1843:
278:
The consonant inventory of
Chimila consists of 23 phonemes. Voiceless stops are essentially realized as in Spanish, without any additional feature. On the other hand, voiced stops are prenasalized. The same is true for affricates. In addition, there is also a plain voiced velar stop and a plain
489:"heart" (falling tone). In polysyllabic words, the distribution of tones is often predictable: if the syllable following the vowel that bears the tone starts with a geminated consonant or /r/, the tone is falling, however, if the following consonant is not geminated, then the tone is rising.
474:"wing, feather". The most frequent type of consonant cluster is formed by a stop and /ɾ/. In general, lenis consonants, except for prenasalized ones, /x/, /ɾ/ and /w/, are realized as fortis whenever they follow the stressed syllable.
141:
1884:
1913:
1077:
1605:
1877:
202:
Although an accurate description of the phonology of
Chimila is yet to be produced, a preliminar sketch can be found in Trillos Amaya's (1997) grammar.
899:. Handbook of South American Indians, United States. Vol. 6. Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation. pp. 187–88.
205:
The
Chimila languages has 5 oral vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. These basic segments can also be realized as short, long, aspirated and glottalized.
1870:
1546:
1850:
979:
1070:
501:(1947) was able to collect an extensive sample of Chimila words. The following table shows some basic vocabulary items of the language:
1029:
1598:
1572:
661:
1903:
1063:
1420:
169:
127:
896:
Handbook of South
American Indians: Physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians
1908:
1591:
816:"La aproximación del léxico ette taara en el ciclo Moonate de la Institución Etnoeducativa Departamental Ette Ennaka"
314:
280:
1200:
498:
187:
1365:
1319:
1842:
1567:
1043:. Lenguas aborígenes de Colombia. Descripciones, 10 (in Spanish). Bogotá: CCELA - Universidad de los Andes.
894:
1228:
815:
864:
1086:
442:
1687:
1347:
1656:
1643:
1435:
1329:
1157:
423:
329:
664:. Some of the words mentioned above are now spelled differently, as shown in the following table:
1614:
1496:
1395:
1390:
1357:
1342:
1243:
1175:
1170:
1119:
478:
299:
294:
191:
1693:
1633:
876:
767:
976:
1803:
1771:
1476:
1466:
1405:
1370:
1180:
1132:
1100:
1044:
1025:
304:
157:
70:
1854:
1002:
947:
1761:
1727:
1721:
1506:
1440:
1415:
1337:
1314:
1256:
1251:
1223:
1208:
1165:
1137:
959:
827:
757:
745:
173:
1797:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1551:
1536:
1511:
1491:
1471:
1445:
1430:
1425:
1400:
1385:
1291:
1233:
1190:
1147:
1127:
983:
401:
309:
165:
62:
1824:
1628:
1516:
1501:
1486:
1450:
1410:
1380:
1375:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1218:
1185:
1142:
890:
869:
324:
179:
161:
119:
1897:
1809:
1781:
1776:
1740:
1734:
1704:
1698:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1213:
462:
Plain voiced and prenasalized stops and affricates have been shown to contrast, e.g.
221:
1745:
1276:
1481:
741:
233:
216:
194:, and would thus be expected to be like Tairona, one of the Chibchan languages.
132:
1541:
794:
789:
263:
226:
1048:
832:
248:
112:
96:
963:
481:. In monosyllabic words ending in a long vowel, tone is contrastive, e.g.
103:
35:
1055:
766:
derives from the
Chimila for "cold water", and provides the name of the
1583:
140:
1587:
1059:
1041:
Categorías gramaticales del ette taara - Lengua de los
Chimilas
172:
and the Cesar river. At one time
Chimila was grouped with the
176:, but then Chimila became classified as a Chibchan language.
279:
voiced palatal affricate. Velar consonants also exhibit a
477:
According to
Trillos Amaya (1997), Chimila also has two
1858:
660:
A provisional writing system has been developed by the
283:
counterpart. The trill /ɾ/ is slightly preglottalized.
875:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. pp.
666:
503:
1790:
1754:
1714:
1677:
1642:
1621:
1560:
1529:
1459:
1356:
1328:
1290:
1242:
1199:
1156:
1118:
1109:
1093:
126:
110:
94:
89:
59:
49:
41:
31:
21:
1020:Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter C. (2004).
868:
871:Classification of South American Indian Languages
921:
851:
1878:
1599:
1071:
933:
909:
8:
190:that he considered Chimila to be one of the
497:In early twentieth century, anthropologist
1914:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs
1885:
1871:
1606:
1592:
1584:
1115:
1078:
1064:
1056:
139:
18:
831:
748:, is an adaptation from the Chimila word
809:
807:
285:
207:
952:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
779:
847:
845:
843:
814:Narváez Escobar, Sindy Paola (2020).
785:
783:
7:
1851:Indigenous languages of the Americas
1839:
1837:
16:Chibchan language spoken in Colombia
1857:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1006:, U. Cooperativa de Colombia. p14.
946:Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gérard (1947).
184:Handbook of South American Indians
14:
977:LABLAA - Luis Galvis: Don Gonzalo
1841:
1003:Vallenato: Cultura y sentimiento
1573:Providence Island Sign Language
1000:Marcos Fidel Vega Seña (2005),
662:Summer Institute of Linguistics
186:, reports a communication from
1024:. Cambridge University Press.
740:"Cesar", the name of both the
1:
1039:Trillos Amaya, María (1997).
164:, who live between the lower
1849:This article related to the
440:
421:
399:
377:
357:
319:
261:
246:
231:
170:Sierra Nevada de Santa Maria
922:Adelaar & Muysken (2004
852:Adelaar & Muysken (2004
160:of Colombia, spoken by the
1930:
1836:
1022:The Languages of the Andes
152:(Shimizya), also known as
1818:
441:
422:
400:
320:
291:
188:Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff
138:
26:
833:10.17533/udea.lyl.n78a14
820:Lingüística y Literatura
485:"maraca" (rising tone),
1568:Colombian Sign Language
800:(subscription required)
1547:San Andrés–Providencia
891:Steward, Julian Haynes
1904:Languages of Colombia
1087:Languages of Colombia
964:10.3406/jsa.1947.2358
736:Chimila-derived names
756:("calm water") into
948:"La lengua chimila"
934:Trillos Amaya (1997
910:Trillos Amaya (1997
288:
210:
1909:Chibchan languages
1615:Chibchan languages
1094:Official languages
982:2009-09-14 at the
936:, pp. 75–76).
518:ti-tásu, nyéːˀmun
286:
208:
192:Arawakan languages
1866:
1865:
1831:
1830:
1825:extinct languages
1581:
1580:
1525:
1524:
865:Loukotka, Čestmír
798:(18th ed., 2015)
733:
732:
658:
657:
460:
459:
381:
361:
339:
276:
275:
158:Chibchan language
147:
146:
1921:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1845:
1838:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1421:Tanimuca-Retuarã
1116:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1035:
1007:
999:
995:
989:
988:
974:
968:
967:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
900:
887:
881:
880:
874:
861:
855:
849:
838:
837:
835:
811:
802:
801:
787:
746:Cesar Department
667:
504:
470:"excrement" and
379:
359:
337:
315:Labialized velar
289:
211:
174:Malibu languages
143:
122:
106:
99:
65:
19:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1814:
1786:
1750:
1710:
1673:
1638:
1617:
1612:
1582:
1577:
1556:
1521:
1455:
1366:Barasana-Eduria
1352:
1324:
1320:Northern Embera
1286:
1238:
1195:
1152:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1084:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
997:
996:
992:
986:
984:Wayback Machine
975:
971:
945:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
889:
888:
884:
863:
862:
858:
850:
841:
826:(78): 352–383.
813:
812:
805:
799:
788:
781:
776:
768:Guatapurí River
738:
495:
334:
200:
166:Magdalena river
118:
102:
95:
85:
66:
63:Language family
61:
55:350 (2009)
52:
51:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1755:Arwako–Chimila
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1715:Kuna–Colombian
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1622:Waimí (Guaymi)
1619:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1561:Sign languages
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Minica Huitoto
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
990:
969:
954:(in Spanish).
938:
926:
924:, p. 76).
914:
912:, p. 66).
902:
882:
856:
839:
822:(in Spanish).
803:
778:
777:
775:
772:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
656:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
494:
491:
458:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
439:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
364:
362:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
335:
333:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
274:
273:
271:
268:
266:
260:
259:
256:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
239:
236:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
199:
196:
182:, in the 1950
180:Julian Steward
162:Chimila people
145:
144:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
116:
108:
107:
100:
92:
91:
90:Language codes
87:
86:
84:
83:
82:
81:
75:Arwako–Chimila
69:
67:
60:
57:
56:
53:
50:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:Creoles/Other
1528:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Murui Huitoto
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1031:9781139451123
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1004:
994:
991:
985:
981:
978:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
903:
898:
897:
892:
886:
883:
878:
873:
872:
866:
860:
857:
854:, p. 75)
853:
848:
846:
844:
840:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
804:
797:
796:
791:
786:
784:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
668:
665:
663:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
502:
500:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
425:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
403:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
378:
373:
370:
367:
365:
363:
358:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
336:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
290:
284:
282:
272:
269:
267:
265:
262:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
212:
206:
203:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
142:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
114:
109:
105:
101:
98:
93:
88:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
48:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1859:expanding it
1848:
1833:
1820:
1802:
1766:
1733:
1726:
1703:
1686:
1661:
1261:
1040:
1021:
1001:
998:(in Spanish)
993:
987:(in Spanish)
972:
955:
951:
941:
929:
917:
905:
895:
885:
870:
859:
823:
819:
793:
763:
762:
753:
749:
739:
697:briiʼ yeeʼe
659:
534:(ti-)máxana
526:(ti-)múxuna
496:
486:
482:
476:
471:
467:
463:
461:
380:prenasalized
277:
204:
201:
183:
178:
153:
149:
148:
111:
78:
45:1,500 (2009)
1482:Inga Kichwa
1201:Bora–Witoto
742:Cesar River
606:níː-taˀkve
443:Approximant
287:Consonants
258:o oː oʰ oˀ
243:u uː uʰ uˀ
1898:Categories
1542:Palenquero
1110:Indigenous
1014:References
795:Ethnologue
705:jaakra-la
689:tiimajnaʼ
681:tiimujnaʼ
630:mínˀkrava
574:kútsaˀkra
542:mbrí nyéː
493:Vocabulary
466:"breast",
281:labialized
270:a aː aʰ aˀ
253:e eː eʰ eˀ
238:i iː iʰ iˀ
154:Ette Taara
27:Ette taara
1823:indicate
1644:Talamanca
1497:Nheengatu
1396:Macaguaje
1391:Koreguaje
1343:Guayabero
1330:Guajiboan
1158:Barbacoan
1112:languages
1049:0120-9507
958:: 15–50.
764:Guatapurí
750:Chet-tzar
729:maamasuʼ
654:máːma-su
590:tsáːˀkve
558:guáːˀkva
499:Dolmatoff
424:Fricative
338:voiceless
330:Affricate
198:Phonology
113:Glottolog
97:ISO 639-3
42:Ethnicity
1804:Dorasque
1772:Kankuamo
1688:Corobicí
1467:Carijona
1406:Pisamira
1371:Carapana
1358:Tucanoan
1348:Macaguán
1244:Chibchan
1181:Mwelyama
1171:Kokonuco
1133:Cabiyari
1120:Arawakan
980:Archived
893:(1950).
867:(1968).
744:and the
673:Chimila
638:ká, káx
598:yúnˀkve
550:háːˀkra
510:Chimila
300:Alveolar
295:Bilabial
120:chim1309
71:Chibchan
36:Colombia
1821:Italics
1767:Chimila
1762:Arhuaco
1728:Chibcha
1657:Cabécar
1634:Ngäbere
1629:Buglere
1537:Llanero
1441:Wajiara
1436:Waimajã
1416:Siriano
1338:Guahibo
1315:Eperara
1292:Chocoan
1262:Chimila
1252:Arhuaco
1224:Muinane
1209:Andoque
1166:Awa Pit
1138:Piapoco
1101:Spanish
790:Chimila
758:Spanish
325:Plosive
305:Palatal
222:Central
209:Vowels
156:, is a
150:Chimila
133:Chimila
79:Chimila
22:Chimila
1798:Borũca
1694:Maléku
1669:Teribe
1663:Huetar
1652:Bribri
1552:Romani
1512:Ticuna
1492:Kichwa
1472:Cocama
1446:Wanano
1431:Tuyuca
1426:Tatuyo
1401:Macuna
1386:Desano
1234:Ocaina
1191:Totoró
1148:Yucuna
1128:Achawa
1047:
1028:
754:Zazare
721:diǥǥa
710:tooth
686:three
646:nínga
619:earth
603:water
595:woman
579:tooth
531:three
360:voiced
168:, the
1853:is a
1791:Other
1679:Votic
1517:Yukpa
1502:Nukak
1487:Kakwa
1477:Cofán
1460:Other
1451:Yauna
1411:Siona
1381:Cuiba
1376:Cubeo
1310:Chami
1305:Catio
1300:Baudo
1186:Pasto
1176:Misak
1143:Wayuu
877:244–5
774:Notes
726:moon
702:head
694:four
670:gloss
651:moon
635:tree
627:fish
622:íˀti
614:ngéː
611:fire
566:náːˀ
563:nose
547:head
539:four
507:gloss
479:tones
402:Nasal
310:Velar
234:Close
217:Front
1855:stub
1810:Pech
1782:Wiwa
1777:Kogi
1741:Kuna
1735:Duit
1722:Barí
1705:Voto
1699:Rama
1507:Páez
1282:Wiwa
1272:Kuna
1267:Kogi
1257:Barí
1214:Bora
1045:ISSN
1026:ISBN
718:sun
713:dij
678:two
643:sun
587:man
571:ear
555:eye
523:two
515:one
472:ᵑgaː
449:l, ɾ
396:ᵑgʷ
264:Open
227:Back
1746:Uwa
1277:Uwa
960:doi
828:doi
792:at
752:or
582:dí
487:tòː
483:tóː
468:gaː
464:kaː
418:ŋʷ
390:ᶮdʒ
374:gʷ
354:kʷ
249:Mid
128:ELP
104:cbg
1900::
956:36
950:.
842:^
824:41
818:.
806:^
782:^
770:.
760:.
393:ᵑg
387:ⁿd
384:ᵐb
368:dʒ
348:tʃ
1886:e
1879:t
1872:v
1861:.
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1079:e
1072:t
1065:v
1051:.
1034:.
966:.
962::
879:.
836:.
830::
454:w
435:x
430:s
415:ŋ
412:ɲ
409:n
406:m
371:g
351:k
345:t
342:p
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