1010:"How To Smoke Rope & Twist Tobacco – With Pipe and Pen"
470:
Chewing is one of the oldest methods of consuming tobacco.
2131:"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance --- United States, 2009"
1420:. United States Department of Health and Human Services.
1077:. United States Department of Health and Human Services.
3308:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
2688:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
1424:
at the National Institutes of Health. 25 October 2010.
1081:
at the National Institutes of Health. 25 October 2010.
1758:
Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016).
1470:
Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016).
1302:
Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016).
717:
Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016).
617:
Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016).
97:, as well as negative reproductive effects including
74:. Quitting chewing tobacco use is as challenging as
3454:
3417:
3380:
3328:
3201:
3153:
3123:
3087:
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2847:
2821:
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2698:
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2583:
2548:
2490:
2427:
2384:
2338:
2307:
2250:
2176:A History of the United States since the Civil War
1949:"Garagiola, Who Quit, Warns About Chewing Tobacco"
254:Using chewing tobacco increases the risk of fatal
211:Quitting chewing tobacco use is as challenging as
2192:Fiske, Warren; Eisman, Dale (18 September 2006).
27:loose leaf chewing tobacco and Danish pelletized
1699:
1697:
2194:"'Meet the Press' hosts debate for Allen, Webb"
532:
303:
1447:"ERS Position Paper on Tobacco Harm Reduction"
1036:"Recommendation on smokeless tobacco products"
239:where the use of smokeless tobacco is common.
2790:
2228:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
8:
2140:. Center for Disease Control – June 4, 2010.
1108:. Royal College of Physicians. pp. 5–.
684:Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L (31 May 2017).
3298:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
2678:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
498:, was headed by former Confederate officer
301:, who quit, warned about chewing tobacco:
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3205:
2818:
2797:
2783:
2775:
2580:
2235:
2221:
2213:
2126:
2124:
2109:"Smokeless Tobacco Use Rising Among Teens"
2103:
2101:
2099:
1911:
1909:
478:becoming one of the largest employers in
328:. He was an avid tobacco chewer; even his
1849:
1767:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
1721:
1661:
1596:
1479:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
1393:
1311:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
1262:
929:
911:
870:
852:
808:
726:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
626:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
357:Major League Baseball Players Association
2399:Cigarette smoking among college students
2074:"MLB takes a swing at smokeless tobacco"
1962:By George Vecsey Published: May 29, 2010
913:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849
400:Notable chewing tobacco brands include:
3581:Western (genre) staples and terminology
609:
526:, biting into a plug of chewing tobacco
559:'s old chamber, honored as tradition.
347:players from using smokeless tobacco.
208:and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease
2084:from the original on 28 December 2016
2054:from the original on 29 December 2016
2024:from the original on 29 December 2016
7:
2749:
830:
828:
2663:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
1917:"Smokeless Tobacco: Health Effects"
1710:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
1057:"Health Risks of Smokeless Tobacco"
3293:Tobacco packaging warning messages
2668:Tobacco packaging warning messages
1451:ERS - European Respiratory Society
1144:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053302
472:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
14:
2442:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
1138:(1): tobaccocontrol–2016–053302.
16:Type of smokeless tobacco product
3530:
3529:
3404:Smoking bans in private vehicles
2748:
2739:
2738:
2716:Countries by tobacco consumption
2653:Smoking bans in private vehicles
1921:
1682: This article incorporates
1677:
1577:American Journal of Epidemiology
1426:
1283: This article incorporates
1278:
1083:
1016:from the original on 31 May 2015
950: This article incorporates
945:
698:
3492:Smoking in association football
2409:Smoking in association football
1822:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
1366:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
781:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
361:Harvard School of Public Health
66:Chewing tobacco is a source of
3467:Tobacco consumption by country
3363:Smoking and female infertility
1418:"Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer"
1075:"Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer"
900:Annual Review of Public Health
223:Chewing tobacco is a cause of
1:
3409:Tobacco-free college campuses
1892:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X
1200:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X
988:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X
480:Winston-Salem, North Carolina
3278:Smoking and male infertility
2540:Nicotine replacement therapy
1542:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000629
286:Chewing tobacco and baseball
161:Red Man Plug chewing tobacco
3253:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2711:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
1530:Current Opinion in Oncology
149:, Beech-Nut, and Stoker's.
47:that is placed between the
3599:
3338:Breastfeeding difficulties
2118:. Reuters. April 28, 2010.
854:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6
116:
3525:
3389:
3243:Schizophrenia and smoking
3238:Prevalence of tobacco use
3213:Health effects of tobacco
3208:
2734:
2643:Plain cigarette packaging
2467:Schizophrenia and smoking
2294:
1422:National Cancer Institute
1079:National Cancer Institute
1043:World Health Organization
508:Camel brand of cigarettes
237:Southeast Asian countries
3168:Islamic views on tobacco
2658:Tobacco control movement
2180:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer
1880:The Lancet Global Health
1779:10.1177/2047487316654026
1491:10.1177/2047487316654026
1323:10.1177/2047487316654026
1188:The Lancet Global Health
976:The Lancet Global Health
738:10.1177/2047487316654026
638:10.1177/2047487316654026
574:Herbal smokeless tobacco
336:Hall of Fame outfielder
266:Effects during pregnancy
3288:Tobacco-free pharmacies
2568:Disinformation playbook
1634:Epidemiology and Health
1235:Epidemiology and Health
1061:American Cancer Society
500:George Washington Helme
202:coronary artery disease
2558:Cultivation of tobacco
2508:Heated tobacco product
2482:Tobacco harm reduction
2301:
841:Harm Reduction Journal
537:
527:
520:, in the 1928 cartoon
484:Durham, North Carolina
467:
311:
256:coronary heart disease
250:Cardiovascular disease
162:
95:coronary heart disease
59:. Unwanted juices are
34:
3545:Electronic cigarettes
3368:Smoking and pregnancy
3163:Smoking in Jewish law
2764:Electronic cigarettes
2300:
1971:"Smokeless Tobacco".
1646:10.4178/epih.e2017009
1247:10.4178/epih.e2017009
1045:. 2017. pp. 1–9.
516:
492:Helme Tobacco Company
465:
345:Major League Baseball
322:Kansas City Athletics
160:
70:and therefore highly
22:
3399:List of smoking bans
3358:Ptosis of the breast
3315:World No Tobacco Day
2530:Electronic cigarette
2206:on 10 December 2007.
2157:on 26 September 2006
1622:"Smokeless tobacco (
1223:"Smokeless tobacco (
3268:Stomatitis nicotina
3222:Nicotine withdrawal
2638:Cigarette smuggling
2563:Tobacco advertising
2447:Nicotine dependence
2199:The Virginian-Pilot
2078:The Washington Post
1063:. 13 November 2015.
494:, headquartered in
406:America's Best Chew
373:St. Louis Cardinals
143:America's Best Chew
128:era were made with
124:popular during the
3512:Nicotine marketing
3472:History of smoking
3419:Country and region
3263:Smoker's melanosis
3217:Nicotine poisoning
2452:Nicotine poisoning
2302:
2136:2017-09-05 at the
2114:2021-01-28 at the
2018:Sports Illustrated
2012:Lawrence, Andrew.
1998:2007-09-27 at the
1978:2010-03-18 at the
1954:2016-02-04 at the
1834:10.1093/ntr/nty002
1723:10.3322/caac.21413
1589:10.1093/aje/kww075
1445:ERS (2019-05-29).
1378:10.1093/ntr/nty002
793:10.1093/ntr/nty002
528:
488:Richmond, Virginia
468:
290:When the rules of
163:
126:American Civil War
35:
3553:
3552:
3487:Smoking fetishism
3450:
3449:
3376:
3375:
3330:Women and smoking
3283:Smoking cessation
3149:
3148:
2772:
2771:
2648:Legal smoking age
2624:
2623:
2477:Smoking cessation
2414:Smoking fetishism
2050:. December 2016.
1982:. April 28, 2010.
1773:(18): 1970–1981.
1485:(18): 1970–1981.
1317:(18): 1970–1981.
1115:978-1-86016-177-3
732:(18): 1970–1981.
632:(18): 1970–1981.
579:Smokeless tobacco
369:2011 World Series
229:oesophagus cancer
213:smoking cessation
87:oesophagus cancer
76:smoking cessation
3588:
3566:Tobacco products
3533:
3532:
3517:Tobacco industry
3394:Inflight smoking
3387:
3248:Sidestream smoke
3233:Third-hand smoke
3206:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2706:Cigarette brands
2673:Tobacco politics
2581:
2550:Tobacco industry
2503:Herbal cigarette
2491:Related products
2472:Sidestream smoke
2462:Third-hand smoke
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2202:. Archived from
2189:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2153:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2009:
2003:
1989:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1886:(6): e953–e968.
1870:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1764:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1701:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1194:(6): e953–e968.
1178:
1172:
1171:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
982:(6): e953–e968.
966:
960:
949:
943:
933:
915:
891:
885:
884:
874:
856:
832:
823:
822:
812:
772:
766:
765:
723:
714:
708:
702:
701:
697:
681:
666:
665:
623:
614:
523:Steamboat Willie
365:Gregory Connolly
308:
280:low birth weight
107:low birth weight
3598:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3521:
3446:
3413:
3372:
3348:Cervical cancer
3324:
3228:Passive smoking
3197:
3178:Ceremonial pipe
3145:
3119:
3083:
2987:
2959:
2843:
2814:
2808:
2806:Tobacco smoking
2803:
2773:
2768:
2730:
2694:
2630:
2620:
2579:
2544:
2498:Candy cigarette
2486:
2457:Passive smoking
2423:
2419:Tobacco smoking
2380:
2376:Vending machine
2334:
2303:
2292:
2246:
2241:
2211:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2138:Wayback Machine
2129:
2122:
2116:Wayback Machine
2106:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2000:Wayback Machine
1990:
1986:
1980:Wayback Machine
1970:
1966:
1956:Wayback Machine
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1583:(10): 703–716.
1570:
1569:
1565:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1132:Tobacco Control
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1003:
968:
967:
963:
893:
892:
888:
834:
833:
826:
774:
773:
769:
721:
716:
715:
711:
699:
683:
682:
669:
621:
616:
615:
611:
607:
599:Snuff (tobacco)
594:Big League Chew
565:
460:
455:
398:
385:
353:
351:Effect on youth
326:Minnesota Twins
306:
288:
276:premature birth
268:
252:
233:pancreas cancer
221:
189:
172:
155:
138:
121:
119:Dipping tobacco
115:
103:premature birth
91:pancreas cancer
63:while chewing.
57:dipping tobacco
45:tobacco product
38:Chewing tobacco
17:
12:
11:
5:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Smoking jacket
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3079:United Kingdom
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:Rolling papers
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
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2621:
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2618:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:Nicotine pouch
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Cigarette card
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2184:
2182:; 1917. p. 93.
2178:Volume: 1. by
2168:
2142:
2120:
2107:Smith, Donna.
2095:
2065:
2035:
2004:
2002:July 30, 1998.
1993:No-Smoking.org
1984:
1973:KidsHealth.org
1964:
1941:
1932:
1905:
1865:
1808:
1745:
1716:(6): 449–471.
1693:
1612:
1563:
1536:(3): 178–186.
1520:
1462:
1437:
1409:
1352:
1294:
1213:
1173:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1066:
1048:
1027:
1001:
961:
906:(1): 193–213.
886:
824:
767:
709:
667:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
564:
561:
553:passenger cars
459:
456:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
397:
394:
384:
381:
352:
349:
330:baseball cards
318:Detroit Tigers
287:
284:
267:
264:
251:
248:
220:
217:
194:Southeast Asia
188:
187:Health effects
185:
171:
168:
154:
151:
137:
134:
114:
111:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3594:
3593:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Masticatories
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Chain smoking
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3442:United States
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Breast cancer
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3320:Youth smoking
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Smoker's face
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Tobacco fatwa
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3141:United States
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:North America
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:South America
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
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3032:
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3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
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3007:
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3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
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2979:
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2933:
2931:
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2832:
2830:
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2807:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2788:
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2680:
2679:
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2669:
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2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2616:United States
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
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2569:
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2574:Big Tobacco
2513:Composition
2371:Receptacles
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2151:"globalink"
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2058:28 December
2028:28 December
557:U.S. Senate
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314:Bill Tuttle
225:oral cancer
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3560:Categories
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363:professor
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