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for retirement. Family travel costs were at their expense, so not everyone took their due of foreign leave of two years on half pay after the first seven years, and subsequently every ten years. They were subject to all the usual hazards of life in China from illness and civil disruption to difficulties in providing for the education of their children, which often involved family separation, although to some extent this was compensated by the strong esprit de corps. A network of friends was sustained across changes of post by letter-writing, quite frequently by the duty of their wives.
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under his supervision, which also allowed him to evaluate other characteristics that would enable them to act sensibly and rapidly in crisis situations demanding immediate response without referral back to him. The compensations included a short working day, which meant the later afternoon could be spent exercising and socializing, going to the races, playing tennis, taking part in amateur dramatics or musical performances, and later enjoy dinner parties, which might include 'absurd games', or a musical interlude.
120:
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Russia was eager to extend its influence in
Manchuria... However, these ambitions were complicated, and occasionally thwarted, by Great Game rivalries between Britain and Russia in Asia. Thus, when in 1880 the Russian minister in China began to press Customs I.G. Robert Hart to employ more Russians,
804:
Even higher level 'indoor staff' sometimes had difficulties in the nineteenth century, as the value of their salaries varied with the price of silver, and the extra year's pay every seven years which Hart had negotiated for them in place of a pension did not always allow for having an adequate saving
808:
Sir Robert Hart was sometimes a sympathetic boss, but he insisted on high standards of efficiency and honesty, and, for those aspiring to the highest rank of
Commissioner, a thorough knowledge of written and spoken Chinese. His most likely young men spent a year or more in Beijing learning Chinese
457:
After two decades of operation, the system collected about one third of the revenue available to the government in
Beijing. In addition, foreign trade expanded rapidly because international trade was regulated and predictable. Foreign governments benefitted because there was a mechanism to collect
453:
reform, and financial and economic management. The
Service published monthly Returns of Trade, a regular series of Aids to Navigation and reports on weather and medical matters. It also represented China at over twenty world fairs and exhibition, ran some educational establishments, and conducted
440:
While controlled by the
Chinese central government, the Service was largely staffed at senior levels by foreigners throughout its history. It was effectively established by foreign consuls in Shanghai in 1854 to collect maritime trade taxes that were going unpaid due to the inability of Chinese
499:
or School of
Combined Learning, which produced numerous translations of works on international law, science, world history, and current events; the postal service; and the Northern Navy. Hart established China's central statistical office in the Maritime Service in Shanghai and the Statistical
396:, led to the foreign powers having conflicts over nationalities' representation in the Customs Service. Britain and Russia had disputes over the number of British or Russian employees hired into the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, which historian Matzuzato connects to the
454:
some diplomatic activities. Britons dominated the foreign staff of the
Customs, but there were large numbers of German, U.S., French, and later Japanese staff amongst others. Promotion of Chinese nationals into senior positions started in 1929.
1237:
880:
445:. Its responsibilities soon grew to include domestic customs administration, postal administration, harbour and waterway management, weather reporting, and anti-smuggling operations. It mapped, lit, and policed the China coast and the
868:
493:), by far the most well known IG, who served until his death in 1911. Hart oversaw the development of the Service and its activities to its fullest form. Among his many contributions were the establishment of the
458:
revenues to repay the loans that they had imposed on or granted to China. By 1900, there were 20,000 people working in forty main
Customs Houses across China and many more subsidiary stations.
844:
932:
1087:
528:), resigned and the responsibilities of the Service were divided between what eventually became the Customs General Administration of the People's Republic of China, and the
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Directorate
General of Customs on Taiwan. It was the only bureaucratic agency of the Chinese government to operate continuously as an integrated entity from 1854 to 1950.
832:
820:
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in
December 1941. As a consequence, until his release in 1943, Maze's functions were split between operations within areas controlled by the Chinese government (
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329:
was a Chinese governmental tax collection agency and information service from its founding in 1854 until it split in 1949 into services operating in the
1107:
230:
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Vynckier, Henk, and Chihyun Chang, "'Imperium In Imperio': Robert Hart, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, and its (Self-)Representations,"
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1036:
Henk Vynckier and Chihyun Chang, "'Imperium In Imperio': Robert Hart, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, and its (Self-) Representations,"
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Inspector-General from September 1907 until his resignation in 1910. Aglen then acted until being appointed official IG in October 1911.
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559:(1890–1969), River Inspector from 1914 to 1948, and author of seven published books on the Yangzi River; novelist and journalists
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Horowitz, Richard S. "Politics, power and the Chinese maritime customs: The Qing restoration and the ascent of Robert Hart."
250:
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Flag of the Inspector-General, 1929–1950 and is later used by the ROC Minister of Finance (Minister responsible for customs)
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615:
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1150:, Friends of Sir Robert Hart: Three Generations of Carrall Women in China, Tiffania Books, 2012 www.tiffaniabooks.com
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385:) to international trade, creating the need for a mechanism to collect customs duties in these additional ports.
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project page Center for Geographic Information Science, Research Center for Humanities and Social Science,
1209:"James Watson, MD, LRCSE – an Edinburgh trained physician and surgeon in northeastern China 1865–1884"
576:
520:, 1871–1959), who served from 1929 to 1943. In January 1950 the last foreign Inspector-General, American
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216:
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504:, set up Customs College to provide educated Chinese staff for the Service. Hart was succeeded by Sir
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Government, Imperialism and Nationalism in China: The Maritime Customs Service and Its Chinese Staff
951:
Hart retired in September 1907 but retained his title as Inspector-General until his death in 1911.
952:
896:
Records of individual senior and junior staff in the Chinese Maritime Customs are preserved in the
678:
607:
976:, OIG 1941–1943) and, until 1945, areas controlled by the Japanese and their puppet government of
1279:
Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China
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478:
182:
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by the Chinese and British governments in 1842, all foreign trade in China operated through the
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Britain's Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949
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Ensign of Chinese Customs (Nanking Government), 1931–1950 (In use by vessels until 1976)
17:
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485:), was dismissed in 1863 following a dispute with the Imperial court to be replaced by
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Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854
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Bickers, Robert. "Revisiting the Chinese maritime customs service, 1854–1950."
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Amongst the many well-known figures who worked for the Customs in China were
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Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945
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1114:,” Stina Björkell, quoting Prof Han Van der Ven, University of Cambridge,
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1187:. New York: Routledge, Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia.
370:
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1316:"Records of the Maritime Customs Service of China, 1854–1949" from GALE
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Friends of Sir Robert Hart: Three Generations of Carrall Women in China
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Handlist of L.K. Little papers at Houghton Library, Harvard University
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who was the First Senior River Inspector from 1915 and for whom the
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365:, a monopoly centered in the Southern Chinese port of Canton (now
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1023:, "Revisiting the Chinese maritime customs service, 1854–1950."
592:
1218:
Drew, Edward B. "Sir Robert Hart and His Life Work in China."
369:). The treaty abolished the monopoly and opened the ports of
1337:
Maria Bugrova Bumali Project about Chinese Maritime Customs
1303:. Belfast: William Mullen and Son for Queen's University.
862:
Ensign of Chinese Customs (Nanking Government), 1929–1931
850:
Ensign of Chinese Customs (Beiyang Government), 1911–1928
595:. The Hong Kong Chinese businessman and political leader
42:
Ensign of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1931–1950
1085:“Modern China’s Customs Services: A Brief Introduction,”
968:
Maze was interned when the Japanese took control of the
341:. From its foundation in 1854 until the collapse of the
1328:
Searchable database including all CMCS staff, 1854–1949
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Chinese Maritime Customs Project, University of Bristol
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The Chinese Maritime Customs Service: Forgotten History
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Chinese Maritime Customs Project, University of Bristol
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Category:Ships of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service
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served as a Customs clerk for two years (1878–1880).
307:
1232:. "Robert Hart and China's statistical revolution."
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State and naval ensign of the Qing Empire, 1867–1911
571:. Medical Officers attached to the Customs included
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Bristol University Chinese Maritime Customs Project
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1342:Modern China and the Imperial Maritime Customs
1214:. J. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
606:emerged from the Service, including linguist
512:, 1869–1932) and then by his own nephew, Sir
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255:
8:
1166:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1059:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 36–38.
1025:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
838:Customs ensign of the Qing Empire, 1867–1911
281:Great Qing Imperial Customs Taxation Service
30:
477:The agency's first Inspector-General (IG),
1326:Bristol University China Families platform
1252:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
500:Secretariat (1873–1950) and following the
286:
36:
625:
622:Inspectors-General, full and officiating
392:(1894–1895) and the increase of foreign
1127:Chang, Modern China's Customs Services.
1002:
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462:Inspectors-General and notable officers
898:School of Oriental and African Studies
237:
29:
928:History of foreign relations of China
441:officials to collect them during the
345:in 1911, the agency was known as the
309:Dà Qīng huángjiā hǎiguān zǒngshuìwùsī
7:
219:, Inspector-General (1943–1950)
213:, Inspector-General (1929–1943)
197:, Inspector-General (1911–1927)
191:, Inspector-General (1863–1911)
185:, Inspector-General (1854–1863)
1383:Government of the Republic of China
27:Former governmental agency of China
1053:Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2016-12-07).
449:. It conducted loan negotiations,
424:The historic customs house on the
207:Inspector-General (1927–1929)
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970:Shanghai International Settlement
913:General Administration of Customs
347:Imperial Maritime Customs Service
241:Imperial Maritime Customs Service
81:General Administration of Customs
902:Archives and Special Collections
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357:From 1757 to the signing of the
327:Chinese Maritime Customs Service
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31:Chinese Maritime Customs Service
1299:Wright, Stanley Fowler (1950).
1220:The Journal of Race Development
813:Ensigns of the Customs Service
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76:Directorate General of Customs
1:
1292:37#1 (2014), pp. 69–92.
201:Arthur Henry Francis Edwardes
1368:British expatriates in China
1301:Hart and the Chinese Customs
1281:. Columbia University Press.
616:Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor
563:(known as Putnam Weale) and
545:Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe
1207:Crawford, David S. (2006).
1072:Hart was obviously alarmed.
918:Chinese postal romanization
800:Life in the customs service
1399:
555:was raised in his honour;
339:People's Republic of China
1373:Economic history of China
1277:van de Ven, Hans (2014).
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251:Traditional Chinese
18:Chinese Maritime Customs
1230:Eberhard-Bréard, Andrea
1172:Brunero, Donna (2006).
1040:37#1 (2014), pp. 69–92
923:Anglo-Chinese relations
471:Customs House, Shanghai
390:First Sino-Japanese War
265:Simplified Chinese
83:in Mainland China (PRC)
1236:40.3 (2006): 605–629.
1183:Chihyun Chang. (2013)
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1268:Tiffen, Mary (2012).
1260:40.3 (2006): 549–581
1168:36.2 (2008): 221–226.
1027:36.2 (2008): 221–226.
561:Bertram Lenox Simpson
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412:The customs house in
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1258:Modern Asian Studies
1234:Modern Asian Studies
612:Edward Charles Bowra
549:Samuel Cornell Plant
394:concessions in China
159:Minister responsible
1244:Fairbank, John King
1083:Dr. Chihyun Chang,
982:Kishimoto Hirokichi
770:Kishimoto Hirokichi
608:Thomas Francis Wade
231:Ministry of Finance
32:
1347:2013-08-03 at the
1110:2018-08-14 at the
1090:2013-05-09 at the
786:Lester Knox Little
738:Sir Frederick Maze
670:20 September 1911
647:Horatio Nelson Lay
602:A number of early
522:Lester Knox Little
479:Horatio Nelson Lay
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217:Lester Knox Little
211:Sir Frederick Maze
183:Horatio Nelson Lay
69:Superseding agency
1272:. Tiffania Books.
1118:January 25, 2008.
1094:(Academic Sinica)
1066:978-1-4985-3705-6
984:, OIG 1941–1945).
953:Sir Robert Bredon
900:, London (SOAS).
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729:31 December 1928
722:A. H. F. Edwardes
695:Sir Francis Aglen
679:Sir Robert Bredon
654:15 November 1863
530:Republic of China
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1176:. Routledge.
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978:Wang Jingwei
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745:31 May 1943
699:17 June 1910
651:12 July 1854
638:End of Term
601:
577:James Watson
573:John Dudgeon
565:J.O.P. Bland
534:
496:Tongwen Guan
494:
476:
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404:Organization
387:
356:
346:
343:Qing dynasty
326:
324:
303:Hanyu Pinyin
204:
133:Headquarters
113:Qing dynasty
101:Jurisdiction
1148:Mary Tiffen
974:C.H.B. Joly
957:Officiating
790:1 June 1943
604:Sinologists
539:, botanist
377:), Ningpo (
205:Officiating
168:(1933–1944)
154:(1949–1950)
149:(1941–1949)
144:(1929–1941)
139:(1854–1929)
1362:Categories
992:References
569:H.B. Morse
398:Great Game
271:大清皇家海关总税务司
257:大清皇家海關總稅務司
166:H. H. Kung
1290:Biography
1038:Biography
997:Citations
632:Incumbent
581:Newchwang
367:Guangzhou
147:Chongqing
61:Dissolved
1345:Archived
1246:(1953).
1203:(ebook).
1108:Archived
1088:Archived
907:See also
892:Archives
451:currency
373:, Amoy (
371:Shanghai
142:Shanghai
95:National
1195:(hbk.)
1158:Sources
1116:GBtimes
447:Yangtze
426:Yangtze
353:History
1294:online
1262:online
1238:online
1224:online
1199:
1191:
1063:
1042:online
614:, and
473:(1927)
430:Hankou
414:Canton
383:Fuzhou
379:Ningbo
375:Xiamen
335:Taiwan
152:Taipei
123:
110:
53:Formed
1212:(PDF)
939:Notes
589:Takow
434:Wuhan
126:China
1197:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1061:ISBN
955:was
593:Amoy
591:and
583:and
388:The
325:The
91:Type
64:1991
56:1854
610:,
587:at
579:at
518:梅乐和
510:安格联
483:李泰國
333:on
1364::
1069:.
618:.
543:;
526:李度
491:赫德
400:.
349:.
203:,
1264:.
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1103:“
980:(
782:5
766:–
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718:–
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