1418:
113:
3494:
3483:
539:
525:
323:
though this was previously only part of the
Protestant missiological literature and not discussed among Catholic missionaries. Premier Zhou Enlai met with Chinese Catholics and spoke of his appreciation for the sacrifices of the Catholic Church and its missionaries, and the need to remain united with Rome on spiritual matters. But he also encouraged the development of the "three-self".
498:
also recognized seven bishops of the CCPA who were previously not in communion with the
Vatican. Some have raised concerns that the agreement would divide Catholics across China because it offers more control to the Chinese government. Among the most outspoken critics has been the Hong Kong cardinal
489:
made publicly available a letter to the Church in China underscoring the importance of unity and outlining a willingness to engage in "respectful and constructive dialogue" with
Chinese bishops and government authorities. Following the letter, five new bishops associated with the CCPA were ordained
509:
entitled "The Pope Doesn't
Understand China", and asserting that this attempt at unifying the Chinese church will instead lead to the "annihilation of the real Church in China". While the agreement has generally been recognized as far from perfect, it is also seen by Pope Francis as a step towards
322:
Other
Catholic manifestos followed, such as the "Chongqing Manifesto" published in January 1951 with over 700 signatures. Similar to the Protestant "Christian Manifesto", the Catholic manifestos spoke of the need for a "three-self" or "three-autonomies" (as it was translated into English), even
481:
retrospectively gave approval for Fan's actions, and gave further authority to Fan to consecrate more bishops without prior consent. However, given the dire situation of the
Catholic Church in China, Pope John Paul II gave permission to five bishops belonging to the underground church and four
482:
bishops connected to the CCPA, all of whom were consecrated bishop between 1949 and 1955, the authority to appoint new bishops without prior approval. It was precisely in that period that bishops ordained according to CCPA rules began to request and obtain recognition from the Holy See.
472:
offered a special faculty that opened up the possibility of bishops in the underground church to appoint new bishops. This was particularly important during a time when the last
Vatican-approved bishops occurred in the 1950s, three decades earlier.
297:" that condemned foreign imperialism and argued for building a Chinese Protestant church apart from foreign control. This was based in part on earlier Protestant missiological strategy of creating an indigenous church based on the so-called "
493:
In
September 2018, a provisional agreement was signed between the Vatican and the Chinese government that stipulated that China would recommend bishops for papal approval and that the pope had the ability to veto any recommendations.
369:'s reforms enabled a restoration of religions in the 1980s, the CCPA once again became the official state-sanctioned organization for Catholicism in China. A sizable population of Chinese Catholics remain as part of the so-called "
603:
839:
4722:
2170:
2007:
312:
We are determined to sever all relations with imperialism, to do all we can to reform ourselves, to establish a new Church that shall be independent in its administration, its resources, and its apostolate.
3842:
1053:
354:, refusing to recognize any consecrations performed without prior Vatican approval. The question of consecrating bishops would be a major sticking point in Sino-Vatican relations ever since.
809:
1762:
342:
In July 1957, 241 Chinese
Catholics from all parts of China, including laity, priests, and bishops, convened a meeting in Beijing with officials from the Chinese Communist Party and the
3177:
971:
1177:
1792:
906:
593:
1085:
286:
sought for ways to bring religions in alignment with the communist cause. While all religions were seen as superstitious, Christianity had the added challenge of being foreign.
4697:
3097:
350:
of
Shenyang elected as president. By early 1958, the first Catholic bishops were illicitly appointed without reference to Rome or the Pope. In June 1958, Pope Pius XII issued
2195:
831:
4502:
2662:
871:
1258:
513:
In October 2022, the agreement was renewed for another two years. In November 2022, the Vatican accused the Chinese government of violating the terms of the agreement.
3607:
1448:
938:
424:
263:
92:
4692:
3530:
2983:
1119:
994:
477:, the Bishop of Baoding, in 1981 became the first to make use of this special faculty and consecrated three bishops without any prior approval from the Holy See.
3375:
3162:
2165:
1502:
2045:
1043:
2714:
2457:
1995:
2399:
4608:
3370:
2302:
343:
267:
248:
60:
3733:
3197:
2115:
3902:
1710:
3282:
2376:
799:
400:(1962–1965). In practice, however, the Catholic Church in China uses Chinese translations of the documents of the Second Vatican Council, of the
1610:
1605:
1170:"Letter to the Bishops, Priests, Consecrated Persons and Lay Faithful of the Catholic Church in the People's Republic of China (May 27, 2007)"
4717:
3314:
3262:
1894:
1354:
1319:
1228:
1204:
1158:
961:
734:
696:
450:
In 2018, the CCPA's parent organization, the State Administration for Religious Affairs, was absorbed into the United Front Work Department.
381:
1290:
3252:
2988:
1506:
1441:
1169:
1777:
724:
895:
4671:
4638:
3523:
3292:
3122:
2030:
3335:
2951:
2448:
2057:
1782:
1075:
4230:
3759:
2934:
2536:
2183:
2017:
1468:
3448:
2996:
2749:
2694:
2559:
2294:
2290:
2035:
1820:
1767:
405:
4567:
3635:
3457:
2799:
2774:
2739:
2734:
2699:
2579:
2178:
2062:
1652:
1615:
1498:
1478:
1434:
1004:
861:
431:
to create a national conference for religious groups. The CCPA was one of five such religious groups, which also included the
4707:
4472:
4089:
3769:
3516:
3395:
3107:
2794:
2764:
2744:
2684:
2474:
2190:
1728:
1720:
1632:
1493:
1473:
1250:
133:
1360:
1325:
1234:
928:
4702:
4492:
3615:
2769:
2759:
2085:
1956:
1854:
1551:
1217:(2021). "Introduction: Ecclesial Diversity and Theology in Chinese Christianity". In Chow, Alexander; Law, Easten (eds.).
444:
440:
279:
205:
147:
1108:
459:
4462:
4084:
3852:
3834:
3824:
3350:
3321:
3304:
3212:
2824:
2789:
2779:
2357:
2338:
2200:
1951:
1864:
432:
428:
259:
88:
3809:
3710:
3553:
2110:
1978:
1847:
1214:
3360:
1308:
Tang, Edmond (2020). "Mainland China (Catholic)". In Ross, Kenneth R.; Alvarez, Francis D.; Johnson, Todd M. (eds.).
339:
additionally spoke out against the "three-self", arguing that independence would make a church no longer "Catholic".
594:"Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work"
4008:
3784:
3673:
3663:
3573:
3568:
3277:
3075:
2729:
2381:
2347:
2306:
436:
4525:
4142:
4127:
3847:
3814:
3681:
3467:
3413:
3084:
3034:
2724:
2679:
1787:
4582:
4572:
4487:
4099:
4023:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3728:
3653:
3590:
3578:
3563:
3497:
3433:
3355:
3326:
2946:
2941:
2819:
2719:
2704:
2689:
2531:
2352:
2242:
2160:
1984:
1961:
1912:
1585:
463:
4132:
4109:
4074:
3998:
365:, all public religious activities came to an end and organizations like the CCPA were shut down. However, as
4666:
4648:
4628:
4497:
4482:
4408:
4137:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3950:
3945:
3620:
3597:
3418:
3050:
3011:
2978:
2424:
2404:
2272:
2150:
2100:
1879:
1680:
1620:
1114:
901:
474:
294:
283:
251:. It is the main organizational body of Catholics in China officially sanctioned by the Chinese government.
244:
4051:
3988:
4613:
4530:
4104:
4028:
3940:
3862:
3819:
3585:
3487:
3428:
3423:
3057:
2863:
2784:
2709:
2589:
2267:
2155:
2095:
1772:
1660:
401:
397:
358:
4393:
4094:
4079:
4056:
4046:
3935:
3764:
3648:
3539:
3192:
3019:
2444:
2225:
2090:
1936:
1642:
1580:
1539:
1524:
933:
562:
298:
37:
3643:
1675:
243:. It was established in 1957 after a group of Chinese Catholics met in Beijing with officials from the
4509:
4323:
3774:
2596:
2565:
2462:
2343:
2257:
2137:
2040:
1757:
1752:
1625:
1556:
1534:
1346:
Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China's United Front
598:
240:
4712:
4587:
4388:
4288:
3779:
3658:
3385:
3287:
3080:
3064:
2584:
2494:
1945:
1889:
1837:
1738:
1700:
544:
362:
703:
335:(1954) praising Chinese Catholics for their loyalty and underscoring the importance of martyrdom.
4643:
4477:
3723:
3686:
3405:
3222:
2080:
2072:
1815:
1516:
1483:
1276:"Recalling the 1981 Episcopal Ordinations and Their Consequences for the Chinese Catholic Church"
1275:
999:
552:
530:
505:
370:
347:
4577:
4540:
4313:
4147:
4018:
3701:
3365:
2601:
1926:
1806:
1573:
1529:
1350:
1340:
1315:
1224:
1200:
1154:
730:
557:
486:
478:
4557:
4433:
3882:
3857:
3227:
3001:
2963:
2921:
2849:
2844:
2811:
2618:
2551:
2514:
2509:
2489:
2484:
2409:
2262:
2252:
2212:
1743:
1561:
1544:
1388:
305:
170:
729:. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group.
4592:
4562:
4550:
4358:
4338:
4243:
3887:
3877:
3462:
3345:
3202:
3167:
2973:
2968:
2893:
2888:
2829:
2754:
2504:
2434:
1966:
1907:
1457:
255:
191:
1417:
112:
3897:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3718:
3380:
3309:
3157:
3092:
2878:
2868:
2854:
2839:
2519:
2414:
2298:
2277:
1811:
1690:
1665:
1637:
1568:
1194:
1144:
304:
In December 1950, Chinese Catholics followed suit, with Father Wang Liangzuo in north
4686:
4545:
4308:
4273:
4038:
3975:
3867:
3272:
3232:
3117:
3039:
3024:
2873:
2834:
2640:
2524:
2321:
1990:
1705:
1377:"The Division of the Roman Catholic Church in Mainland China: History and Challenges"
385:
366:
324:
4618:
4403:
4343:
4283:
4258:
4248:
4210:
4202:
4192:
4174:
3892:
3794:
3691:
3558:
3247:
3182:
3112:
3102:
3029:
2929:
2898:
2674:
2623:
2391:
2333:
2230:
2001:
1918:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1670:
1597:
966:
804:
495:
469:
409:
393:
308:, penning the "Guangyuan Manifesto" and signed by some 500 Catholics. It declared:
177:
1044:"Vatican confirms renewal of contested accord with China on bishops' appointments"
1344:
1309:
1218:
1148:
4428:
4418:
4398:
4353:
4328:
4303:
4298:
4263:
4119:
4066:
3872:
3743:
3443:
3299:
3172:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3127:
2429:
2364:
2220:
2145:
2123:
1971:
1733:
1695:
389:
30:
3482:
1251:"Message of Pope Francis to the Catholics of China and to the Universal Church"
524:
392:), Vatican declarations on even well-established devotional piety (e.g. on the
289:
Efforts were made by Chinese Protestants in May 1950 in a meeting with Premier
4535:
4448:
4443:
4423:
4413:
4383:
4333:
4278:
4268:
4253:
4238:
4220:
4187:
4182:
3927:
3137:
3132:
2956:
2883:
2499:
2419:
2050:
589:
520:
500:
290:
373:", seen as "Vatican loyalists", and who boycott masses said by CCPA priests.
4633:
4378:
4293:
3242:
3237:
3207:
2903:
2666:
2650:
2635:
2479:
2369:
2247:
2237:
2105:
1884:
538:
417:
4438:
4318:
4215:
3390:
3217:
2316:
1685:
866:
3508:
4348:
3625:
3187:
2467:
2025:
1899:
1842:
1393:
1376:
1080:
1048:
962:"Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout"
3738:
3340:
2645:
2630:
2574:
2541:
413:
4623:
4368:
3438:
2606:
2570:
1426:
388:
in 1950, canonizations from 1949 onward (e.g. the canonization of
377:
50:
2611:
2330:
1411:
1076:"Vatican says China violated pact on bishops, wants explanation"
896:"Vatican and China Sign Deal Over Bishops, Allowing Pope a Veto"
103:
3512:
1430:
485:
In June 2007, fifty years after the establishment of the CCPA,
832:"Pope Benedict XVI's Letter Inspired Church In China In 2007"
862:"Vatican announces deal with China on bishop appointments"
4723:
Organizations associated with the Chinese Communist Party
1314:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 51–62.
490:
in 2007, all with papal and Chinese government approval.
346:. They approved the creation of the CCPA with Archbishop
301:": self-government, self-support, and self-propagation.
726:
An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China
210:
196:
182:
800:"Pastoral directives of Pope Benedict XVI for China"
723:
Guoyou, Wu; Xuemei, Ding (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.).
376:
The CCPA does not recognize the proclamation of the
254:
The organization is not recognized by the worldwide
4657:
4601:
4518:
4461:
4367:
4229:
4201:
4173:
4160:
4118:
4065:
4037:
3974:
3926:
3917:
3833:
3752:
3709:
3700:
3672:
3634:
3606:
3546:
3404:
3261:
3074:
3010:
2920:
2810:
2661:
2550:
2443:
2390:
2315:
2286:
2211:
2136:
2071:
2016:
1935:
1830:
1805:
1719:
1651:
1596:
1515:
1492:
204:
190:
176:
169:
164:
146:
132:
123:
98:
84:
66:
56:
46:
36:
26:
21:
1107:
929:"Briefing Note about the Catholic Church in China"
894:
697:"Understanding the Roman Catholic Church in China"
893:Rocca, Francis X.; Dou, Eva (22 September 2018).
420:, but have been printed locally for some years.
264:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
93:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
1109:"Vatican Says China Broke Agreement on Bishops"
310:
16:State-sanctioned Catholic organization in China
3524:
1442:
152:
138:
8:
785:
4698:Christian organizations established in 1957
1220:Ecclesial Diversity in Chinese Christianity
659:
635:
4170:
3923:
3706:
3531:
3517:
3509:
3371:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
2312:
1827:
1512:
1449:
1435:
1427:
1416:
268:State Administration for Religious Affairs
161:
111:
61:State Administration for Religious Affairs
3734:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1392:
412:. These had at first to be imported from
510:healing and the task of evangelization.
258:. The organization is controlled by the
1311:Christianity in East and Southeast Asia
1017:
993:Zen, Joseph Ze-Kiun (24 October 2018).
960:Sherwood, Harriet (22 September 2018).
623:
578:
396:of Jesus or on Mary as Queen), and the
293:. This resulted in the penning of the "
4693:Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association
1150:A New History of Christianity in China
1106:Rocca, Francis X. (26 November 2022).
941:from the original on 27 September 2018
909:from the original on 23 September 2018
874:from the original on 22 September 2018
124:Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association
120:
22:Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association
18:
1261:from the original on 13 November 2018
1223:. Palgrace Macmillan. pp. 1–23.
1196:Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000
1153:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
382:Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
317:"Guangyuan Manifesto" (December 1950)
7:
1029:
718:
716:
683:
671:
647:
584:
582:
503:, who published an opinion piece in
270:' absorption into the UFWD in 2018.
4672:National Christian Council of China
995:"The Pope Doesn't Understand China"
798:Heyndrickx, Jeroom (12 July 2007).
773:
761:
749:
239:) is the national organization for
408:(revised in 1997) and of the 1970
14:
1199:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
1180:from the original on 13 July 2022
974:from the original on 13 July 2022
842:from the original on 13 July 2022
812:from the original on 13 July 2022
3493:
3492:
3481:
3449:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
2997:Criticism of the Catholic Church
537:
523:
406:Catechism of the Catholic Church
198:Chūngkuó T'iēnchǔchiào Àikuó Huì
1616:First seven ecumenical councils
1363:from the original on 2023-08-26
1328:from the original on 2023-08-26
1296:from the original on 2022-10-27
1237:from the original on 2023-08-26
1122:from the original on 2022-11-26
1088:from the original on 2022-11-26
1074:Pullella, Philip (2022-11-26).
1056:from the original on 2022-10-22
1042:Pullella, Philip (2022-10-22).
606:from the original on 2019-07-21
278:After the establishment of the
4473:Catholic Patriotic Association
4090:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
2191:Separation of church and state
1349:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.
233:Catholic Patriotic Association
212:Jūngkwó Tyānzhǔjyào Àigwó Hwèi
211:
197:
184:Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì
183:
153:
139:
1:
4493:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
1375:Zhu, Rachel Xiaohong (2017).
1249:Francis (26 September 2018).
445:Buddhist Association of China
441:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
4718:1957 establishments in China
4085:Christianity in Heilongjiang
1168:Benedict XVI (27 May 2007).
433:Islamic Association of China
429:United Front Work Department
260:United Front Work Department
89:United Front Work Department
4614:Anti-sex-selective abortion
3554:Timeline of Chinese history
72:; 67 years ago
4739:
4639:Chinese Christian Colleges
3760:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
3574:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
3569:Catholic Church in Sichuan
3488:Catholic Church portal
1193:Charbonnier, Jean (2007).
457:
437:Chinese Taoist Association
427:approved a request by the
280:People's Republic of China
4619:Anti-footbinding campaign
4143:Christianity in Hong Kong
4128:Christianity in Guangdong
3984:Christianity in Chongqing
3848:Medical missions in China
3825:St. Paul's College, Macau
3815:Chinese Rites controversy
3682:Hymns of Universal Praise
3476:
3414:Aid to the Church in Need
3035:Vatican Television Center
2680:Eastern Catholic Churches
1464:
222:
160:
128:
4583:Second Sino-Japanese War
4100:Christianity in Liaoning
4024:Christianity in Xinjiang
3966:Christianity in Zhejiang
3961:Christianity in Shanghai
3956:Christianity in Shandong
3770:Foreign Missions Society
3729:Mogao Christian painting
3654:Studium Biblicum Version
3591:Protestantism in Sichuan
3579:Catholic Church in Tibet
3564:Catholic Church in China
3356:Communion and Liberation
2820:Eastern Catholic liturgy
1985:Mystici Corporis Christi
1913:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
464:Catholic Church in China
460:China–Holy See relations
352:Ad Apostolorum Principis
344:Religious Affairs Bureau
249:Religious Affairs Bureau
134:Traditional Chinese
4667:China Christian Council
4649:Sino-Christian theology
4568:Anti-Christian Movement
4498:China Christian Council
4483:The Christian Manifesto
4133:Christianity in Guangxi
4110:Christianity in Tianjin
4075:Christianity in Beijing
4014:Christianity in Sichuan
4009:Christianity in Shaanxi
4004:Christianity in Qinghai
3999:Christianity in Ningxia
3994:Christianity in Guizhou
3951:Christianity in Jiangxi
3946:Christianity in Jiangsu
3785:Giovanni de' Marignolli
3664:Today's Chinese Version
3598:Chinese Orthodox Church
2171:Philosophy of canon law
2101:Mariology of the saints
1681:Investiture Controversy
1115:The Wall Street Journal
902:The Wall Street Journal
475:Peter Joseph Fan Xueyan
284:Chinese Communist Party
245:Chinese Communist Party
148:Simplified Chinese
4609:Science and technology
4531:Century of humiliation
4463:Church-state relations
4289:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
4254:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
4138:Christianity in Hainan
4105:Christianity in Shanxi
4029:Christianity in Yunnan
3941:Christianity in Fujian
3863:Divie Bethune McCartee
3820:Martyr Saints of China
3810:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
3765:Jesuit missions (Ming)
3586:Protestantism in China
3424:Catholic Charities USA
3058:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
3046:Vatican Polyglot Press
2096:Mariology of the popes
1734:Protestant Reformation
454:Appointment of bishops
402:1983 Code of Canon Law
398:Second Vatican Council
359:Anti-Rightist Campaign
320:
4708:Christianity in China
4394:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
4148:Christianity in Macau
4095:Christianity in Jilin
4080:Christianity in Hebei
4057:Christianity in Hunan
4052:Christianity in Hubei
4047:Christianity in Henan
4019:Christianity in Tibet
3989:Christianity in Gansu
3936:Christianity in Anhui
3649:Chinese Union Version
3540:Christianity in China
3178:Good Shepherd Sisters
3020:Holy See Press Office
2258:Doctors of the Church
2091:Immaculate Conception
2046:Anointing of the Sick
1581:History of the papacy
1274:Lam, Anthony (2011).
1255:Holy See Press Office
937:. 22 September 2018.
934:Holy See Press Office
563:Christianity in China
458:Further information:
357:With the rise of the
299:three-self principles
4703:Catholicism in China
4634:Cantonese Roman Type
4465:in People's Republic
4324:John Ching Hsiung Wu
3775:John of Montecorvino
3051:L'Osservatore Romano
2989:Role in civilisation
2715:Croatian and Serbian
2463:Episcopal conference
2425:St. Peter's Basilica
1783:Sexual abuse scandal
1739:Catholic Reformation
709:on 11 February 2014.
599:Jamestown Foundation
241:Catholicism in China
4658:Interdenominational
4624:Anti-opium campaign
4588:Cultural Revolution
4488:Protestant Lianghui
4389:Aloysius Jin Luxian
4161:Chinese Christians
3780:Odoric of Pordenone
3659:Chinese New Version
3386:Neocatechumenal Way
3351:Charismatic Renewal
3065:Annuario Pontificio
2663:Particular churches
2339:Ecumenical councils
2111:Perpetual virginity
1946:Communitas perfecta
1890:Sermon on the Mount
1007:on 25 October 2018.
626:, pp. 127–133.
545:Christianity portal
363:Cultural Revolution
295:Christian Manifesto
4644:Manchurian revival
4629:Chinese Roman Type
4478:Underground church
3724:Jingjiao Documents
3711:Church of the East
3687:Chinese New Hymnal
3644:Delegates' Version
3636:Bible translations
3223:Premonstratensians
1606:Ante-Nicene period
1484:Lists of Catholics
1394:10.3390/rel8030039
1341:Wickeri, Philip L.
1000:The New York Times
838:. 3 January 2008.
553:Underground church
531:Catholicism portal
506:The New York Times
371:underground church
348:Ignatius Pi Shushi
4680:
4679:
4578:Chinese Civil War
4563:Xinhai Revolution
4541:Taiping Rebellion
4526:Rites controversy
4457:
4456:
4314:Francis C. M. Wei
4167:
4156:
4155:
3913:
3912:
3506:
3505:
2916:
2915:
2309:
2132:
2131:
1824:
1801:
1800:
1793:COVID-19 pandemic
1763:French Revolution
1753:Thirty Years' War
1661:Islamic conquests
1574:Apostolic fathers
1509:
1356:978-1-61097-529-2
1321:978-1-47445-160-4
1230:978-3-030-73069-7
1206:978-0-89870-916-2
1160:978-1-4443-4284-0
786:Benedict XVI 2007
764:, pp. 25–27.
752:, pp. 22–23.
736:978-1-4878-0392-6
650:, pp. 10–12.
558:Religion in China
487:Pope Benedict XVI
479:Pope John Paul II
425:Central Committee
423:In 1980, the CCP
337:Ad Sinarum Gentes
333:Ad Sinarum Gentes
226:
225:
218:
217:
206:Yale Romanization
171:Standard Mandarin
119:
118:
4730:
4573:Nanjing incident
4558:Tianjin Massacre
4171:
4163:
3924:
3883:Jonathan Goforth
3707:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3228:Redemptoristines
3076:Religious orders
3002:Anti-Catholicism
2952:Church buildings
2812:Catholic liturgy
2552:Consecrated life
2410:Apostolic Palace
2377:Synod of Bishops
2313:
2289:
1895:Ten Commandments
1828:
1810:
1711:Age of Discovery
1545:Great Commission
1513:
1497:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1412:Official website
1398:
1396:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1210:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1164:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:. Archived from
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
898:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
858:
852:
851:
849:
847:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
740:
720:
711:
710:
708:
702:. Archived from
701:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
660:Charbonnier 2007
657:
651:
645:
639:
636:Charbonnier 2007
633:
627:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
586:
547:
542:
541:
533:
528:
527:
329:Cupimus Imprimis
318:
306:Sichuan province
214:
213:
200:
199:
186:
185:
162:
156:
155:
142:
141:
121:
115:
110:
107:
105:
99:Official website
80:
78:
73:
19:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4659:
4653:
4597:
4593:Boluan Fanzheng
4551:Boxer Rebellion
4514:
4464:
4453:
4370:
4363:
4359:David Z. T. Yui
4339:Y. C. James Yen
4244:Chiang Kai-shek
4225:
4197:
4165:
4162:
4152:
4114:
4061:
4033:
3970:
3919:
3909:
3888:Cambridge Seven
3878:Timothy Richard
3853:Robert Morrison
3829:
3748:
3702:Mission history
3696:
3668:
3630:
3602:
3542:
3537:
3507:
3502:
3480:
3472:
3451:
3434:Relief Services
3400:
3346:Catholic Action
3336:Military orders
3273:Confraternities
3265:of the faithful
3264:
3257:
3079:
3070:
3006:
2912:
2806:
2665:
2657:
2590:Prior, Prioress
2546:
2439:
2435:Vatican Museums
2386:
2319:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2207:
2161:Social teaching
2128:
2067:
2012:
1967:One true church
1931:
1908:Sixtine Vulgate
1904:Official Bible
1818:
1814:
1809:
1797:
1715:
1647:
1592:
1562:Petrine primacy
1505:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1460:
1458:Catholic Church
1455:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1322:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1278:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1215:Chow, Alexander
1213:
1207:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1161:
1145:Bays, Daniel H.
1143:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
927:
926:
922:
912:
910:
892:
891:
887:
877:
875:
860:
859:
855:
845:
843:
830:
829:
825:
815:
813:
797:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
737:
722:
721:
714:
706:
699:
695:
694:
690:
682:
678:
670:
666:
658:
654:
646:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
609:
607:
592:(May 9, 2019).
588:
587:
580:
576:
571:
543:
536:
529:
522:
519:
466:
456:
319:
316:
276:
256:Catholic Church
102:
76:
74:
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4164:(by period of
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3898:Gladys Aylward
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Angelo Zottoli
3802:
3800:Joachim Bouvet
3797:
3792:
3790:Francis Xavier
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Legion of Mary
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3310:Lay Carmelites
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Conceptionists
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Assumptionists
3089:
3087:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:Syro-Malankara
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Italo-Albanian
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Lateran Treaty
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Moral theology
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Pope Gregory I
1663:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:Biblical canon
1635:
1633:Late antiquity
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1569:Church fathers
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1503:Ecclesiastical
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1405:
1404:External links
1402:
1400:
1399:
1372:
1355:
1337:
1320:
1305:
1289:(163): 20–33.
1271:
1246:
1229:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1174:www.vatican.va
1165:
1159:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1098:
1066:
1034:
1022:
1010:
985:
952:
920:
885:
853:
823:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
735:
712:
688:
686:, p. 192.
676:
674:, p. 174.
664:
662:, p. 434.
652:
640:
638:, p. 431.
628:
616:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
560:
555:
549:
548:
534:
518:
515:
455:
452:
404:, of the 1992
314:
275:
272:
266:following the
262:(UFWD) of the
247:(CCP) and the
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
208:
202:
201:
194:
188:
187:
180:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:Transcriptions
158:
157:
150:
144:
143:
136:
130:
129:
126:
125:
117:
116:
106:.chinacatholic
100:
96:
95:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
34:
33:
28:
27:Classification
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4735:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:organisations
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Yangzhou riot
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Wang Ming-Dao
4307:
4305:
4304:Tseng Pao-sun
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Lu Zhengxiang
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Hong Xiuchuan
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4159:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Hudson Taylor
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Karl Gützlaff
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3608:Terms for God
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Home Missions
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:Saint Francis
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Saint Dominic
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Bethlehemites
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:Vatican Radio
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:Vatican Media
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:List of popes
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Mother of God
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:People of God
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:Infallibility
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Body and soul
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Enlightenment
1756:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:Protestantism
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Scholasticism
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Schism (1378)
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Schism (1054)
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1032:, p. 51.
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
989:
986:
973:
969:
968:
963:
956:
953:
940:
936:
935:
930:
924:
921:
908:
904:
903:
897:
889:
886:
873:
869:
868:
863:
857:
854:
841:
837:
833:
827:
824:
811:
807:
806:
801:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
738:
732:
728:
727:
719:
717:
713:
705:
698:
692:
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
641:
637:
632:
629:
625:
620:
617:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
585:
583:
579:
573:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
540:
535:
532:
526:
521:
516:
514:
511:
508:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
483:
480:
476:
471:
465:
461:
453:
451:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Pope Pius XII
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
367:Deng Xiaoping
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Pope Pius XII
313:
309:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
282:in 1949, the
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
221:
209:
207:
203:
195:
193:
189:
181:
179:
175:
172:
168:
163:
159:
151:
149:
145:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
114:
109:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4510:House church
4409:Liu Xiaofeng
4404:Lin Shengben
4344:Ying Lianzhi
4284:Watchman Nee
4259:Feng Yuxiang
4249:Cheng Jingyi
4193:Yang Tingyun
3903:
3893:Eric Liddell
3795:Matteo Ricci
3692:Canaan Hymns
3559:Christianity
3468:Universities
3300:Third orders
3263:Associations
3253:Visitandines
3248:Trinitarians
3198:Mercedarians
3183:Hieronymites
3128:Camaldoleses
3113:Benedictines
3103:Augustinians
3063:
3056:
3049:
3030:Vatican News
2984:Distinctions
2790:Syro-Malabar
2675:Latin Church
2597:Grand master
2495:Metropolitan
2392:Vatican City
2287:Organisation
2166:Philosophers
2031:Confirmation
2008:In canon law
2002:Subsistit in
2000:
1996:Three states
1983:
1944:
1937:Ecclesiology
1919:Nova Vulgata
1917:
1875:Original sin
1870:Nicene Creed
1860:Divine grace
1819:
1701:Universities
1671:Papal States
1598:Great Church
1540:Resurrection
1517:Early Church
1422:(in Chinese)
1384:
1380:
1365:. Retrieved
1345:
1330:. Retrieved
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1286:
1282:
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
1239:. Retrieved
1219:
1195:
1182:. Retrieved
1173:
1149:
1137:Bibliography
1124:. Retrieved
1113:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1079:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1047:
1037:
1025:
1018:Francis 2018
1013:
1005:the original
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
967:The Guardian
965:
955:
943:. Retrieved
932:
923:
913:23 September
911:. Retrieved
900:
888:
878:23 September
876:. Retrieved
865:
856:
844:. Retrieved
835:
826:
814:. Retrieved
805:The Atlantic
803:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
725:
704:the original
691:
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
624:Wickeri 2011
619:
608:. Retrieved
597:
512:
504:
496:Pope Francis
492:
484:
470:Pope Paul VI
467:
449:
422:
410:Roman Missal
394:Sacred Heart
375:
356:
351:
341:
336:
332:
328:
321:
311:
303:
288:
277:
253:
236:
232:
229:
227:
178:Hanyu Pinyin
4429:Wang Weifan
4419:Matthias Lu
4399:Samuel Lamb
4354:Paul Yu Pin
4329:Wu Leichuan
4264:Francis Hsu
4166:prominence)
3918:By province
3873:Lottie Moon
3719:Xi'an Stele
3547:Foundations
3458:Health care
3444:Pax Christi
3396:Schoenstatt
3361:Sant'Egidio
3193:Legionaries
3173:Franciscans
3148:Cistercians
3143:Carthusians
3098:Annonciades
2957:Altarpieces
2850:West Syriac
2845:East Syriac
2825:Alexandrian
2449:Holy orders
2430:Swiss Guard
2370:Dicasteries
2365:Roman Curia
2263:Evangelists
2221:Holy Family
2156:Personalism
2146:Natural law
2124:Josephology
2058:Holy orders
1696:Inquisition
1653:Middle Ages
1643:Monasticism
1611:Constantine
1535:Crucifixion
590:Joske, Alex
390:Pope Pius X
331:(1952) and
85:Merged into
42:Association
4713:Patriotism
4687:Categories
4536:Opium Wars
4503:Seminaries
4449:Zhao Fusan
4444:Allen Yuan
4424:K. H. Ting
4414:Lü Xiaomin
4384:He Guanghu
4334:Wu Yi-fang
4299:Sun Yatsen
4279:Ma Xiangbo
4269:Jia Yuming
4239:T. C. Chao
4221:Xi Shengmo
4188:Xu Guangqi
4183:Candida Xu
3920:and region
3835:Protestant
3213:Oratorians
3168:Dominicans
3138:Carmelites
3133:Camillians
3081:institutes
2894:Tridentine
2830:Antiochian
2750:Macedonian
2695:Belarusian
2585:Provincial
2500:Archbishop
2420:Roman Rota
2382:Properties
2307:By country
2303:Precedence
2268:Confessors
2248:Archangels
2238:Patriarchs
2138:Philosophy
2116:Veneration
2081:Assumption
2051:Last rites
2018:Sacraments
1962:Four marks
1773:Vatican II
1721:Modern era
1557:Succession
1367:2022-07-06
1332:2022-07-13
1300:2022-07-06
1241:2022-07-06
1126:2022-11-26
1092:2022-11-26
1060:2022-10-22
610:2019-11-18
569:References
501:Joseph Zen
443:, and the
291:Zhou Enlai
192:Wade–Giles
4379:Joseph Gu
4294:John Sung
3904:(more...)
3454:See also:
3406:Charities
3315:Discalced
3243:Trappists
3238:Theatines
3208:Olivetans
3153:Clarisses
3123:Blue nuns
3108:Basilians
3085:societies
2993:See also:
2879:Mozarabic
2869:Ambrosian
2855:Malankara
2840:Byzantine
2800:Ukrainian
2775:Ruthenian
2740:Hungarian
2725:Ethiopian
2700:Bulgarian
2667:sui iuris
2651:Postulant
2560:Religious
2515:Auxiliary
2510:Coadjutor
2480:Patriarch
2348:Cardinals
2295:Canon law
2291:Hierarchy
2273:Disciples
2196:Relations
2184:Evolution
2175:See also:
2120:See also:
2073:Mariology
2063:Matrimony
2036:Eucharist
1957:Ecumenism
1885:Salvation
1821:Catechism
1816:Tradition
1778:Communism
1626:Chalcedon
1387:(3): 39.
1381:Religions
1030:Tang 2020
684:Bays 2011
672:Bays 2011
648:Chow 2021
468:In 1978,
418:Hong Kong
4439:Y. T. Wu
4371:Republic
4369:People's
4319:Paul Wei
4231:Republic
4216:Liang Fa
3843:Agencies
3753:Catholic
3498:Category
3391:Opus Dei
3376:Scouting
3366:Focolare
3233:Servites
3218:Piarists
3163:Crosiers
2899:Anglican
2835:Armenian
2765:Romanian
2755:Maronite
2730:Georgian
2720:Eritrean
2705:Chaldean
2690:Armenian
2685:Albanian
2566:Superior
2525:Emeritus
2505:Diocesan
2358:Advisers
2317:Holy See
2243:Prophets
2201:Politics
1972:Catholic
1952:Councils
1807:Theology
1686:Crusades
1621:Nicaea I
1552:Apostles
1530:Ministry
1499:Timeline
1479:Glossary
1361:Archived
1343:(2011).
1326:Archived
1291:Archived
1259:Archived
1235:Archived
1178:Archived
1147:(2011).
1120:Archived
1086:Archived
1054:Archived
972:Archived
939:Archived
907:Archived
872:Archived
867:NBC News
840:Archived
836:UCA News
810:Archived
774:Zhu 2017
762:Lam 2011
750:Lam 2011
604:Archived
517:See also
361:and the
315:—
154:中国天主教爱国会
140:中國天主教愛國會
31:Catholic
4434:Wang Yi
4349:Dora Yu
4039:Central
3626:Shangdi
3616:Tianzhu
3463:Schools
3419:Caritas
3327:Secular
3293:Workers
3188:Jesuits
2974:Museums
2969:Library
2947:Writers
2942:Artists
2922:Culture
2889:Paul VI
2770:Russian
2760:Melkite
2602:Brother
2580:General
2520:Titular
2490:Primate
2468:Eparchy
2458:Diocese
2405:Outline
2344:College
2334:Francis
2278:Virgins
2253:Martyrs
2179:Science
2086:History
2041:Penance
2026:Baptism
1927:Worship
1900:Vulgate
1848:Kingdom
1843:Trinity
1831:General
1586:Primacy
1494:History
1474:Outline
1265:13 July
1184:13 July
1081:Reuters
1049:Reuters
978:13 July
945:13 July
846:13 July
816:13 July
380:of the
327:issued
274:History
230:Chinese
91:of the
75: (
57:Founder
4602:Impact
4519:Events
3739:Alopen
3341:Fimcap
3283:Marian
3203:Minims
2935:Marian
2785:Syriac
2780:Slovak
2710:Coptic
2646:Oblate
2641:Master
2636:Novice
2631:Hermit
2619:Sister
2575:Abbess
2542:Deacon
2537:Priest
2532:Parish
2475:Bishop
2445:Polity
2231:Joseph
2213:Saints
1880:Saints
1768:Nazism
1353:
1318:
1283:Tripod
1227:
1203:
1157:
733:
439:, the
435:, the
414:Taiwan
67:Origin
47:Region
38:Polity
4120:South
4067:North
3674:Hymns
3439:CIDSE
3288:Youth
3012:Media
2979:Music
2904:Zaire
2884:Roman
2874:Braga
2864:Latin
2735:Greek
2607:Friar
2571:Abbot
2485:Major
2400:Index
2299:Laity
1865:Dogma
1812:Bible
1788:Islam
1744:Trent
1525:Jesus
1507:Legal
1469:Index
1397:. 39.
1294:(PDF)
1279:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
700:(PDF)
574:Notes
378:dogma
51:China
4203:Qing
4175:Ming
3976:West
3928:East
3744:Adam
3621:Shen
2964:Folk
2612:Monk
2353:List
2331:Pope
2226:Mary
1351:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1267:2022
1225:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1186:2022
1155:ISBN
980:2022
947:2022
915:2018
880:2018
848:2022
818:2022
731:ISBN
462:and
416:and
237:CCPA
228:The
77:1957
70:1957
3278:Lay
2930:Art
2624:Nun
2346:of
1838:God
1389:doi
384:by
108:.cn
104:www
4689::
3083:,
2573:,
1383:.
1379:.
1359:.
1324:.
1287:31
1285:.
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1253:.
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1052:.
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997:.
970:.
964:.
931:.
905:.
899:.
870:.
864:.
834:.
808:.
802:.
715:^
602:.
596:.
581:^
447:.
3532:e
3525:t
3518:v
3078:,
2562::
2451:)
2447:(
2324:)
2320:(
1450:e
1443:t
1436:v
1391::
1385:8
1370:.
1335:.
1303:.
1269:.
1244:.
1209:.
1188:.
1163:.
1129:.
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1063:.
1020:.
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