186:. It has often been described as a "pre-union" organizationâan organization outside established organized labor but which can or should, over time, become a labor union. However, others point out that CSWA and other worker centers are more appropriately designated "post-union" organizations. CSWA leaders forcefully distinguish their organization from traditional labor unions. CSWA often criticizes labor unions for not advocating effectively on behalf of workers, and has negotiated with or sued labor unions for failing to
334:(HERE). The workers struck and won a contractâthe first union contract for workers at a Chinese restaurant in New York City. Unhappy with HERE, however, the workers disaffiliated in 1980 and formed the Chinese Staff and Workers' Association. The former HERE affiliate, Local 318 Restaurant Workers Union, became part of CSWA.
368:
Since 1981, the
Chinese Staff and Workers' Association has sponsored a number of programs to assist garment workers, almost all of them women, in addressing workplace problems. For example, CSWA has launched manufacturing accountability campaigns to require manufacturers as well as contractors to pay
340:
CSWA has since expanded its outreach to workers in a variety of industries. It has been most active in the garment industry, where working conditions are harsh and non-payment and under-payment of wages common. It has also assisted workers in the construction industry, where it has demanded an end
302:
have come out of the ranks of CSWA staff and supporters, although none have been elected, but in 2021, ((Christopher Marte)) won in a landslide victory over the candidates who had ties to the real estate and neoliberal special interests, such as
Margaret Chin' backed Gigi Li and the Chinese-American
253:
awarded the workers $ 1.1 million in back pay. The restaurant declared bankruptcy and re-opened under new management. In 2003, a federal court ruled that the workers could continue their suit against the new owners. A partial settlement in the amount of $ 489,000 was reached later that year, and the
212:
CSWA's primary function is to help workers, most of whom are immigrants with a poor grasp of spoken and/or written
English, understand their rights as workers under local, state and federal law. CSWA also assists workers by filing lawsuits against employers, either on its own or in cooperation with
311:
The work of the
Chinese Staff and Worker's Association has occasionally drawn a violent response. In 1982, a suspicious fire burned down the organization's first office. One report states that men armed with clubs stormed the group's offices and made death-threats against the staff in 1997, and a
393:
for green lighting Henry Street Tower, a luxury residential development, arguing that the displacement of neighborhood residents and businesses caused by a proposed project is an environmental impact within the purview of SEQRA and CEQR, and the failure of respondents to consider these potential
257:
A second significant case involved the Jing Fong restaurant. In 1997, CSWA convinced the New York State
Attorney General to sue the restaurant for confiscating portions of the daily tips and wages of almost 60 workers. In 2000, a state court awarded the workers a $ 1.1 million judgment.
312:
second attempt was made to burn group's second headquarters down in 2000. Another says that in 1997, days after the New York State
Attorney General announced a $ 1.5 million lawsuit against the Jing Fong restaurant, CSWA's Manhattan office was fire bombed.
376:
In 1996, CSWA founded the
National Mobilization Against Sweatshops (NMASS) to help bring an end to sweatshop labor. NMASS has launched a number of highly publicized campaigns for corporate accountability. Its most famous effort involved
303:
Planning
Council' candidate, Jenny Lam Low. However, the group did win a reorganization of city council districts, enhancing the voting strength of the residents of Chinatown. CSWA has also been active in the New York state legislature
236:
In 1993, the group sued the Silver Palace restaurant in New York City's
Chinatown on behalf of 17 waiters and busboys, alleging that the restaurant confiscated a portion of each workers' tips. During the legal battle, the employer
361:, and violations of wage and overtime standards are common. Injuries are frequent, and some of them crippling, but workplace safety laws are rarely enforced and few employers participate as required in the state
2075:
1166:
1930:
280:(FEMA) provide medical coverage for residents in Chinatown and the Lower East Side in the wake of respiratory and other diseases caused by airborne particles released by the collapse of
2286:
2281:
2108:
324:
193:
CSWA has a membership of about 600 workers, although active supporters and volunteers number in the several hundreds. In addition to its headquarters, the organization has centers in
2250:
1173:
266:
CSWA also mobilizes its members and immigrant workers in favor of legislation and government policies which improve the lives of its members and those it claims to represent.
2301:
2276:
1978:
214:
331:
1780:
1740:
1390:
1311:
1229:
1197:
2101:
349:
CSWA is very active in opposing unhealthy and illegally working conditions in New York City's garment industry. Abuse of workers in the industry is high. A
2155:
1973:
1294:
1192:
164:
industries, although it is active among workers in a variety of professions. The organization serves workers from all backgrounds, most of its members are
1544:
1266:
269:
In 1999, CSWA sued the New York State
Department of Labor, alleging that the closure of unemployment insurance offices in and near Chinatown violated the
2306:
1603:
1236:
1085:
209:
CSWA engages in educational efforts, assists workers in enforcing their legal rights and helps workers become more effective advocates in the workplace.
315:
A third report has it that a bomb was detonated outside CSWA headquarters in 2000 after the group won its legal suit against the Jing Fong restaurant.
1261:
1243:
1734:
1204:
2296:
2094:
1945:
1774:
1346:
1279:
1271:
1215:
2225:
2165:
1846:
273:. CSWA and the state settled in 2006, with the state agreeing to keep two offices open until a Chinese-language phone system was operational.
2124:
1953:
1920:
1704:
1522:
1508:
979:"Migrating From Exploitation to Dignity: Immigrant Women Workers and the Struggle for Justice; An Interview with Miriam Ching Yoon Louie."
145:
291:
In 2004, the organization successfully lobbied for the introduction and passage of the "Unpaid Wages Prohibition Act" in New York state.
330:
That same year, Lam assisted Chinese workers at the Silver Palace, New York Chinatown's largest restaurant, in forming a union with the
277:
2145:
1958:
1766:
1256:
2230:
2008:
1034:
963:
911:
827:
806:
449:
350:
298:
of Chinatown, which would have displaced many of the low-income residents the organization represents. A number of candidates for
2291:
2180:
2003:
1756:
1433:
2240:
2150:
1654:
1465:
1250:
246:
357:. About 70 percent of the shops are owned by ethnic Chinese. Most employers pay by the piece rather than the legally required
2175:
1998:
1761:
1078:
281:
250:
105:
2140:
2160:
1983:
1925:
1641:
1426:
1209:
113:
36:
1904:
1677:
1153:
381:, which was alleged to have permitted its contractors to underpay workers and fire those who protested their treatment.
1798:
1222:
986:"NYS Department of Labor Expands Automated Voice System to Serve Chinese-Speaking Unemployment Insurance Recipients."
607:"NYS Department of Labor Expands Automated Voice System to Serve Chinese-Speaking Unemployment Insurance Recipients,"
187:
313:
1915:
1697:
1617:
1377:
285:
690:
There is disagreement about whether all these events happened, and, if they did, the order in which they occurred.
2070:
2039:
1729:
1367:
1071:
2185:
1968:
1838:
1746:
1719:
1530:
1372:
1161:
1053:
353:
study in 1997 found that 90 percent of the 3,000 garment manufacturing shops in New York City's Chinatown were
270:
362:
225:
and employment fairs which help workers become better employees and which enhance their employment prospects.
276:
In June 2002, CSWA sponsored a rally at which nearly 2,000 Chinese and Hispanic immigrants demanded that the
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1963:
1909:
1682:
1444:
1331:
33:
2190:
2054:
1867:
1692:
1665:
1648:
1624:
1597:
1450:
241:
the workers for seven months. In the ensuing legal battle, CSWA attorneys discovered that the owners kept
2245:
1714:
1579:
1419:
1395:
1321:
1113:
299:
895:
Kwong, Peter. "Chinese Staff and Workers Association: A Model for Organizing in the Changing Economy?"
327:(UNITE). However, his experiences with the union proved negative, and he left its employment in 1978.
2215:
2195:
2044:
2018:
1935:
1854:
1724:
1670:
1660:
1586:
1491:
1406:
169:
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so that they may improve their working conditions. It primarily assists workers in restaurants, the
2255:
1988:
1888:
1880:
1804:
1567:
1536:
1401:
1143:
1138:
391:
Chinese Staff and Workers Association et al., Appellants, v. City of New York et al., Respondents,
1811:
1792:
1751:
1709:
1687:
1636:
1573:
1562:
1516:
1412:
238:
1785:
1591:
1557:
1550:
1502:
1481:
1108:
1094:
1030:
1014:
Reiss, Matthew. "Sweat and Sour - Migrant Labour - Illegal Chinese Workers in New York City."
959:
907:
823:
802:
445:
242:
1496:
1438:
1351:
1123:
916:
Kwong, Peter. "Forbidden Workers and the U.S. Labor Movement: Fuzhounese in New York City."
218:
198:
157:
801:
Glenn Adler and Doris Suarez, eds. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1992.
2235:
1316:
1133:
1128:
1026:
323:
Wing Lam is a Chinese immigrant who was a member of, and later a staff organizer for, the
2135:
2049:
2013:
1875:
1486:
1383:
1118:
756:
295:
165:
50:
2270:
2200:
953:
677:
Reiss, "Sweat and Sour - Migrant Labour - Illegal Chinese Workers in New York City,"
439:
179:
153:
149:
62:
46:
254:
lawsuit continued against those who had defaulted on their portion of the judgment.
1341:
846:
Gordon, Jennifer. "American Sweatshops: Organizing Workers in the Global Economy."
832:
Cho, Mil Young. "Immigrant Workers Fight History's Vicious Cycle of Exploitation."
822:
Staughton Lynd and Alice Lynd, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000.
370:
358:
161:
2086:
881:
Hollens, Mary. "Workers Center: Organizing in Both the Workplace and Community."
2034:
797:
Chen, May Ying. "Reaching for Their Rights: Asian Workers in New York City." In
221:. CSWA also sponsors English-language classes, day-care, seminars on successful
183:
2205:
1630:
1859:
1336:
1326:
757:"CHINESE STAFF v. CITY OF | 68 N.Y.2d 359 (1986) | ny2d3591392 | Leagle.com"
729:
November 2, 1998; Haq, "New York Sweatshops Increasing, Govt. Study Shows,"
354:
222:
141:
1063:
993:
O'Brien, Elizabeth. "Chinese Workers Rally Against Job Training Program."
633:
Gordon, "American Sweatshops: Organizing Workers in the Global Economy,"
373:
lawsuit for back wages, and has a number of other legal actions pending.
194:
131:
578:
March 20, 1994; Reinholz, "Chinatown Waiters Win $ 500,000 Settlement,"
1611:
570:
August 1, 2003; Lee, "Jing Fong: Unfair Labor Practices in Chinatown,"
955:
Sweatshop warriors: Immigrant women workers take on the global factory
441:
Sweatshop warriors: Immigrant women workers take on the global factory
2210:
1039:
Wallace, Daniel. "Protest Group Criticizes State Compensation Bill."
294:
CSWA has also been active in politics. It successfully protested the
121:
811:"Chinese and Hispanic Demonstrators Call for Health Care Coverage."
620:"Chinese and Hispanic Demonstrators Call for Health Care Coverage,"
860:
Harlan, Heather. "Waiters' 20-year Battle Ends With Very Big Tip."
853:
Haq, Farhan. "New York Sweatshops Increasing, Govt. Study Shows."
233:
CSWA's legal efforts have achieved several significant victories.
2076:
List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations
944:
Lim, Ji Hyun. "Women's Leadership Conference - Voices Speak Up."
930:
Lee, Jennifer. "Jing Fong: Unfair Labor Practices in Chinatown."
904:
Forbidden Workers: Illegal Chinese Immigrants and American Labor.
972:
Macawili, Wesley. "Chinatown Workers Organize - New York City."
378:
2090:
1067:
790:
Brecher, Jeremy. "Labor Update: Organizing the New Workforce."
594:
O'Brien, "Chinese Workers Rally Against Job Training Program,"
1007:
Reinholz, Mary. "Chinatown Waiters Win $ 500,000 Settlement."
175:
CSWA's Chinese name transliterates as "workers' social club."
1167:
U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China
923:
Kwong, Peter and Lum, JoAnn. "How the Other Half Lives Now."
646:
Wallace, "Protest Group Criticizes State Compensation Bill,"
566:
Harlan, "Waiters' 20-year Battle Ends With Very Big Tip,"
1058:
742:
Lim, "Women's Leadership Conference - Voices Speak Up,"
574:
Spring 1997; Lii, "Restaurant Pact: Isolated Victory?",
421:
Macawili, "Chinatown Workers Organize - New York City,"
341:
to discrimination against Chinese construction workers.
509:
Brecher, "Labor Update: Organizing the New Workforce,"
394:
effects renders their environmental analysis invalid.
325:
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees
2251:
Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese Schools
201:. CSWA's executive director is its founder, Wing Lam.
1174:
One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America
2063:
2027:
1944:
1897:
1828:
1464:
1360:
1304:
1293:
1182:
1152:
1101:
839:Day, Susan. "New Ways of Organizing in Manhattan."
88:
78:
68:
56:
42:
29:
21:
1979:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
1059:National Mobilization Against Sweatshops Web site
1023:Poor Workers Unions: Rebuilding Labor From Below.
888:Kolbert, Elizabeth. "The Unfashionable Mr. Lam."
818:"The Chinese Staff and Workers' Association." In
527:Poor Workers Unions: Rebuilding Labor From Below,
471:"The Chinese Staff and Workers' Association," in
337:CSWA soon organized unions at other restaurants.
168:and most of its efforts directed at employers in
937:Lii, Jane. "Restaurant Pact: Isolated Victory?"
2287:History of labor relations in the United States
2282:Non-profit organizations based in New York City
1054:Chinese and Staff Workers' Association Web site
1000:Racheff, Peter. "Seeds of a Labor Resurgency."
249:also sued on the workers' behalf. In 1996, the
215:Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund
332:Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union
2102:
1391:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1079:
958:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press.
664:"Migrating From Exploitation to Dignity...",
444:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press.
8:
712:Day, "New Ways of Organizing in Manhattan,"
660:
658:
656:
152:which educates and organizes workers in the
16:
2156:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
1974:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
369:wages. The organization filed a successful
2109:
2095:
2087:
1474:
1470:
1301:
1179:
1086:
1072:
1064:
799:Union Voices: Labor's Responses to Crisis.
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
15:
2302:Chinese-American culture in New York City
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
2277:1980 establishments in the United States
590:
588:
262:Legislative and policy-making activities
136:
1347:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
483:
481:
433:
431:
403:
2226:On Leong Chinese Merchants Association
2171:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association
2166:Chinese Music Society of North America
1994:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association
783:Barnes, Edward. "Slaves of New York."
553:Kolbert, "The Unfashionable Mr. Lam,"
521:
519:
467:
465:
463:
461:
148:workers' rights organization based in
102:Chinese Staff and Worker's Association
17:Chinese Staff and Worker's Association
2141:Brooklyn Chinese-American Association
2125:List of Chinese American associations
1954:List of Chinese American associations
1921:Chinese Historical Society of America
867:Hsiao, Andrew. "Chinatown in Limbo."
7:
952:Louie, Yoon; Ching, Miriam (2001).
438:Louie, Yoon; Ching, Miriam (2001).
278:Federal Emergency Management Agency
2146:Chinese American Citizens Alliance
1959:Chinese American Citizens Alliance
389:CSWA sued the City of NY in 1986,
14:
2307:Organizations established in 1980
2231:Organization of Chinese Americans
2009:Organization of Chinese Americans
351:United States Department of Labor
1434:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
2241:Soo Yuen Benevolent Association
2151:Chinese American Service League
247:New York State Attorney General
74:1,300 workers in various trades
2297:Chinese-American organizations
2176:Chinese for Affirmative Action
2117:Chinese American organizations
1999:Chinese for Affirmative Action
1926:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum
725:Barnes, "Slaves of New York,"
251:National Labor Relations Board
126:
117:
109:
1:
2161:Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
1984:Chinese Society Halls on Maui
1427:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
932:Asian American Policy Review.
572:Asian American Policy Review,
487:Hsiao, "Chinatown in Limbo,"
1905:Museum of Chinese in America
385:Anti-Displacement activities
906:New York: New Press, 1998.
345:Garment industry activities
2323:
1916:Chinese American Museum DC
1378:San Francisco riot of 1877
286:September 11, 2001 attacks
2131:
2122:
2071:List of Chinese Americans
2040:United International Bank
1477:
1473:
1368:1867 Chinese Labor Strike
2186:Eng Suey Sun Association
1969:Chinese Community Centre
1839:American Chinese cuisine
1715:Providence, Rhode Island
1373:Chinese massacre of 1871
1312:Anti-Chinese legislation
1162:Chinese American history
271:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2292:Community organizations
2221:New York Chinese School
1964:Chinese American church
1910:Chinese American Museum
1747:San Francisco Chinatown
1445:Killing of Vincent Chin
1332:Immigration Act of 1924
1095:Chinese American topics
918:Critical Asian Studies.
892:September/October 2001.
557:September/October 2001.
137:Waa4jan4 Zik1 Gung1wui6
2191:Gin Family Association
1847:American Chinese films
1625:Montville, Connecticut
1451:Killing of Akai Gurley
981:Multinational Monitor.
878:January/February 1992.
820:The New Rank and File.
703:January/February 1992.
666:Multinational Monitor,
473:The New Rank and File,
2246:Suey Sing Association
1420:Hells Canyon Massacre
1396:Rock Springs massacre
1322:Chinese Exclusion Act
1114:American-born Chinese
1016:New Internationalist.
920:34:1 (March 1, 2002).
679:New Internationalist,
363:workers' compensation
300:New York City Council
284:buildings during the
217:or attorneys working
2216:Lin Sing Association
2196:Hip Sing Association
2045:Global Commerce Bank
2019:Hip Sing Association
1407:Seattle riot of 1886
874:"Heroes: Wing Lam."
699:"Heroes: Wing Lam,"
205:Goals and activities
2256:Ying On Association
1989:Ying On Association
1889:Chinatown bus lines
1881:Confucius Institute
1805:Rockville, Maryland
1793:Spokane, Washington
1402:Tacoma riot of 1885
1144:Hyphenated American
1139:Hong Kong Americans
899:25:2 (Winter 1994).
531:Sweatshop Warriors,
106:traditional Chinese
84:English and Chinese
18:
1812:Winnemucca, Nevada
1604:San Gabriel Valley
1523:West Argyle Street
1413:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1278:Washington State (
1025:Cambridge, Mass.:
1004:February 21, 1994.
988:Asian Connections.
948:September 7, 2001.
746:September 7, 2001.
609:Asian Connections,
282:World Trade Center
127:HuĂĄrĂ©n ZhĂ GĆnghuĂŹ
114:simplified Chinese
90:Executive Director
80:Official language
2264:
2263:
2084:
2083:
1855:Chinaman's chance
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1757:Richmond District
1741:San Francisco Bay
1618:North Miami Beach
1592:Locke, California
1545:Dallas-Fort Worth
1460:
1459:
1289:
1288:
1267:Dallas-Fort Worth
1237:Mississippi Delta
1109:Chinese Americans
1043:December 9, 2005.
1041:Downtown Express.
1009:Downtown Express.
995:Downtown Express.
990:October 11, 2006.
857:October 27, 1997.
794:July/August 1998.
787:November 2, 1998.
733:October 27, 1997.
650:December 9, 2005.
648:Downtown Express,
611:October 11, 2006.
596:Downtown Express,
580:Downtown Express,
513:July/August 1998.
243:two sets of books
98:
97:
2314:
2181:Committee of 100
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2004:Committee of 100
1931:Wing Luke Museum
1799:Washington, D.C.
1710:Portland, Oregon
1475:
1471:
1439:Bellingham riots
1352:China Initiative
1302:
1180:
1124:Fuzhou Americans
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
974:The Progressive.
969:
771:
770:
768:
767:
753:
747:
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734:
723:
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534:
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514:
507:
492:
485:
476:
469:
456:
455:
435:
426:
423:The Progressive,
419:
229:Legal activities
188:fairly represent
138:
128:
119:
111:
19:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2267:
2266:
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2260:
2236:Red Guard Party
2127:
2118:
2115:
2085:
2080:
2059:
2023:
1940:
1893:
1816:
1762:Sunset District
1705:Portland, Maine
1456:
1356:
1317:Anti-Coolie Act
1296:
1285:
1221:Massachusetts (
1178:
1148:
1134:Hoklo Americans
1129:Hakka Americans
1097:
1092:
1050:
1027:South End Press
1021:Tait, Vanessa.
966:
951:
941:March 20, 1994.
939:New York Times.
885:September 1994.
864:August 1, 2003.
855:Albion Monitor.
780:
775:
774:
765:
763:
755:
754:
750:
741:
737:
731:Albion Monitor,
724:
720:
711:
707:
698:
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689:
685:
676:
672:
663:
654:
645:
641:
632:
628:
619:
615:
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593:
586:
576:New York Times,
565:
561:
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537:
524:
517:
508:
495:
486:
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470:
459:
452:
437:
436:
429:
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387:
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321:
309:
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207:
190:their members.
91:
81:
71:
59:
12:
11:
5:
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2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Bing Kong Tong
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2120:
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2116:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2099:
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2081:
2079:
2078:
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2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:East West Bank
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:Bing Kong Tong
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1936:Wo Hing Museum
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:Transportation
1883:
1878:
1876:Chinese school
1873:
1870:
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1857:
1852:
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1836:
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1818:
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835:
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1993:
1797:
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1683:Philadelphia
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1501:
1425:
1411:
1382:
1342:Magnuson Act
1295:Anti-Chinese
1040:
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1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
954:
945:
938:
934:Spring 1997.
931:
924:
917:
903:
896:
889:
883:Labor Notes.
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
850:Summer 2005.
847:
840:
833:
819:
812:
798:
791:
784:
764:. Retrieved
760:
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721:
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686:
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634:
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491:May 30, 2001
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162:construction
135:
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70:Membership
43:Headquarters
2035:Cathay Bank
1851:Terminology
1649:New Orleans
1598:Los Angeles
1305:Legislation
1257:Puerto Rico
1193:Los Angeles
1189:California
1183:by location
1002:The Nation.
946:Asian Week.
925:The Nation.
843:March 1993.
841:Z Magazine.
792:Z Magazine.
744:Asian Week,
716:March 1993.
714:Z Magazine,
511:Z Magazine,
184:labor union
146:nonpartisan
2271:Categories
2206:I Wor Kuen
1693:Pittsburgh
1631:New Jersey
1551:Richardson
1466:Chinatowns
1249:New York (
1242:Missouri (
1228:Michigan (
1214:Illinois (
862:AsianWeek.
834:AsianWeek.
778:References
766:2019-06-28
568:AsianWeek,
355:sweatshops
245:, and the
239:locked out
178:CSWA is a
34:Non-profit
1872:Education
1868:Love boat
1860:Jook-sing
1735:San Diego
1725:St. Louis
1661:Manhattan
1587:Las Vegas
1531:Cleveland
1492:Baltimore
1337:Cable Act
1327:Geary Act
1244:St. Louis
223:squatting
170:Chinatown
142:nonprofit
22:Formation
1767:San Jose
1666:Brooklyn
1568:Honolulu
1537:Asiatown
1205:Colorado
1029:, 2004.
365:system.
319:Founding
307:Backlash
219:pro bono
199:Flushing
195:Brooklyn
182:, not a
132:Jyutping
104:(CSWA) (
94:Wing Lam
51:New York
47:New York
1898:Museums
1829:Culture
1781:Seattle
1752:Oakland
1688:Phoenix
1612:Florida
1574:Houston
1563:Detroit
1517:Chicago
1482:Atlanta
1280:Seattle
1272:Houston
1230:Detroit
1216:Chicago
1154:History
166:Chinese
158:garment
140:) is a
2211:Kongsi
2055:Others
1864:Events
1786:Tacoma
1671:Queens
1642:Newark
1637:Edison
1558:Denver
1509:Quincy
1503:Boston
1487:Austin
1453:(2016)
1447:(1982)
1441:(1907)
1430:(1898)
1422:(1887)
1416:(1886)
1398:(1885)
1387:(1884)
1361:Events
1223:Boston
1210:Hawaii
1033:
962:
910:
826:
805:
761:Leagle
525:Tait,
448:
134::
124::
122:pinyin
116::
108::
2064:Lists
2028:Banks
1497:Boise
1262:Texas
785:Time.
727:Time,
533:2001.
475:2000.
398:Notes
118:ćäșșèć·„äŒ
110:èŻäșșè·ć·„æ
1843:Film
1835:Food
1031:ISBN
960:ISBN
908:ISBN
824:ISBN
803:ISBN
446:ISBN
379:DKNY
213:the
197:and
160:and
100:The
30:Type
25:1979
37:NGO
2273::
759:.
655:^
587:^
538:^
518:^
496:^
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288:.
172:.
144:,
130:;
120:;
112:;
49:,
2110:e
2103:t
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1232:)
1225:)
1218:)
1087:e
1080:t
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968:.
769:.
454:.
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