870:
and those who were
American-born and had assimilated to the culture. Many new Chinese immigrants came to America without savings, as most of their money was spent on transportation to the US. Many immigrant children were also affected by these conditions, having to work when they were not in school, and struggling to learn English. This led to many of the children of new immigrants dropping out and joining gangs that engaged in violence in Chinatown. In 1968, during a human rights commission hearing held in San Francisco, the Wah Ching gang asked for a community clubhouse and a two-year program to help them gain vocational skills and earn high school diplomas. The CCBA advised the commission: "They have not shown that they are sorry or that they will change their ways. They have threatened the community. If you give in to this group, you are only going to have another hundred immigrants come in and have a whole new series of threats and demands."
1153:
459:
1106:
853:
discouraging excessive
Chinese immigration, which was causing hostility towards them. The Six Companies also created a safety net for sick Chinese workers, by lending them money. They opened a Chinese-language school, settled disputes among members, maintained a Chinese census, and helped members send remittances to their home villages through district associations. In 1875, they endorsed the position that continued Chinese immigration caused a general lowering of wages for both whites and Chinese in America.
421:, the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) has received diverse publicity from American media. Much of the attention often overlooked inherent cultural differences, leading to misunderstanding by much of the American population. This factor, together with increasing anti-Chinese sentiment, hastened the need for an empowered Chinese organization in the US. Thus, the CCBA was formed out of the need for the Chinese to have organized social, political, and economic structures.
476:
1137:
448:
496:
503:
1020:
901:
510:
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888:
439:
as fishing, food service, farming, and railroad building. Many in the mid-to-late 19th century argued that the influx of
Chinese immigrants decreased job availability for American citizens. However, the job competition theory is disputed due to the strong language barrier that forced many Chinese to create their jobs.
806:) company of Heung-shan, Tung-kun, and Tsang-shing districts, in 1852; and the Hip Kat company, formed by Hakka immigrants from Bow On, Chak Tai, Tung Gwoon, and Chu Mui districts, in 1852. In this manner, "Chinese in California had become organized into four regional dialect groupings" or, as locally known, "four
1080:
The
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England, popularly known as CCBA, is a tax-exempt organization established in 1923. Currently with 35 members consisting of family associations and community organizations, the CCBA serves as the umbrella organization for the Chinese communities
852:
government, which did not have a consulate in
Chinatown until the end of the 1870s, and provided services for arriving Chinese immigrants and workers in San Francisco. Their early efforts included deterring prostitution in the Chinese community, encouraging Chinese immigrants to lead moral lives, and
434:
The CCBA also exerted political power, becoming authorized to speak on behalf of
Chinatown throughout the US. Its board of directors became increasingly powerful, consisting of wealthy merchants and business people. The board had many dealings with local and federal governments, exerting influence in
869:
Though the Six
Companies discouraged the continuing immigration of Chinese to the US, the phenomenon persisted. In the 1960s, discrimination began to arise within these Chinese communities. Assimilation of Chinese communities increased through the years, causing a cultural clash between new arrivals
438:
Through the 1800s, a large portion of
Chinese immigrants to California came for the promise of work in the gold mines, and their contribution was integral to the economic boom the state experienced due to the discovery of gold. When this industry declined, the Chinese found other opportunities, such
424:
The CCBA was set up to help
Chinese people relocate and travel to and from the US, including returning bodies of the deceased to China. With many families fragmented between China and across the US, the association also allowed for communal care of the sick or poor. When the association became more
856:
One of the most important roles of the CCBA was that of defender and sometimes litigator of civil rights. For example, they hired police officers to watch over
Chinese businesses and properties in San Francisco. They also hired White lawyers to help them fight anti-Chinese legislation on the city,
965:, the CCBA was established in 1883. It acts as an umbrella organization for sixty member organizations representing a cross section of New York's Chinese community. They include professional and trade organizations, civic, religious, cultural, and women's groups, and organizations such as the
1084:
Besides sponsoring activities, the CCBA manages Tai Tung Village and Waterford Place, apartment complexes that provide affordable housing to the Chinese community. Partnering with Chinatown Main Street and other organizations, the CCBA coordinates activities such as the
1403:
The Six Companies, organized in the 1850s and formally established in 1882, were an amalgamation of the six most important Chinese organizations, or "district associations," in California at the time: the Sam Yup, Yeung Wo, Kong Chow, Ning Yuen, Hop Wo, and Yan
328:, southern China, and their descendants. The later wave of Chinese immigrants, after 1965, who came from a much wider area in China, did not experience the level of hostility faced by the pioneers and did not join the CCBA, which greatly lessened its influence.
2004:"Documents of the Chinese Six Companies Pertaining to Immigration", p. 17–25 (especially "A Memorial from Representative Chinamen in America", p. 18–23) in Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, and Him Mark Lai (compilers and editors),
722:, support groups for merchants and workers originating from a given area. The vast majority of Chinese in California were from various districts on the west side of the Pearl River Delta, in Guangdong province. Thus, the first
425:
prominent and anti-Chinese sentiment increased, the organization also offered legal and physical protection. Physical abuse was not uncommon in Chinatown from racist Americans. Such incidents led to the rise of groups like the
671:. With more Chinese immigrants from other districts, who spoke different dialects, two more associations formed in 1852, followed by two more splitting off Sze Yup. These organizations became the six most important
983:, the CCBA led an emergency community-wide campaign to raise funds for the victims, a drive that raised more than $ 500,000 for the American Red Cross Emergency Response Fund. In September 2005, right after the
1041:
922:
861:, which established US citizenship for American-born children of Chinese parents, was successfully argued in the US Supreme Court with the assistance of legal representation from the CCBA.
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of Greater New York signed a memorandum of understanding to coordinate programs in Chinatown that will help prepare and train the Chinese community for any kind of emergency.
764:'Three counties') Company, emerged in 1851. It was associated with the Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Sanshui, and Xingyun districts. Towards the end of 1851, the Sze Yap (
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communities. The association's clientele were Chinese immigrants of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly from eight districts on the west side of the
2080:
1947:
1722:
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The CCBA spearheaded the move to form the Chinese Voters Federation in May 2004 to encourage qualified Chinese American citizens to register and vote in the
1977:
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1748:
1696:
2149:
1976:
Liu, Ying, and Tina Bebbington. "The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and China: 1884–1922 – A Selective Guide of Primary Sources". (2012)
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various methods. One was the use of a Caucasian attorney, who was also the spokesperson of the organization, which likely helped reduce pushback.
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2013:
1995:
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Qin, Yucheng. The Diplomacy of Nationalism: the Six Companies and China's Policy toward Exclusion. University of Hawaii Press, 2009
798:'Four Counties') company of Xinhui, Kaiping, Xinning, and Enping districts was created. This was followed by the Yeong Wo (
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did not protect their interests. To protect and support one another, these Chinese pioneers from the Pearl River Delta formed the
2159:
2219:
2129:
1353:
452:
2033:
1097:, to attract visitors and to further economic growth in Chinatown; it also hosts dignitary visits to the Chinatown community.
2154:
1779:"The Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco and the Smuggling of Chinese Immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1882–1930"
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683:
134:
44:
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The CCBA also works with many mainstream organizations to provide services to the Chinese American community, such as the
858:
691:
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The KMT maintains offices in some of the Chinatowns of the world, and its United States party headquarters are located in
148:
58:
1306:
1030:
911:
1985:
1387:"The Chinese Six Companies at 843 Stockton St. Known by the Chinese as the 'Chung Wa Woey Koon' [Cantonese]"
1311:
1252:
1049:
1034:
930:
915:
2300:
1282:
656:
1959:
Lai, David Chuen-Yan. "The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in Victoria: Its Origins and Functions".
1640:
2164:
1723:"The Kong Chow Beneficial Society, a reorganization of the old See Yup Asylum Association, incorporated to-day"
1333:
882:
672:
668:
463:
418:
356:
1585:"A Memorial…", p. 18–23 in , is an example of a document jointly issued by the Six Companies as early as 1876.
1105:
316:) is a historical Chinese association established in various parts of the United States and Canada with large
2199:
1953:
1348:
1291:
1227:
1169:
999:
1969:
Lai, Him Mark. "Historical development of the Chinese consolidated benevolent association/huiguan system".
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1900:
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1964:
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370:
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1930:
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in California. The associations had some mutual coordination before the CCBA was established, in 1882.
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829:) company split off in 1862. In 1867, the twice-reduced Sze Yup was reorganized as the Kong Chow (
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In English, the association is also known by other names, such as the Chinese Six Companies in
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2009:
1991:
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317:
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1431:"Historical Development of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System"
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1595:"The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System", p. 62 in Him Mark Lai,
447:
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390:
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In 2022, the first female CCBA president, head of the Yan Wo company, was installed.
337:
17:
1849:: The Contest Over Birthright Citizenship". In Martin, David; Schuck, Peter (eds.).
837:) company. Friction within the Hop Wo company led to the formation of the Sue Hing (
1987:
The Diplomacy of Nationalism: The Six Companies and China's Policy toward Exclusion
849:
480:
340:, especially when it began in the 19th century; Chong Wa Benevolent Association in
262:
178:
88:
1826:
Chang, Iris (2003). The Chinese in America: a narrative history. New York: Viking.
2065:
1679:
The Oldest and the Newest Empire. Chapter 19: The Chinese Companies in California
1594:
1019:
900:
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1086:
2028:
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and Chinese Community Center, Inc
1386:
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Headquarters of the CCBA (a.k.a. Chinese Six Companies) in San Francisco, on
431:, which were noted to have protected the Chinese from abuse by white miners.
484:
325:
276:
192:
102:
1618:
2054:
Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,
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The CCBA has several branches in the United States and Canada, including:
1197:
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Owing to internal disputes in the large Sze Yup company, the Ning Yeung (
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283:
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109:
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Since its organization in the 1850s and formal establishment in 1882 in
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These immigrant organizations were rooted in the Chinese tradition of
2189:
1901:"SF Chinatown's Historic 'City Hall' Welcomes First Female President"
1338:
773:
739:
699:
466:, on Stockton Street, directly across from the Chinese Six Companies.
1729:. Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 34, Number 5146, September 25, 1867
1117:, Washington, the Chong Wa Association was established around 1915.
1755:. Daily Alta California, Volume 19, Number 6402, September 25, 1867
887:
730:, as it was locally known in Cantonese San Francisco, the Sam Yap (
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664:
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2030:(New York City), official site. Accessed online October 17, 2007.
2027:
1703:. Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 6, Number 830, November 21, 1853
660:
2069:
597:
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (中華會館) headquarters
479:
Early officers of San Francisco's Six Companies in traditional
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894:
2036:(Seattle) on vrseattle.com. Accessed online October 17, 2007.
1956:
Books, sfgate.com. Undated, accessed online October 17, 2007.
2040:
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of San Francisco
1878:. United States of America: Penguin Books. pp. 261–70.
1010:
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England
288:
204:
114:
2046:
1,000-foot dragon travels through Los Angeles' Chinatown
569:
Chinese Six Companies in Chinatown, San Francisco
2230:
Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese Schools
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state, and federal levels. The 1898 landmark case of
267:
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409:have historically referred to trade associations.
1498:"San Francisco Chinatown: Chinese in California"
991:teamed up and raised $ 170,000 for the victims.
1921:Chong Wa Association (Seattle) on vrseattle.com
1777:Hansen, Lawrence Douglas Taylor (Spring 2006).
848:The Six Companies served as ambassadors of the
2081:
1949:Chinatown Introduction: a Tale of Four Cities
1553:"Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association"
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1393:. American Social History Project, CUNY. 2021
810:, or great Chinese houses of San Francisco".
404:
398:
384:
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364:
229:
153:
139:
63:
49:
27:Overseas Chinese association in North America
8:
2296:Ethnic fraternal orders in the United States
655:, Chinese immigrants felt the government in
2135:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
1961:BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly
1127:Chinese Benevolent Association of Vancouver
1048:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
929:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
821:) company emerged in 1853, and the Hop Wo (
793:
759:
310:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
35:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
2088:
2074:
2066:
1374:Encyclopedia of Chinese-American Relations
246:
162:
72:
2008:, University of California Press (2006).
1990:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
1971:Chinese America: History and Perspectives
1772:
1770:
1682:. National Publishing. pp. 554–571.
1068:Learn how and when to remove this message
949:Learn how and when to remove this message
1109:Chong Wa Benevolent Association, Seattle
981:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
788:
754:
714:
1684:New Rules of the Yeung-Wo Ui-Kun (1854)
1365:
2205:On Leong Chinese Merchants Association
2150:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association
2145:Chinese Music Society of North America
1662:
1660:
1658:
389:means "Chinese" in the context of the
31:
2120:Brooklyn Chinese-American Association
2104:List of Chinese American associations
2060:University of California, Los Angeles
1639:Loomis, Rev. A. W. (September 1868).
1442:Chinese Historical Society of America
1344:List of Chinese American Associations
1002:. In December 2006, the CCBA and the
7:
2291:Organizations based in New York City
2286:Organizations based in San Francisco
1492:
1490:
1488:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1046:adding citations to reliable sources
927:adding citations to reliable sources
369:is the common Chinese name. In the
2125:Chinese American Citizens Alliance
2042:(archived) (In Simplified Chinese)
996:Visiting Nurse Service of New York
25:
2210:Organization of Chinese Americans
2056:Charles E. Young Research Library
1532:Immigration to the United States
1438:The Him Mark Lai Digital Archive
1018:
899:
667:associations in San Francisco's
508:
501:
494:
483:dress, with riding jackets over
344:; and United Chinese Society in
2220:Soo Yuen Benevolent Association
2130:Chinese American Service League
1354:Chinese Cemetery of Los Angeles
289:
219:Second alternative Chinese name
205:
115:
2266:Chinese-American organizations
2155:Chinese for Affirmative Action
2096:Chinese American organizations
1853:. New York: Foundation Press.
778:
744:
704:
695:
687:
651:Upon their arrival during the
399:
385:
379:
365:
268:
230:
184:
154:
140:
94:
64:
50:
1:
2140:Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
1931:The C.C.B.A. in North America
1468:"The Six Companies – FoundSF"
673:Chinese district associations
1903:. The San Francisco Standard
1749:"Chinese Benevolent Society"
1676:Speer, Rev. William (1870).
383:is the common Chinese name.
1641:"The six Chinese Companies"
1307:Vancouver, British Columbia
2317:
2048:, August 10, 1938, in the
1376:(McFarland, 2009) pp66-67.
1312:Victoria, British Columbia
1253:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1124:
979:Immediately following the
974:2004 presidential election
880:
585: Later addition
2110:
2101:
1899:Li, Han (November 2022).
1845:Salyer, Lucy E. (2005). "
1599:, Rowman Altamira (2004).
1597:Becoming Chinese American
1283:San Francisco, California
842:
834:
826:
818:
803:
769:
735:
580: Six Companies
464:San Francisco's Chinatown
419:San Francisco's Chinatown
405:
302:
245:
161:
71:
39:
2281:History of New York City
2276:History of San Francisco
2271:Chinese-American history
2256:Chinatown, San Francisco
2165:Eng Suey Sun Association
1783:Journal of the Southwest
1334:Chinese Clan Association
883:Chinese Community Center
865:Immigration in the 1960s
575: Headquarters
357:Midwestern United States
135:Traditional Chinese
129:Alternative Chinese name
45:Traditional Chinese
2200:New York Chinese School
2006:Chinese American Voices
1528:"Chinese Six Companies"
1349:Chinese Boycott of 1905
1243:New York City, New York
1228:Los Angeles, California
1170:Bakersfield, California
1000:American Cancer Society
987:disaster, the CCBA and
149:Simplified Chinese
59:Simplified Chinese
2170:Gin Family Association
1876:The Chinese in America
1268:Sacramento, California
1233:Marysville, California
1157:
1156:CCBA, Washington, D.C.
1149:
1141:
1110:
892:
488:
467:
455:
2225:Suey Sing Association
1984:Qin, Yucheng (2009).
1946:Delehanty, Randolph.
1502:bancroft.berkeley.edu
1278:San Diego, California
1175:Boston, Massachusetts
1155:
1147:
1139:
1108:
890:
478:
461:
450:
371:Eastern United States
18:Chinese Six Companies
2261:Chinatown, Manhattan
2195:Lin Sing Association
2175:Hip Sing Association
2034:Chong Wa Association
1874:Chang, Iris (2004).
1697:"Chinese Liberality"
1297:Stockton, California
1263:Regina, Saskatchewan
1095:August Moon Festival
1089:celebration for the
1042:improve this section
967:Lin Sing Association
923:improve this section
891:The CCBA in New York
653:California gold rush
2235:Ying On Association
1851:Immigration Stories
1273:Salinas, California
1248:Oakland, California
1223:Littleton, Colorado
845:) company in 1878.
684:traditional Chinese
1963:15 (1972): 53–67.
1508:on August 27, 2003
1208:Fresno, California
1158:
1150:
1142:
1111:
1004:American Red Cross
893:
692:simplified Chinese
489:
468:
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2243:
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2051:Los Angeles Times
1203:Edmonton, Alberta
1078:
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985:Hurricane Katrina
959:
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322:Pearl River Delta
306:
305:
298:
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256:Standard Mandarin
241:big six companies
214:
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172:Standard Mandarin
124:
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82:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2308:
2301:Chinese diaspora
2160:Committee of 100
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2001:
1973:1 (1987): 13–51.
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1504:. Archived from
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1372:Yuwu Song, ed.,
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1322:Windsor, Ontario
1317:Washington, D.C.
1302:Toronto, Ontario
1258:Portland, Oregon
1238:Montreal, Quebec
1213:Honolulu, Hawaii
1165:Augusta, Georgia
1081:of New England.
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185:Zhōnghuá Gōngsuǒ
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95:Zhōnghuá Huìguǎn
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2215:Red Guard Party
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2019:
1998:
1983:
1943:
1941:Further reading
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1557:www.ccbanyc.org
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291:Luk Daai Gungsi
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2111:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2098:
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1027:This section
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877:New York City
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657:Gold Mountain
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646:Sue Hing (肇慶)
611:Yeong Wo (陽和)
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487:, circa 1890.
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207:Zungwa Gungso
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2005:
1986:
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1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1894:
1875:
1869:
1850:
1847:Wong Kim Ark
1846:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1789:(1): 37–61.
1786:
1782:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:cdnc.ucr.edu
1752:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:cdnc.ucr.edu
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:cdnc.ucr.edu
1700:
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1622:. Retrieved
1613:
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1562:November 30,
1560:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1537:November 30,
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1512:November 30,
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1477:November 30,
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1447:February 10,
1445:. Retrieved
1437:
1402:
1395:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1159:
1112:
1083:
1079:
1064:
1055:
1040:Please help
1028:
993:
988:
978:
971:
960:
945:
936:
921:Please help
909:
872:
868:
859:Wong Kim Ark
855:
847:
812:
807:
787:
777:
753:
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727:
723:
719:
713:
703:
679:
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650:
604:Sam Yup (三邑)
437:
433:
426:
423:
416:
394:
350:
335:
313:
309:
307:
263:Hanyu Pinyin
179:Hanyu Pinyin
89:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
1907:January 24,
1800:January 22,
1759:January 22,
1733:January 22,
1707:January 22,
1624:February 2,
1397:October 10,
639:Yan Wo (人和)
632:Hop Wo (合和)
359:as well as
2250:Categories
2185:I Wor Kuen
1360:References
1292:Washington
1087:lion dance
1954:Chronicle
1619:"Huiguan"
1121:Vancouver
1058:June 2023
1029:does not
939:June 2023
910:does not
808:Ooe-Koons
789:sei3 jap1
755:sam1 jap1
669:Chinatown
485:changshan
413:Influence
326:Guangdong
1816:et. seq.
1795:40170313
1391:cuny.edu
1328:See also
1198:Michigan
1184:Illinois
1132:Branches
998:and the
784:Jyutping
750:Jyutping
710:Jyutping
346:Honolulu
284:Jyutping
200:Jyutping
110:Jyutping
1288:Seattle
1194:Detroit
1180:Chicago
1115:Seattle
1101:Seattle
1050:removed
1035:sources
931:removed
916:sources
839:Chinese
831:Chinese
823:Chinese
815:Chinese
800:Chinese
766:Chinese
732:Chinese
724:huiguan
705:huìguǎn
680:huiguan
665:Sam Yap
661:Sze Yup
471:History
353:Western
351:In the
342:Seattle
225:Chinese
2190:Kongsi
2012:
1994:
1978:online
1965:Online
1882:
1857:
1835:p. 25.
1814:p. 20
1793:
1604:
1576:p. 23.
1339:Kongsi
841::
833::
825::
817::
802::
786::
776::
774:pinyin
768::
752::
742::
740:pinyin
734::
728:ui-kun
715:wuigun
712::
702::
700:pinyin
694::
686::
518:160yds
1791:JSTOR
1434:(PDF)
745:sānyì
726:, or
428:tongs
332:Names
2010:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1909:2024
1880:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1802:2024
1761:2024
1735:2024
1709:2024
1626:2018
1602:ISBN
1564:2017
1539:2017
1514:2017
1479:2017
1449:2016
1399:2021
1033:any
1031:cite
914:any
912:cite
850:Qing
795:lit.
779:Sìyì
761:lit.
720:viz.
663:and
516:150m
481:Qing
403:and
380:中華公所
373:and
366:中華會館
355:and
314:CCBA
308:The
231:六大公司
155:中华公所
141:中華公所
65:中华会馆
51:中華會館
1404:Wo.
1113:In
1044:by
961:In
925:by
843:肇 慶
835:岡 州
827:合 和
819:寧 陽
804:陽 和
718:),
324:in
2252::
2058:,
1952:,
1787:48
1785:.
1781:.
1769:^
1751:.
1725:.
1699:.
1657:^
1647:.
1643:.
1555:.
1530:.
1500:.
1487:^
1470:.
1457:^
1440:.
1436:.
1411:^
1401:.
1389:.
1290:,
1196:,
1182:,
976:.
969:.
792:;
782:;
772:;
770:四邑
758:;
748:;
738:;
736:三邑
708:;
698:;
696:会馆
690:;
688:會館
406:公所
400:會館
386:中華
377:,
363:,
348:.
2089:e
2082:t
2075:v
2062:.
2016:.
2000:.
1980:.
1911:.
1888:.
1863:.
1804:.
1763:.
1737:.
1711:.
1649:1
1628:.
1608:.
1566:.
1541:.
1516:.
1481:.
1451:.
1071:)
1065:(
1060:)
1056:(
1052:.
1038:.
952:)
946:(
941:)
937:(
933:.
919:.
682:(
643:8
636:7
629:6
622:5
615:4
608:3
601:2
594:1
558:1
553:2
548:3
543:4
538:5
533:6
528:7
523:8
393:(
312:(
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