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same social status as whites neither were they seen on the same level as blacks despite often living in black neighborhoods and serving mostly black clients and customers. The
Chinese were middlemen between blacks and whites, often providing a needed contact point in a segregated society. The Chinese initially attended separate Chinese schools separate from both blacks and whites although in later decades before segregation officially was outlawed, they often attended schools with white students. In many cases they sought to identify with white society as much as they could due to whites having the highest status in
20:
175:
arrived in
Mississippi during this time. Until the end of the 1900s, Chinese-owned groceries could be found in every Delta city and town, serving both white and black customers. Chinese children were originally segregated from the white public schools, and segregated Chinese schools were built for them in
212:
Arriving into a strictly segregated society with whites on top and blacks on the bottom, the
Chinese carved out their own unique niche in a primarily biracial society. Neither black nor white, they were initially classified as "non-white" and later as simply "Chinese". While not seen as being on the
174:
By the end of the 1870s, the
Chinese had abandoned the plantations and began opening small family-owned grocery stores in the many small towns of the Delta. Chinese families began moving to the Delta in the early 1900s, and most modern Mississippi Delta Chinese are the descendants of Chinese who
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after the war. By the 1970s there were as many as 3,000 Americans of
Chinese descent living in the Delta, especially American-born Chinese children who were raised in the Delta. For decades the Mississippi Delta Chinese community was one of the largest
171:. All of them were single and married men who worked in Mississippi and sent most of their income back to their families in China. As they were neither black nor white, the Chinese were often classified as "colored" in early government records.
203:
communities in the
American South, but since then, many families have moved to larger cities in Texas, the West Coast, and the Northeast. Most of the historic Chinese groceries have already closed, and only a few families remain in the Delta.
193:
The population of the
Mississippi Delta Chinese exploded after war. Many young Chinese men from the Mississippi Delta served as soldiers during the Second World War, and many women from China married these soldiers and settled in the Delta as
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183:. However, these schools were closed and Chinese children were allowed to attend both white schools and white colleges after the Second World War.
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Gong, Gwendolyn. The
Mississippi Chinese of World War II: A Delta Tribute. Cleveland, Mississippi: Delta State University, 2015.
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493:"Rosedale Presbyterians and the Mississippi Chinese: Changing Concepts of Equality in an Aristocratic Southern Town"
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Invisible
Subjects: Asian America in Postwar Literature Invisible Subjects: Asian America in Postwar Literature
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were laborers recruited by cotton planters to supplement the recently emancipated
African freedmen during
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159:. Like other early Chinese Americans, the first Chinese immigrants were peasants and merchants from the
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Kim, Heidi (April 2016). "4 The Foreign Faulkner: The Mississippi Chinese in Faulkner's South".
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region since the late 19th century. A related population of Chinese Americans lives across the
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society. Many Chinese men, for the lack of Chinese women to marry, married Black women.
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https://archive.org/details/Tri-stateChineseDirectoryOfMississippiArkansasAndTennessee
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Chopsticks in the Land of Cotton: Lives of Mississippi Delta Chinese Grocers.
345: Greenville, Mississippi: Burford Brothers Printing Company, 1999.
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214:
514:
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524:"In Between: The Mississippi Chinese and the American Racial Structure"
160:
343:
The Chinese of Greenville Mississippi: Success and Opportunity.
474:
Oral Histories, Chinese Grocers. Southern Foodways Alliance (2010).
620:
24:
Tri-State Chinese Directory of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee
18:
1639:
List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations
594:
447:"Chinese in Mississippi: An Ethnic People in a Biracial Society"
630:
373:
730:
U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China
190:
court case involved an ethnic Chinese student in the Delta.
603:"The Southern Chinese Americans of the Mississippi Delta"
591:"The Untold Story Of America's Southern Chinese | AJ+"
19:
555:– From the Korea Information Science Society (KISS) –
389:"A Culture in Decline: The Mississippi Delta Chinese"
737:
One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America
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421:"Neither Black Nor White in the Mississippi Delta"
305:Lotus Among the Magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese
1542:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
329:美南三省華僑商業指南 Tri-State Chinese Directory. 1952.
286:The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White
954:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
642:
370:"The Legacy Of The Mississippi Delta Chinese"
100:
8:
476:Chinese Grocers | Southern Foodways Alliance
1537:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
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627:
623:– Project by Andrew Kung and Emmanuel Hahn
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93:
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572:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456252.003.0005
910:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
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36:
1557:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association
1517:List of Chinese American associations
1484:Chinese Historical Society of America
151:The earliest Chinese settlers in the
7:
522:Shin (신), Ji Hye (지혜) (2014-11-30).
498:The Journal of Presbyterian History
1522:Chinese American Citizens Alliance
14:
1572:Organization of Chinese Americans
491:Winter, R. Milton (Summer 2000).
394:Southeast Review of Asian Studies
997:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
453:. Mississippi Historical Society
507:Presbyterian Historical Society
419:Estrin, James (13 March 2018).
310:University Press of Mississippi
1562:Chinese for Affirmative Action
1489:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum
1:
1547:Chinese Society Halls on Maui
990:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
543:10.18078/amstin.2014.37.2.003
368:Block, Melissa (2017-03-18).
1670:Ethnic groups in Mississippi
1468:Museum of Chinese in America
229:, journalist and news anchor
38:Ethnic groups in Mississippi
607:Public Broadcasting Service
235:, entrepreneur and inventor
16:Ethnic group in Mississippi
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1479:Chinese American Museum DC
941:San Francisco riot of 1877
387:Thornell, John G. (2008).
1634:List of Chinese Americans
1603:United International Bank
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931:1867 Chinese Labor Strike
302:Quan, Robert Seto. 1982.
241:, NASA computer scientist
123:are a small community of
121:Mississippi Delta Chinese
1660:Chinese-American culture
1532:Chinese Community Centre
1402:American Chinese cuisine
1278:Providence, Rhode Island
936:Chinese massacre of 1871
875:Anti-Chinese legislation
725:Chinese American history
480:Chinese Oral Histories.
445:Wilson, Charles Reagan.
292:Harvard University Press
1527:Chinese American church
1473:Chinese American Museum
1310:San Francisco Chinatown
1008:Killing of Vincent Chin
895:Immigration Act of 1924
658:Chinese American topics
451:Mississippi History Now
358:, Yin & Yang Press.
283:Loewen, James W. 1971.
270:Enclyopedia of Arkansas
139:and the nearby city of
1665:History of Mississippi
1410:American Chinese films
1188:Montville, Connecticut
1014:Killing of Akai Gurley
531:미국학 / American Studies
486:Chinese Oral Histories
482:Delta State University
127:that has lived in the
26:
983:Hells Canyon Massacre
959:Rock Springs massacre
885:Chinese Exclusion Act
677:American-born Chinese
341:Shepherd, Ted.
22:
1608:Global Commerce Bank
1582:Hip Sing Association
970:Seattle riot of 1886
566:. pp. 130–170.
52:Chinese in the Delta
1552:Ying On Association
1452:Chinatown bus lines
1444:Confucius Institute
1368:Rockville, Maryland
1356:Spokane, Washington
965:Tacoma riot of 1885
707:Hyphenated American
702:Hong Kong Americans
250:Far East Deep South
32:Part of a series on
1375:Winnemucca, Nevada
1167:San Gabriel Valley
1086:West Argyle Street
976:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
841:Washington State (
425:The New York Times
354:Jung, John. 2011.
165:Guangdong province
141:Memphis, Tennessee
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1181:North Miami Beach
1155:Locke, California
1108:Dallas-Fort Worth
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830:Dallas-Fort Worth
800:Mississippi Delta
672:Chinese Americans
621:The Delta Chinese
153:Mississippi Delta
133:Mississippi River
129:Mississippi Delta
125:Chinese Americans
117:
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47:African Americans
1677:
1567:Committee of 100
1494:Wing Luke Museum
1362:Washington, D.C.
1273:Portland, Oregon
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915:China Initiative
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1414:Terminology
1212:New Orleans
1161:Los Angeles
868:Legislation
820:Puerto Rico
756:Los Angeles
752:California
746:by location
578:Read online
509:: 169–173.
308:, Jackson:
290:Cambridge:
268:"Chinese,"
227:Sam Chu Lin
188:Lum v. Rice
1654:Categories
1256:Pittsburgh
1194:New Jersey
1114:Richardson
1029:Chinatowns
812:New York (
805:Missouri (
791:Michigan (
777:Illinois (
407:Gale Group
401:: 196–202.
257:References
196:war brides
177:Greenville
163:region of
72:Vietnamese
1435:Education
1431:Love boat
1423:Jook-sing
1298:San Diego
1288:St. Louis
1224:Manhattan
1150:Las Vegas
1094:Cleveland
1055:Baltimore
900:Cable Act
890:Geary Act
807:St. Louis
551:1229-4381
537:(2): 81.
181:Cleveland
1330:San Jose
1229:Brooklyn
1131:Honolulu
1100:Asiatown
768:Colorado
515:23335428
457:26 April
430:26 April
272:, 2017
245:Only Won
215:Jim Crow
57:Italians
1461:Museums
1392:Culture
1344:Seattle
1315:Oakland
1251:Phoenix
1175:Florida
1137:Houston
1126:Detroit
1080:Chicago
1045:Atlanta
843:Seattle
835:Houston
793:Detroit
779:Chicago
717:History
557:Profile
404:Seen on
161:Sze Yap
147:History
135:in the
1618:Others
1427:Events
1349:Tacoma
1234:Queens
1205:Newark
1200:Edison
1121:Denver
1072:Quincy
1066:Boston
1050:Austin
1016:(2016)
1010:(1982)
1004:(1907)
993:(1898)
985:(1887)
979:(1886)
961:(1885)
950:(1884)
924:Events
786:Boston
773:Hawaii
549:
513:
1627:Lists
1591:Banks
1060:Boise
825:Texas
584:Media
527:(PDF)
511:JSTOR
505:(2).
1406:Film
1398:Food
547:ISSN
459:2018
432:2018
186:The
179:and
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595:AJ+
568:doi
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