52:
102:
84:
444:
393:
508:
against the
Japanese Army. Y Force was composed of two Army Groups from the National Army; 11th Army Group(Commander Song Xilian, Deputy Commander Huang Jie, Chief of Staff Cheng Gang) and 20th Army Group (Commander Huo Kuizhang, Deputy Commander Fang Tian). By January 1945, the Y Force had
372:
held for twelve days against overpowering
Japanese forces before retreating. The setbacks against the Japanese Army escalated the tension between Stilwell and Chiang, as many Chinese commanders refused to carry out orders from Stilwell without approval from Chiang first. The Japanese soon
416:
in
Northern Burma. The units were decimated by Japanese ambush along with malaria and dysentery, suffering major losses. The failure of the first expedition led to the closure of the Burma Road, and future Chinese war efforts had to rely on
468:
in their field operations. For most of 1943, the
Chinese Army engaged in several conflicts with the Japanese Army while defending the construction of the Ledo Road. In October 1943, the New First Army managed to defeat the Japanese veteran
1033:
477:. To secure the opening of the Ledo Road, the Chinese Army in India was retitled the "Northern Combat Area Command" (NCAC), and re-entered Burma in the spring of 1944. The Chinese Army engaged and defeated the Japanese forces during
451:
Between 1942 and 1943, many
Chinese soldiers were airlifted from Chongqing to India and joined the ones who had followed the British retreat there earlier, they were trained under American advisors and became the
1023:
1038:
1048:
1043:
302:. The Second Sino-Japanese War consequently merged with the Second World War, and the China-Burma-India theatre was established with increasing American support. The
314:. To secure Chinese participation in Burma against the Japanese, Britain and China signed a joint agreement in December 1941 concerning the mutual defense of the
1018:
478:
353:
857:
513:
on the China-Burma border and regained control of the land route from Burma to China. The first convoy via the newly opened Ledo-Burma Road reached
244:
470:
993:
972:
951:
930:
909:
867:
453:
434:
1013:
337:
899:
279:, which reopened in October 1940. The United States was shipping materials to support Chinese resistance by late 1941 as part of the
89:
888:
404:
fell to the
Japanese on April 29. In response, Stilwell ordered a general retreat to India. The majority of the Fifth Army, led by
485:
in August. Allied success in these campaigns enabled the opening of the Ledo Road. However, by the time
Myitkyina was captured,
307:
287:. From 1942 to 1944, 98 percent of all US lend lease to China went directly to US Army units in China, not the Chinese military.
878:
200:
216:
208:
240:
220:
530:
267:
of China, and soon isolated the country from the rest of the world. The
Chinese resistance led by Nationalist leader
983:
333:
327:
284:
541:, and ceased to exist. A memorial for fallen Chinese soldiers from the Chinese Expeditionary Force was built in
490:
264:
28:
51:
352:
was located. To relieve Allied positions in Burma, the
Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEF) was formed from the
496:
Intending to coordinate with the X Force, Wei
Lihuang's Chinese Expeditionary Force in Yunnan, known as the
1028:
465:
291:
236:
232:
107:
36:
962:
382:
224:
135:
127:
117:
318:. This agreement led to the creation of the Sino-British alliance and the Chinese Expeditionary Force.
920:
505:
827:
621:
Jay Taylor, Stilwell's The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, pp. 271
525:
After returning to China, the American-equipped New First Army and the New Sixth Army fought in the
941:
349:
17:
482:
378:
310:, and was unable to divert any resources to protect their colonial interests, in particular over
56:
Reunion of the Chinese Expeditionary Force and the Chinese Army in India (X Force and Y Force).
989:
968:
947:
926:
905:
884:
863:
534:
526:
365:
364:. The CEF entered Burma in February 1942 and engaged with the Imperial Japanese Army at the
295:
248:
147:
139:
538:
361:
268:
260:
180:
151:
283:
policy. To cut off the Chinese supply line, the Imperial Japanese Army began to plan the
474:
457:
374:
369:
303:
299:
294:
by the Empire of Japan was immediately followed by the invasion of British colonies of
143:
1007:
501:
311:
155:
131:
392:
510:
461:
413:
381:
of the British Indian Army were encircled by the Japanese at the oil fields in the
357:
486:
345:
228:
184:
443:
386:
315:
280:
276:
172:
32:
542:
422:
405:
272:
176:
859:
Military Economics, Culture and Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945
400:
The Allied forces led by the British decided to evacuate from Burma after
418:
514:
497:
438:
341:
1034:
Military units and formations of the Republic of China in World War II
409:
401:
442:
391:
385:
on April 18, and the 38th Division led by Lieutenant General
368:. Stilwell arrived at the front on March 22, and the Chinese
946:. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History.
925:. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History.
901:
Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962
1024:
Units and formations of the National Revolutionary Army
689:
687:
564:
562:
1039:
Military units and formations in Burma in World War II
988:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
581:
579:
577:
275:
was heavily dependent on the supply line through the
1049:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
360:, under the command of American Lieutenant General
166:
161:
123:
113:
95:
77:
69:
61:
44:
396:Stilwell retreating from Burma to India, May 1942.
1044:Military units and formations established in 1942
377:in March and advanced toward the Burma Road. The
306:, however, was preoccupied with the war in the
666:
654:
8:
801:
777:
729:
429:Second expedition (Early 1943 – March 1945)
336:began in January 1942, and Japan conducted
50:
904:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
826:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (October 19, 2011).
481:in Northern Burma and Western Yunnan and
464:was incorporated, which was supported by
241:Japanese invasion and occupation of Burma
828:"China Honors Its War Dead, but Quietly"
967:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
880:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
813:
630:
597:
558:
789:
765:
753:
741:
717:
705:
693:
678:
609:
585:
568:
322:First expedition (March – August 1942)
41:
489:was reducing the significance of the
487:Allied success in the Pacific theatre
435:X Force (Chinese Expeditionary Force)
7:
642:
18:Chinese Expeditionary Force (Burma)
1019:Expeditionary units and formations
408:, however attempted to retreat to
25:
898:Guyot-Réchard, Bérénice (2017).
344:, where the headquarters of the
100:
82:
919:MacGarrigle, George L. (1996).
290:In December 1941, the surprise
215:) was an expeditionary unit of
212:
204:
1:
529:. Both were decimated by the
985:Born in the Jungles of Burma
421:and the construction of the
27:Not to be confused with the
1014:Chinese Expeditionary Force
389:attempted to relieve them.
221:National Revolutionary Army
197:Chinese Expeditionary Force
45:Chinese Expeditionary Force
1065:
877:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986).
432:
334:Japanese invasion of Burma
328:Japanese conquest of Burma
325:
26:
491:China-Burma-India theatre
49:
425:for logistical support.
245:South-East Asian theatre
29:China Expeditionary Army
862:. New York: Routledge.
856:Dunlop, Graham (2015).
466:American Special Forces
223:that was dispatched to
940:Newell, C. R. (1995).
448:
397:
292:attack on Pearl Harbor
237:Imperial Japanese Army
108:Republic of China Army
37:Imperial Japanese Army
509:captured the town of
506:launched an offensive
446:
433:Further information:
395:
383:Battle of Yenangyaung
338:a series of air raids
326:Further information:
136:Expeditionary warfare
128:Close-quarters combat
982:Wax, Andrew (2010).
961:Taylor, Jay (2009).
483:recaptured Myitkyina
447:Chinese M4A4 Sherman
235:efforts against the
350:British Indian Army
265:full-scale invasion
201:traditional Chinese
118:Expeditionary Force
832:The New York Times
667:Guyot-Réchard 2017
655:Guyot-Réchard 2017
517:in February 1945.
449:
398:
379:1st Burma Division
259:In July 1937, the
231:in support of the
209:simplified Chinese
995:978-1-4438-2455-2
974:978-0-674-03338-2
964:The Generalissimo
953:978-0-16-088260-9
932:978-0-16-088279-1
911:978-1-316-79689-4
869:978-1-317-31623-7
535:Liaoshen Campaign
527:Chinese Civil War
479:various campaigns
414:primitive forests
285:invasion of Burma
190:
189:
16:(Redirected from
1056:
999:
978:
957:
936:
915:
894:
873:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
817:
811:
805:
804:, pp. 8–10.
802:MacGarrigle 1996
799:
793:
787:
781:
778:MacGarrigle 1996
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
730:MacGarrigle 1996
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
572:
566:
531:Communist forces
375:captured Rangoon
308:European theatre
249:Second World War
214:
206:
148:Mountain warfare
140:Forward observer
106:
104:
103:
88:
86:
85:
54:
42:
21:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
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1004:
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996:
981:
975:
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954:
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772:
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760:
752:
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740:
736:
728:
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661:
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649:
641:
637:
629:
625:
620:
616:
608:
604:
596:
592:
584:
575:
567:
560:
556:
551:
539:Northeast China
523:
456:into which the
441:
431:
362:Joseph Stilwell
330:
324:
269:Chiang Kai-shek
261:Empire of Japan
257:
193:
183:
181:Joseph Stilwell
179:
175:
168:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
101:
99:
83:
81:
57:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
979:
973:
958:
952:
937:
931:
916:
910:
895:
889:
874:
868:
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:
818:
816:, p. 296.
806:
794:
792:, p. 268.
782:
770:
758:
756:, p. 254.
746:
744:, p. 253.
734:
722:
720:, p. 205.
710:
708:, p. 203.
698:
683:
681:, p. 200.
671:
659:
647:
635:
633:, p. 280.
623:
614:
602:
600:, p. 145.
590:
573:
571:, p. 202.
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
522:
519:
500:, crossed the
475:Hukawng Valley
430:
427:
370:200th Division
358:New Sixth Army
323:
320:
304:British Empire
256:
253:
191:
188:
187:
170:
164:
163:
159:
158:
144:Jungle warfare
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:1942 in Burma
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
997:
991:
987:
986:
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966:
965:
959:
955:
949:
945:
944:
938:
934:
928:
924:
923:
922:Central Burma
917:
913:
907:
903:
902:
896:
892:
890:0-521-38591-1
886:
882:
881:
875:
871:
865:
861:
860:
854:
853:
848:
833:
829:
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
786:
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
714:
711:
707:
702:
699:
696:, p. 18.
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
669:, p. 61.
668:
663:
660:
657:, p. 64.
656:
651:
648:
645:, p. 17.
644:
639:
636:
632:
627:
624:
618:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
594:
591:
588:, p. 16.
587:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
553:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
507:
504:in April and
503:
502:Salween River
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:18th Division
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
394:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
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347:
343:
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329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
312:British India
309:
305:
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266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
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230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
202:
198:
192:Military unit
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
165:
160:
157:
156:Urban warfare
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:Combined arms
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
98:
94:
91:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
984:
963:
942:
921:
900:
879:
858:
849:Bibliography
835:. Retrieved
831:
821:
814:Eastman 1986
809:
797:
785:
780:, p. 8.
773:
768:, p. 3.
761:
749:
737:
732:, p. 4.
725:
713:
701:
674:
662:
650:
638:
631:Eastman 1986
626:
617:
612:, p. 3.
605:
598:Eastman 1986
593:
524:
495:
462:New 6th Army
458:New 1st Army
450:
399:
331:
289:
258:
196:
194:
943:Burma, 1942
790:Taylor 2009
766:Dunlop 2015
754:Taylor 2009
742:Taylor 2009
718:Taylor 2009
706:Taylor 2009
694:Newell 1995
679:Taylor 2009
610:Newell 1995
586:Newell 1995
569:Taylor 2009
533:during the
346:Burma Corps
263:launched a
239:during the
185:Wei Lihuang
1008:Categories
549:References
545:, Yunnan.
387:Sun Li-jen
354:Fifth Army
316:Burma Road
281:Lend-Lease
277:Burma Road
255:Background
173:Sun Li-jen
169:commanders
162:Commanders
33:army group
554:Citations
543:Tengchong
521:Aftermath
423:Ledo Road
406:Du Yuming
273:Chongqing
177:Du Yuming
70:Disbanded
65:1942–1945
643:Wax 2010
419:the Hump
412:through
356:and the
837:10 July
515:Kunming
511:Wanting
498:Y Force
454:X Force
439:Y Force
366:Toungoo
348:of the
342:Rangoon
247:of the
243:in the
167:Notable
152:Raiding
78:Country
35:of the
992:
971:
950:
929:
908:
887:
866:
410:Yunnan
402:Lashio
296:Malaya
233:Allied
211::
203::
105:
96:Branch
87:
62:Active
340:over
300:Burma
229:India
225:Burma
217:China
213:中国远征军
205:中國遠征軍
90:China
31:, an
990:ISBN
969:ISBN
948:ISBN
927:ISBN
906:ISBN
885:ISBN
864:ISBN
839:2017
460:and
437:and
332:The
298:and
227:and
195:The
124:Role
114:Type
73:1945
537:in
473:at
271:in
219:'s
1010::
830:.
686:^
576:^
561:^
493:.
251:.
207:;
998:.
977:.
956:.
935:.
914:.
893:.
872:.
841:.
199:(
39:.
20:)
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