750:
and making the
Chinese men slavish, docile, "servile", "submissive" and "feminine" and commanding them around, reporting that "Now and then...he becomes enamored of the charms of some sombre-hued chola (Native Indian and mestiza woman) or samba (mixed black woman), and is converted and joins the Church, so that may enter the bonds of wedlock with the dusky señorita." Chinese men were sought out as husbands and considered a "catch" by the "dusky damsels" (Peruvian women) because they were viewed as a "model husband, hard-working, affectionate, faithful and obedient" and "handy to have in the house", the Peruvian women became the "better half" instead of the "weaker vessel" and would command their Chinese husbands "around in fine style" instead of treating them equally, while the labor contract of the Chinese coolie would be nullified by the marriage, the Peruvian wife viewed the nullification merely as the previous "master" handing over authority over the Chinese man to her as she became his "mistress", keeping him in "servitude" to her, speedily ending any complaints and suppositions by the Chinese men that they would have any power in the marriage.
819:
2199:
728:. Peruvians of low class established sexual unions or marriages with the Chinese men, and some black and Indian women "bred" with the Chinese according to Alfredo Sachettí, who claimed the mixing was causing the Chinese to suffer from "progressive degeneration". In Casa Grande, highland Indian women and Chinese men participated in communal "mass marriages" with each other, arranged when highland women were brought by a Chinese matchmaker after receiving a down payment.
657:
507:
665:
50:
1434:
2185:
4087:
646:
1382:
3404:
676:
of interracial marriages is quite large. According to one source, the number of mix raced children born was 180,000. Half of that number was in Lima alone, with the ratio between
Chinese mestizo and the full-blooded Chinese at 90,000 to 15,000 (6:1). The recent census only estimates 14,307 Peruvians of Chinese descent (2017).
679:
Many
Peruvian women of different origins married to these Chinese male migrants. Most of the women that married Chinese were Amerindians (including Mestiza) and Black. Some lower class white women also married Chinese men but in a lower ratio. Chinese had contact with Peruvian women in cities; there
675:
Interracial marriages between
Cantonese-Chinese males and Peruvian females was quite large resulting in large number of mixed children and people with some Chinese ancestry in Peru. There is no prevailing racist attitude against intermarriage between the Chinese and non-Chinese in Peru, so the number
749:
married
Chinese men to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the men since they dominated and "subjugated" the Chinese men despite the fact that the labor contract was annulled by the marriage, reversing the roles in marriage with the Peruvian woman holding marital power, ruling the family
594:
coolie showed high status. Records of three
Japanese coolies dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner
492:
or
Chinese ancestry. However, according to the embassy, it was estimated that 15% (or 4 million) of the 30 million Peruvians had Chinese roots and ancestry, tracing back to the 19th century arrival of 100,000 Chinese immigrants that migrated to Peru and entered relationships with many Peruvian
634:) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to
642:. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites. Between 1849 and 1874 half the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion and suicide caused by forced labor.
3601:
1550:
After their contracts ended, many of them adopted the last name of their patrons (one of the reasons that many
Chinese Peruvians carry Spanish last names). Some freed coolies (and later immigrants) established many small businesses. These included
1622:
The majority of
Chinese descendants in Peru do not carry a Chinese surname, since their ancestors, when they arrived in Peru, were baptized or adopted the surnames of their patrons, Catholic saints or some very common Castilian surname.
2686:
680:
they formed relationships and sired mixed babies. These women originated from Andean and coastal areas and did not originally come from the cities; in the haciendas on the coast in rural areas, native young women of
739:, black, and white women engaged in carnal relations or marriages with Chinese men, with marriages of mulatto, black, and white woman being reported by the Cuba Commission Report. In Peru, it was reported by
2978:
692:
mountains would come down to work. These Andean native women were favored over
Africans as marital partners by Chinese men, with matchmakers arranging for communal marriages of Chinese men to young
2748:
2948:
765:
stopped. In one 1881 pogrom in the Cañete Valley it is estimated that 500 to 1,500 Chinese were killed. Despite this, Chinese were barred from immigrating to the country until the 1970s.
4075:
2698:
435:, most third and fourth generation Chinese Peruvians do not speak the language of their Asian ancestors. However, some second generation Chinese Peruvians can speak one or more
3836:
672:
There were almost no women among the nearly entirely male Chinese coolie population that migrated to Peru and Cuba. Peruvian women were married to these Chinese male migrants.
3668:
757:, Chinese labors led an uprising in support to Chile against Peru. Peruvians held Chinese as responsible to the Chilean invading army, and this led to the first ever
1522:
in those countries in the 1960s, 1970s, and late 1990s. These recent Chinese immigrants make Peru currently the home of the largest ethnically Chinese community in
1599:, where they tapped rubber trees, washed gold, cultivated rice, and traded with the natives. They even became the largest foreign colony in the Amazon capital of
3009:
The Chinese were discriminated against even in death, having to be buried in the pre-Incan sites after being barred from cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics.
4791:
2614:
2725:
1606:
In 1942, a Chinese-Peruvian, Erasmo Wong, started a small store in a residential district in Lima, which grew into a large supermarket chain in Peru known as
4068:
5486:
3983:
2986:
5476:
5193:
4452:
3640:. David J. Weber Series in the New Borderlands History. Vol. 4: Wiley Blackwell Concise History of the Modern World. UNC Press Books. p. 82.
603:, where it was recorded that in 1613 there was a small community of Asians, consisting of Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Malays, Cambodians and others.
1410:
4714:
3676:
4590:
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were called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish. Most of these workers were male and were obtained from Portuguese traders, who obtained them from
3370:
2756:
2956:
5289:
4822:
4785:
1733:
1591:'s earliest Chinatowns. The Chinese coolies married Peruvian women, and many Chinese Peruvians today are of mixed Chinese, Spanish, African or
618:
followed. 80,000 to 100,000 Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the
4781:
3935:
3908:
3669:"The Coolie Trade: The slavery of the present - The traffic of Peru - Hiring of the Coolie - Horrors of the middle passage the Coolie's fate"
3645:
3414:
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2815:
2590:
2556:
2522:
2488:
2454:
2342:
2779:
5471:
5344:
4744:
2697:(in Spanish) (1). Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673): 2. Archived from
2617:[The mayor of the Chinese in the province of Colima during the seventeenth century: a system of representation surrounding trade]
1498:
and Macau in 1997 and 1999, owing to fear of those territories returning to Communist rule, while others have come from other places in
4053:
5416:
5012:
4734:
3577:
3543:
3509:
3475:
3448:
3245:
2373:
1592:
1455:
5491:
4325:
3846:
787:
In 1957, Cantonese speakers constituted 85 per cent of the total Chinese immigrant population, the rest of whom were Hakka speakers.
5278:
2883:
1481:
818:
3901:
En el país de las colinas de arena: reflexiones sobre la inmigración china en el Perú del S. XIX desde la perspectiva del derecho
5466:
3963:
5080:
4445:
4421:
4320:
3611:
3075:
2615:"El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii: un sistema de representación en torno a un oficio"
1459:
630:
mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian
199:
3964:"Sino-Peruvian identity and community as prison: Siu Kam Wen's rendering of self-exploitation and other survival strategies"
2310:
2264:
3870:
Affigne, Tony, and Pei-te Lien. "Peoples of Asian descent in the Americas: Theoretical implications of race and politics."
3336:
700:. There was a racist reaction by Peruvians to the marriages of Peruvian women and Chinese men. When native Peruvian women (
5401:
4798:
4287:
4006:
Melillo, Edward D. "The first green revolution: debt peonage and the making of the nitrogen fertilizer trade, 1840–1930."
3302:
1403:
753:
Although Chinese Peruvians were well-integrated into Peruvian society, it did not come with an easy beginning. During the
475:
221:
5147:
4992:
4933:
4928:
4840:
4636:
4631:
4621:
4513:
4663:
3567:
985:
5295:
5162:
4363:
4330:
3762:
2227:
1515:
761:
in Latin America. Chinese were targeted and murdered by native Peruvians and it was not until 1890s that anti-Chinese
3711:
1444:
2626:
5446:
5339:
5318:
5256:
5251:
5157:
5152:
4959:
4675:
4611:
4580:
4559:
4549:
4103:
3776:"La identidad política de los inmigrantes chinos en el Perú con su país de origen: a principios de la década 1970s"
2715:
1067:
530:("Chinese"), although in reality they were not only from China but also other places, including what are today the
467:
1463:
1448:
5273:
5263:
5246:
5225:
5220:
5041:
4896:
4641:
4616:
4585:
4533:
4528:
4497:
4482:
4438:
1160:
909:
3823:...but in 1957 speakers of Cantonese constituted 85 per cent of the total, the rest of whom were Hakka speakers.
2217:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5268:
5230:
5188:
5183:
4975:
4850:
4704:
4670:
4626:
4606:
4564:
2365:
1396:
990:
975:
968:
833:
773:
980:
5323:
5313:
4954:
4949:
4876:
4554:
4518:
4492:
4487:
1944:
1359:
1199:
587:
5411:
5178:
4658:
4523:
1349:
781:
649:
4027:
Rimner, Steffen. "Chinese abolitionism: the Chinese Educational Mission in Connecticut, Cuba, and Peru."
3606:. Brill ebook titles. Vol. 62 of Texas Pan American Series. University of Texas Press. p. 100.
5481:
5389:
4219:
2411:
2212:
1276:
175:
1704:
3978:
Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle. "The Chinese in Peru and the Changing Peruvian Chinese Community(ies)." In
3000:
610:, who in the 19th century took a four-month trip from Macau (then a Portuguese territory), settled as
5075:
4647:
1963:
1958:
948:
436:
1559:
1258:
5438:
5384:
4997:
4901:
4845:
4816:
4809:
4775:
4768:
4278:
2359:
1052:
953:
889:
515:
482:
populations, Chinese are estimated to constitute less than 0.1% of the Peruvian population. In the
54:
4017:
Narváez, Benjamín N. "Becoming Sino-Peruvian: Post-Indenture Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Peru."
5349:
5109:
4891:
4871:
4866:
4739:
4358:
4300:
4047:
3891:
Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Coolies, Shopkeepers, Pioneers: The Chinese of Mexico and Peru (1849–1930)."
3797:
3745:
2237:
1607:
1588:
1511:
1317:
1312:
1062:
995:
963:
958:
754:
741:
558:. Filipinos made up most of their population. The people in this community of diverse Asians in
3270:
3067:
784:
in Taipei, although as time passed, they became adherent to the government in Beijing instead.
5024:
4985:
4980:
4803:
4762:
4729:
4696:
4315:
4295:
3941:
3931:
3914:
3904:
3641:
3607:
3573:
3539:
3533:
3505:
3499:
3471:
3465:
3444:
3438:
3410:
3376:
3342:
3308:
3274:
3241:
3231:
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3197:
3169:
3142:
3136:
3108:
3071:
3031:
2913:
2907:
2879:
2873:
2845:
2839:
2811:
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2586:
2552:
2546:
2518:
2512:
2484:
2450:
2369:
2338:
2332:
2045:
1596:
1238:
943:
841:
777:
563:
3635:
3102:
3025:
2805:
2580:
2478:
2444:
5426:
5421:
5406:
5063:
4881:
4724:
4719:
4653:
4461:
4310:
4305:
4214:
3956:
Dragons in the Land of the Condor: Writing Tusán in Peru (University of Arizona Press, 2014)
3787:
3737:
3163:
2393:
2242:
2033:
1680:
1595:
descent. Chinese Peruvians also assisted in the building of railroad and development of the
1539:
1369:
1344:
1204:
1177:
1165:
1150:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1082:
1025:
898:
873:
460:
440:
395:
330:
295:
244:
130:
126:
5114:
4011:
3375:. Walton Look Lai (illustrated ed.). Press, University of the West Indies. p. 8.
5396:
5283:
5019:
5002:
4391:
4375:
4353:
4340:
4189:
4169:
2720:
2424:
2232:
2222:
1584:
1233:
1035:
1002:
857:
806:
567:
506:
479:
179:
155:
5124:
2285:
1636:
3637:
Alien Nation: Chinese Migration in the Americas from the Coolie Era Through World War II
664:
656:
303:
5129:
5119:
4709:
4396:
4368:
4264:
4249:
4234:
4194:
4138:
3775:
3263:
3060:
1499:
1295:
1285:
1057:
523:
483:
4022:
5460:
5046:
4754:
4406:
4118:
3801:
3749:
1535:
1523:
1300:
1228:
1219:
1187:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1020:
849:
796:
746:
448:
432:
159:
134:
1534:
Many Chinese Peruvians left Peru in the 1960s and 1970s. Most of them headed to the
5092:
4128:
3021:
2204:
1914:
1610:. Wong supermarkets was later acquired by the Chilean multinational retail company
1506:, and southeast Asian Chinese communities, including those of Malaysia, Indonesia,
1364:
1253:
936:
931:
452:
337:
251:
49:
4179:
3816:
3027:
Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900-1936
2644:
5034:
4224:
4184:
3999:
Martin, Dorothea. "Chinese Indentured Labor to Peru in the Nineteenth Century."
3989:
Lee, Rachel. "Asian American cultural production in Asian-Pacific perspective."
2810:. Colonial Latin America. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
2190:
2151:
1433:
1386:
1106:
1091:
881:
865:
769:
607:
531:
444:
212:
209:
206:
138:
17:
428:'local born'), are Peruvian citizens whose ancestors came from China.
5102:
5085:
5056:
5029:
5007:
4143:
3841:
2180:
1855:
1354:
1290:
758:
611:
547:
3945:
2664:
4199:
4091:
3962:
López-Calvo, Ignacio (Spring 2008), Hu-deHart, Evelyn; López, Kathy (eds.),
3918:
3237:
2749:"Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century"
2548:
The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874
1507:
1495:
1182:
926:
724:
origin as marriage partners. Children born to black mothers were not called
645:
631:
615:
555:
543:
471:
351:
265:
106:
90:
4239:
4229:
3741:
3440:
Chinese Bondage in Peru: A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849-1874
2389:
1381:
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3004:
2397:
1611:
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635:
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391:
358:
272:
163:
110:
98:
3532:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
3498:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
3464:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
5068:
5051:
4401:
4254:
2645:"La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673"
2334:
Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective
1600:
1557:(Chinese-Peruvian restaurants - the word is derived from Chinese term,
1322:
1248:
1155:
762:
736:
623:
575:
456:
142:
114:
3994:
2687:"Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España"
2390:"Figure 4. Difficulties Reported by Peruvians in Host Countries, 2006"
4244:
4209:
4164:
4159:
4123:
3726:"Narrating Chinese Massacre in the South American War of the Pacific"
3700:
Taylor, Lewis. Indigenous Peasant Rebellions in Peru during the 1880s
3603:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875-1933
3569:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933
3406:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933
3199:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933
2949:"Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru"
2780:"To Mexico in Chains: The Tale of Three 16th Century Japanese Slaves"
1564:
1503:
1243:
1170:
1101:
1096:
571:
559:
403:
86:
3725:
3709:
Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru.
4430:
2647:[Asian Slavery in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, 1565-1673]
2480:
Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions
4259:
3821:. Vol. 3. Basement Workshop, Incorporated. 1974. p. 35.
1553:
1192:
1145:
1116:
689:
663:
655:
644:
627:
619:
583:
551:
535:
505:
102:
94:
4095:
3372:
The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806–1995: A Documentary History
3307:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 47.
3165:
The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806-1995: A Documentary History
1335:
1111:
732:
600:
596:
82:
4434:
4057:
3884:
Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "The Chinese of Peru, Cuba, and Mexico." in
2689:[Central ideas surrounding Asian slavery in New Spain]
712:) and Chinese men had mixed children, the children were called
3001:"Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants"
2875:
Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium
1427:
3338:
Re/collecting Early Asian America: Essays in Cultural History
3138:
Re/collecting Early Asian America: Essays in Cultural History
1583:) which means "to eat rice or to have a meal"). Calle Capón,
768:
Another group of Chinese settlers came after the founding of
3877:
Clayton, Lawrence A. "Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru."
772:'s republic in 1912, and another after the establishment of
4041:
2625:(in Spanish) (1). Ciesas Occidente: 95–116. Archived from
2361:
China in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores Hardcover
3335:
Josephine D. Lee; Imogene L. Lim; Yuko Matsukawa (2002).
3135:
Josephine D. Lee; Imogene L. Lim; Yuko Matsukawa (2002).
622:
plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of
363:
277:
3763:
Dragons in the Land of the Condor: Writing Tusán in Peru
2517:. Vol. 4. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 100.
1587:, also known as Barrio Chino de Lima, became one of the
626:. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal
4001:
Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians
3233:
The Chinese Overseas: Routledge Library of Modern China
595:
Perez. Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to
2613:
Machuca Chávez, Claudia Paulina (Autumn–Winter 2009).
1676:(administrator, official and former head of the SBS)
342:
256:
780:, the Chinese community in Peru identified with the
5377:
5332:
5306:
5239:
5213:
5206:
5171:
5140:
4968:
4942:
4921:
4914:
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4833:
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4688:
4599:
4573:
4542:
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4339:
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120:
76:
61:
38:
3903:, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú,
3262:
3168:. University of the West Indies Press. p. 8.
3059:
2716:"Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century"
2643:Oropeza Keresey, Déborah (July–September 2011).
1871:(journalist, director of the Oriental Magazine)
1799:(lawyer and investigative journalist ufologist)
1640:陈路 (engineer, minister of state and ambassador)
2841:The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru
2318:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática
2272:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática
1614:on December 16, 2007, helping it grow further.
1494:Recent Chinese immigrants settled in Peru from
3535:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
3501:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
3467:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2446:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
2286:"The World Factbook: Peru: People and society"
4446:
4069:
4044:, Asociación Peruano China (official website)
3304:Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues
3265:Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture
3104:Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues
3062:Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture
2443:Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan, eds. (2010).
1404:
668:Chinese Community in Peru - Dance of the Lion
300:
226:
204:
8:
2844:. University of Arizona Press. p. 134.
2438:
2436:
2434:
33:
3030:. University of Chicago Press. p. 47.
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2585:. University of Toronto Press. p. 27.
1732:(Statistical expert and former head of the
1462:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
423:
5210:
4918:
4692:
4472:
4453:
4439:
4431:
4283:
4108:
4076:
4062:
4054:
3538:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 146.
3504:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 145.
3470:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 144.
3202:. University of Texas Press. p. 139.
3141:. Temple University Press. pp. 181–.
3107:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 47.
1542:or Peruvian Americans of Chinese descent.
1411:
1397:
789:
321:
235:
48:
32:
5030:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
3791:
2909:Extremo Oriente y el Perú en el siglo XVI
2582:Class and Race Formation in North America
1781:(poet and historian of Peruvian cuisine)
1482:Learn how and when to remove this message
720:emerged, Chinese men sought out girls of
3341:. Temple University Press. p. 181.
2259:
2257:
1904:(footballer, 8 times national champion)
1579:
747:Peruvian black and Indian (Native) women
418:
5441:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
4019:Asian Journal of Latin American Studies
3899:De Trazegnies Granda, Fernando (1994),
3886:The Cambridge survey of world migration
3881:(June 1980), Vol. 30 Issue 6, pp 19–23.
2253:
1754:(Superior Criminal Prosecutor of Lima)
1748:(Superior Judge of Lima and professor)
805:
614:or coolies. Other Chinese coolies from
3982:, 7(2011), pp. 69–113. Available
2878:. Duke University Press. p. 200.
2807:The Cambridge History of Latin America
2420:
2409:
1742:(former president of the Lima Region)
1664:(businessman, accountant, missionary)
186:
2979:"Chinese in Peru in the 19th century"
2912:. Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 293.
2685:Oropeza, Déborah (Fall–Winter 2009).
2483:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 59.
7:
2728:from the original on 22 October 2016
1708:(industrial and political engineer)
1460:adding citations to reliable sources
588:Spain received some of these coolies
77:Regions with significant populations
3930:(in Simplified Chinese), 世界知识出版社 ,
3269:. Temple University Press. p.
3066:. Temple University Press. p.
2331:Crawford, Michael H. (2012-11-08).
2141:(chemical and scientific engineer)
5487:Peruvian people of Chinese descent
2659:(1). El Colegio de México: 20–21.
2085:(theatre director and playwright)
514:Workers who were shipped from the
25:
5477:Chinese diaspora in South America
3835:Aquino, Carlos (10 August 2014).
3730:Journal of Asian American Studies
2551:. Arnold J Meagher. p. 194.
2477:María Herrera-Sobek, ed. (2012).
1793:(TV host, journalist, and model)
735:, some Indian (Native American),
570:, which included parts of India,
72:0.06% of Peru's population (2017)
4085:
3837:"El Perú y los países asiáticos"
2197:
2183:
1670:(lawyer, professor and senator)
1514:came to Peru after anti-Chinese
1432:
1380:
817:
3724:Tinsman, Heidi (October 2019).
2906:Fernando Iwasaki Cauti (2005).
2311:"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"
2265:"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"
1962:(Olympic champion in shooting,
564:Portuguese colonial possessions
510:Chinese laborers in Peru - 1890
364:
278:
4422:Category:Ethnic groups in Peru
4003:(April 2010), Vol. 18, p34-45.
3675:. 28 June 1873. Archived from
2337:. Cambridge University Press.
1569:
1558:
408:
343:
301:
257:
227:
205:
1:
3572:. University of Texas Press.
3409:. University of Texas Press.
2511:Wolfgang Binder, ed. (1993).
688:("mountain") origin from the
486:, only 14,307 people claimed
4586:Democratic Republic of Congo
3845:(in Spanish). Archived from
3774:Zhang, Xiaoxu (2022-09-19).
3600:Michael J. Gonzales (1985).
3566:Michael J. Gonzales (2014).
3403:Michael J. Gonzales (2014).
3196:Michael J. Gonzales (2014).
2838:Ignacio López-Calvo (2013).
2804:Leslie Bethell, ed. (1984).
2778:Preston Phro (15 May 2013).
2155:(philosopher and librarian)
1892:(footballer and journalist)
776:in 1949. At the time of the
590:from Mexico, where owning a
5472:Chinese diaspora by country
3980:Journal of Chinese Overseas
3924:Translated into Chinese as
2747:Torres, Ida (14 May 2013).
2228:Chinatowns in Latin America
2161:(Auxiliary Bishop of Lima)
2017:(historian and translator)
1603:by the end of the century.
550:and further afield such as
466:Outside of the predominant
5508:
4008:American Historical Review
2545:Arnold J. Meagher (2008).
2358:Robert Evan Ellis (2009).
2147:(physicist and professor)
2112:(teacher, CCPCH director)
2104:Alejandro Chung Hernández
1510:and the Philippines. Many
70:by self-reported ancestry
5435:
4419:
4029:Journal of Global History
2736:– via Asiaone News.
2579:James W. Russell (2009).
2119:(linguist and professor)
1859:(model and TV presenter)
1712:Juan Pablo Chang Navarro
1538:, where they were called
910:Cultural heritage of Peru
399:
375:
320:
302:
234:
194:
174:
153:
125:
81:
66:
47:
4010:117.4 (2012): 1028-1060
3927:
3369:Walton Look Lai (1998).
3162:Walton Look Lai (1998).
2366:Lynne Rienner Publishers
2165:Johnny Ching Paravecino
2117:Eugenio Chang-Rodríguez
1760:(lawyer and politician)
834:Norte Chico civilization
795:This article is part of
524:Manila-Acapulco galleons
200:Traditional Chinese
39:
4050:, Origins: Lomo Saltado
3815:"The Chinese in Peru".
3089:chinese peruvian women.
2514:Slavery in the Americas
1821:Julio Villanueva Chang
1815:Jonatan Relayze Chiang
1360:Catholic Church in Peru
222:Simplified Chinese
5467:Asian diaspora in Peru
4092:Ancestry and ethnicity
3993:26.2 (1999): 231–254.
3954:López-Calvo, Ignacio,
3742:10.1353/jaas.2019.0038
3634:Elliott Young (2014).
3301:Chee-Beng Tan (2004).
3261:Robert G. Lee (1999).
3101:Chee-Beng Tan (2004).
3058:Robert G. Lee (1999).
2419:Cite journal requires
1424:Modern-day immigration
782:Nationalist government
669:
661:
653:
650:Diez de Octubre School
511:
4031:11.3 (2016): 344–364.
3780:Ibero-América Studies
3437:Watt Stewart (2018).
2872:Dirk Hoerder (2002).
2364:. Boulder, Colorado:
2213:Asian Latin Americans
2167:(Teacher-Researcher)
1845:(cultural historian)
1809:Sui Yun (Katty Wong)
1803:Antonio Wong Rengifo
1746:Rolando Martel Chang
1627:Politics and business
667:
659:
648:
509:
176:Asian Latin Americans
170:Related ethnic groups
5492:China–Peru relations
5194:United Arab Emirates
5086:Straits-Born Chinese
3968:Afro-Hispanic Review
3895:15.2 (1989): 91–116.
3849:on 23 September 2015
3793:10.55704/ias.v4i2.04
2398:10.1787/717243165352
2218:China–Peru relations
2053:Juan Wong Popolizio
1758:Rubén Chang Gamarra
1718:Julio Chávez Chiong
1456:improve this section
1124:Regional differences
566:and outposts of the
437:varieties of Chinese
279:beilou waakiu waajan
5439:overseas department
4745:Trinidad and Tobago
4021:29.3 (2016): 1-27.
3443:. Forgotten Books.
3007:. August 24, 2017.
2023:(social scientist)
2009:Carolina Chang Tam
1837:Miguel Yi Carrillo
1752:Rosario López Wong
1688:Isabel Wong-Vargas
1668:Eugenio Chang Cruz
1546:Role in the economy
1512:Chinese Indonesians
959:Colonial literature
921:Arts and literature
890:Viceroyalty of Peru
516:Spanish Philippines
484:2017 Census in Peru
258:Bìlǔ Huáqiáo Huárén
35:
5447:Hong Kong Diaspora
4715:Dominican Republic
3926:竹碧 ; 腊梅 (1999),
3874:28.2 (2002): 1-27.
2759:on 31 January 2016
2238:Japanese Peruvians
2123:Jorge Céliz Kuong
2011:(keyboard player)
1843:Milly Ahon Olguín
1740:Nelson Chui Mejía
1705:José Antonio Chang
1589:Western Hemisphere
1318:Japanese Peruvians
1313:European Peruvians
755:War of the Pacific
742:The New York Times
670:
662:
654:
512:
459:), in addition to
5454:
5453:
5393:
5373:
5372:
5292:
5202:
5201:
5081:Chinese nationals
5008:Peranakan Chinese
4910:
4909:
4823:by city and state
4819:
4812:
4778:
4771:
4684:
4683:
4591:Republic of Congo
4428:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4273:
4272:
4230:Matsés (Mayoruna)
3937:978-7-5012-1182-1
3910:978-84-89309-82-1
3647:978-1-4696-1296-6
3416:978-1-4773-0602-4
3382:978-976-640-021-7
3348:978-1-4399-0120-5
3314:978-962-209-661-5
3280:978-1-4399-0571-5
3230:Hong Liu (2006).
3209:978-1-4773-0602-4
3175:978-976-640-021-7
3148:978-1-4399-0120-5
3114:978-962-209-661-5
3037:978-0-226-56025-0
2919:978-9972-42-671-1
2851:978-0-8165-9987-5
2817:978-0-521-24516-6
2753:Japan Daily Press
2695:Historia Mexicana
2653:Historia Mexicana
2623:Letras Históricas
2592:978-0-8020-9678-4
2558:978-1-4363-0943-1
2524:978-3-88479-713-6
2490:978-0-313-34339-1
2456:978-90-04-18213-4
2344:978-1-107-01286-8
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2159:Raúl Chau Quispe
2156:
2148:
2142:
2132:
2129:José Gallardo Ku
2126:
2120:
2113:
2110:Alicia Garcia Yi
2107:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2083:Lucero Medina Hu
2080:
2077:Rosa Fung Pineda
2074:
2073:(plastic artist)
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2046:Juan Wong Paredes
2038:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2015:Celia Wu Brading
2012:
2006:
2005:(plastic artist)
2000:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1945:Katherine Miranda
1941:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1831:María Inés Ching
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1608:Wong supermarkets
1597:Amazon Rainforest
1540:Chinese Americans
1492:
1491:
1484:
1421:
1420:
1308:Chinese Peruvians
944:Inca architecture
927:Pre-Columbian art
903:
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
810:
778:Chinese Civil War
702:cholas et natives
660:Chinatown in Lima
612:contract laborers
439:that may include
426:
382:Chinese Peruvians
379:
378:
371:
370:
331:Standard Mandarin
285:
284:
245:Standard Mandarin
190:Chinese Peruvians
185:
184:
156:Roman Catholicism
55:Chinatown of Lima
34:Chinese Peruvians
16:(Redirected from
5499:
5417:Papua New Guinea
5387:
5288:
5211:
4919:
4815:
4808:
4782:British Columbia
4774:
4767:
4693:
4473:
4462:Overseas Chinese
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4284:
4109:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4055:
3975:
3958:
3948:
3921:
3893:Amerasia Journal
3888:(1995): 220–222.
3872:Amerasia Journal
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3721:
3715:
3712:Past and Present
3707:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2985:. Archived from
2983:Brown University
2977:Hwang, Justina.
2974:
2961:
2960:
2955:. Archived from
2944:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2755:. Archived from
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2704:on 7 April 2014.
2703:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2650:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2632:on 7 April 2014.
2631:
2620:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2243:Overseas Chinese
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2145:Óscar Tang Cruz
2140:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2079:(archaeologist)
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2036:
2034:Julia Wong Kcomt
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1999:(archaeologist)
1998:
1992:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1953:
1948:(tennis player)
1947:
1940:(tennis player)
1939:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1910:(tennis player)
1909:
1903:
1898:(soccer player)
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1870:
1869:Raúl Chang Ruiz
1864:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1805:(film director)
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:Alberto Ku King
1780:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1724:Julio Chú Mériz
1719:
1713:
1707:
1695:
1690:(businesswoman)
1689:
1683:
1681:Humberto Lay Sun
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1656:Erasmus Wong Lu
1651:
1645:
1644:Ephraim Wong Lu
1639:
1637:Luis Chang Reyes
1631:
1630:
1585:Lima's Chinatown
1581:
1571:
1562:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1436:
1428:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1384:
1370:Religion in Peru
1345:Lord of Miracles
1338:
1279:
1222:
1085:
937:Contemporary art
901:
899:Republic of Peru
892:
884:
876:
874:Kingdom of Cusco
869:6th century-1438
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
821:
811:
808:
800:
790:
526:were all called
427:
424:
420:
410:
401:
384:, also known as
367:
366:
346:
345:
322:
308:
307:
306:
281:
280:
260:
259:
236:
230:
229:
216:
215:
187:
127:Peruvian Spanish
62:Total population
52:
36:
21:
18:Chinese Peruvian
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5431:
5369:
5328:
5302:
5235:
5198:
5167:
5136:
5013:Bangka-Belitung
5003:Benteng Chinese
4964:
4938:
4906:
4855:
4829:
4749:
4680:
4595:
4569:
4538:
4502:
4464:
4459:
4429:
4424:
4411:
4380:
4335:
4269:
4190:Canelos-Quichua
4148:
4098:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4038:
3961:
3953:
3938:
3929:
3928:沙国之梦：契约华工在秘鲁的命运
3925:
3911:
3898:
3867:
3865:Further reading
3862:
3852:
3850:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3757:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3020:
3019:
3015:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2953:Smithsonian.com
2946:
2945:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2724:. 14 May 2013.
2721:Yomiuri Shimbun
2714:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:. p. 272.
2357:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2233:History of Peru
2223:Chinatown, Lima
2203:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2139:Olga Lock Sing
2097:
2065:Mao Wong López
2021:Emilio Choy Ma
1990:
1972:(skateboarder)
1883:
1772:
1674:Felipe Tam Fox
1629:
1620:
1593:Native American
1548:
1532:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1453:
1437:
1426:
1417:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1350:Fiestas Patrias
1340:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1234:Peruvian cumbia
1224:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1161:Arroz con leche
1087:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1016:
1008:
1007:
991:Matto de Turner
922:
914:
913:
907:
858:Tiwanaku empire
837:3500 BC-1800 BC
829:
809:Culture of Peru
807:
794:
684:("native") and
568:Estado da India
504:
499:
313:Literal meaning
180:Asian Peruvians
71:
57:
43:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5494:
5489:
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5469:
5459:
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5452:
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5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:from Hong Kong
5381:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5345:Czech Republic
5342:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5290:from Hong Kong
5284:United Kingdom
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5237:
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5234:
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5217:
5215:
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4911:
4908:
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4879:
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4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4813:
4810:from Hong Kong
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4772:
4769:from Hong Kong
4759:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
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4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
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4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
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4298:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4279:Non-indigenous
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Shipibo-Conibo
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Quijos-Quichua
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Kichwa-Lamista
4217:
4212:
4207:
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4099:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4048:Newworlder.com
4045:
4037:
4036:External links
4034:
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4025:
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3766:
3755:
3736:(3): 277–313.
3716:
3702:
3693:
3682:on 1 July 2015
3673:New York Times
3660:
3646:
3626:
3612:
3592:
3579:978-1477306024
3578:
3558:
3545:978-9004182134
3544:
3524:
3511:978-9004182134
3510:
3490:
3477:978-9004182134
3476:
3456:
3450:978-1527808904
3449:
3429:
3415:
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3327:
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3293:
3279:
3253:
3247:978-0415338585
3246:
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3188:
3174:
3154:
3147:
3127:
3113:
3093:
3076:
3050:
3036:
3013:
2992:
2989:on 2019-11-11.
2962:
2959:on 2019-11-11.
2947:Katz, Brigit.
2932:
2918:
2898:
2884:
2864:
2850:
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2816:
2796:
2784:Rocket News 24
2770:
2739:
2707:
2677:
2655:(in Spanish).
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2421:|journal=
2381:
2375:978-1588266507
2374:
2350:
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2323:
2320:. p. 214.
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2274:. p. 214.
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2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1997:Alejandro Chu
1989:
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1981:
1980:
1974:
1968:
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1902:Jorge Koochoi
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1730:Magdalena Chú
1728:
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1696:(businessman)
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1684:(congressman)
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1658:(businessman)
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1618:Notable people
1616:
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1500:mainland China
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1326:
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1320:
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1310:
1305:
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1298:
1288:
1286:Afro-Peruvians
1282:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1259:Peruvian salsa
1256:
1251:
1246:
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1239:Música criolla
1236:
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1214:
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1209:
1208:
1207:
1200:Peruvian chefs
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981:González Prada
973:
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919:
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871:
863:
855:
847:
842:Chavín culture
839:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
814:
813:
803:
802:
774:Communist rule
503:
500:
498:
495:
377:
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373:
372:
369:
368:
361:
355:
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352:Yue: Cantonese
348:
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327:
326:
325:Transcriptions
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275:
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266:Yue: Cantonese
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239:Transcriptions
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29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5504:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
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5480:
5478:
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5473:
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5462:
5448:
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4804:United States
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4456:
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4423:
4418:
4408:
4407:Romani people
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
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3879:History Today
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2116:
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2100:
2094:
2082:
2076:
2071:Marcelo Wong
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1978:(footballer)
1975:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:Edwin Vásquez
1957:
1954:(footballer)
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:Iván Miranda
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:(footballer)
1927:
1924:(footballer)
1922:Mariano Loo
1921:
1918:(footballer)
1916:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1851:(journalist)
1849:Mónica Chang
1848:
1842:
1839:(journalist)
1836:
1833:(journalist)
1830:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1797:Anthony Choy
1796:
1790:
1787:(journalist)
1784:
1779:Aída Tam Fox
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:Entertainment
1769:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:(politician)
1723:
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1714:(politician)
1711:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1687:
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1661:
1655:
1650:Enrique Wong
1649:
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1529:
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1524:Latin America
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1441:This section
1439:
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1395:
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1255:
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1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Peruvian rock
1227:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1205:Gastón Acurio
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Chicha morada
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Chifa cuisine
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
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1127:
1126:
1125:
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1118:
1115:
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1103:
1100:
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1034:
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1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:Entertainment
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
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987:
984:
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977:
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900:
896:
891:
888:
883:
880:
875:
872:
867:
864:
859:
856:
851:
850:Moche culture
848:
845:900 BC-200 BC
843:
840:
835:
832:
831:
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824:
820:
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729:
727:
723:
719:
716:; once these
715:
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703:
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683:
677:
673:
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647:
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637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:
582:in Japan and
581:
578:, Indonesia,
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
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525:
521:
517:
508:
502:Early history
501:
496:
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491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:acculturation
429:
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405:
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177:
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161:
160:Protestantism
157:
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128:
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119:
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100:
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69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
46:
37:
19:
5482:Coolie trade
5442:
4886:
4664:Johannesburg
4659:South Africa
4646:
4348:
4028:
4018:
4007:
4000:
3990:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3955:
3900:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3851:. Retrieved
3847:the original
3840:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3786:(2): 30–38.
3783:
3779:
3769:
3758:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3677:the original
3672:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3636:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3602:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3568:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3534:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3500:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3466:
3459:
3439:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3405:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3371:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3337:
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3303:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3264:
3256:
3236:. Abingdon:
3232:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3198:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3164:
3157:
3137:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3103:
3096:
3088:
3081:. Retrieved
3061:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3026:
3022:Adam McKeown
3016:
3008:
2995:
2987:the original
2982:
2957:the original
2952:
2923:. Retrieved
2908:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2874:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2840:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2806:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2752:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2699:the original
2694:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2656:
2652:
2638:
2627:the original
2622:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2581:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2547:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2479:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2445:
2412:cite journal
2401:. Retrieved
2384:
2360:
2353:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2271:
2205:China portal
2131:(economist)
2027:Javier Wong
1976:Augusto Yep
1970:Freddy Wong
1928:Julio Lores
1915:Carmen Kuong
1896:Héctor Cruz
1890:Juan Chang
1823:(journalist)
1817:(filmmaker)
1621:
1605:
1578:
1568:
1552:
1549:
1533:
1493:
1478:
1469:
1454:Please help
1442:
1307:
1254:Andean music
996:Vargas Llosa
949:Architecture
932:Peruvian art
908:
902:1821-present
897:
793:
786:
767:
752:
740:
731:In Peru and
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
605:
591:
527:
513:
488:
487:
465:
430:
417:
407:
386:
385:
381:
380:
338:Hanyu Pinyin
252:Hanyu Pinyin
67:
30:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
5412:New Zealand
5279:Netherlands
5103:Phuket Baba
5064:Philippines
5035:Sino-Native
4817:from Taiwan
4776:from Taiwan
4735:Puerto Rico
4369:B'nai Moshe
4225:Machiguenga
2290:www.cia.gov
2191:Peru portal
2152:Pedro Zulen
2067:(musician)
2055:(musician)
2049:(musician)
1964:London 1948
1662:Erick Chuy
1387:Peru portal
1107:Purple corn
1092:Agriculture
882:Inca Empire
866:Wari Empire
770:Sun Yat-sen
532:Philippines
419:tou2 saang1
40:秘魯華人（秘魯中國人）
5461:Categories
5148:Bangladesh
5115:Minh Hương
4993:East Timor
4934:Kyrgyzstan
4929:Kazakhstan
4841:Costa Rica
4654:Seychelles
4637:Mozambique
4622:Madagascar
4514:Cape Verde
4326:Portuguese
4104:Indigenous
3991:boundary 2
3974:(1): 73–90
3842:El Peruano
3613:029276491X
3077:1439905711
2403:2022-01-01
2249:References
2125:(general)
2106:(teacher)
2059:Julio Mau
2003:Apu-Rimak
1856:Patty Wong
1791:Annie Yep
1530:Emigration
1355:Inti Raymi
1291:Amerindian
1068:Newspapers
1063:Television
986:Mariátegui
954:Literature
759:Sinophobia
632:guano boom
608:immigrants
548:East Timor
468:Amerindian
316:Local-born
42:Tusán (土生)
5385:Australia
5163:Sri Lanka
5076:Singapore
4998:Indonesia
4969:Southeast
4902:Venezuela
4867:Argentina
4846:Nicaragua
4786:Vancouver
4697:Caribbean
4632:Mauritius
4205:Huambisas
4200:Harakmbut
4180:Asháninka
4153:Amazonian
3946:237047875
3802:252402046
3750:208688727
3653:8 January
3238:Routledge
3215:8 January
3181:8 January
3120:8 January
3043:8 January
2925:8 January
2891:8 January
2857:8 January
2823:8 January
2789:8 January
2763:8 January
2732:8 January
2670:31 August
2665:0185-0172
2598:8 January
2564:8 January
2530:8 January
2496:8 January
2462:8 January
2449:. BRILL.
2295:31 August
2061:(singer)
2037:(writer)
1952:Luis Pau
1908:Patty Ku
1881:Athletics
1865:(rapper)
1863:Pedro Mo
1694:Jesús Wu
1520:massacres
1508:Singapore
1496:Hong Kong
1443:does not
1337:Tradition
1183:Inca Kola
1178:Beverages
1156:Alfajores
1031:Taekwondo
964:Modernism
893:1542-1821
885:1438-1572
877:1197-1438
710:indígenas
694:indígenas
682:indígenas
616:Guangdong
556:Sri Lanka
544:Indonesia
445:Cantonese
365:tou saang
139:Cantonese
121:Languages
107:Moyobamba
5443:See also
5340:Bulgaria
5319:Portugal
5307:Southern
5214:Northern
5158:Pakistan
5098:Chin Haw
5093:Thailand
5025:Malaysia
4981:Cambodia
4960:Mongolia
4892:Suriname
4740:Suriname
4689:Americas
4676:Zimbabwe
4612:Botswana
4600:Southern
4581:Cameroon
4560:Tanzania
4550:Ethiopia
4359:Japanese
4301:Croatian
4288:European
4175:Amahuaca
4170:Aguaruna
4139:Quechuas
4042:APCH.com
3919:31349975
3853:29 March
3024:(2001).
3005:Phys.org
2726:Archived
2177:See also
1720:(mayor)
1612:Cencosud
1575:Jyutping
1472:May 2023
1264:Marinera
1151:Desserts
1102:Potatoes
1026:Football
861:550-1000
797:a series
726:injertos
718:injertos
698:serranas
686:serranas
640:Huancayo
636:La Oroya
606:Chinese
580:Nagasaki
540:Malaysia
534:itself,
522:via the
520:Acapulco
441:Mandarin
414:Jyutping
409:tǔ shēng
392:loanword
359:Jyutping
344:tǔ shēng
273:Jyutping
164:Buddhism
149:Religion
131:Mandarin
111:Tarapoto
99:Huancayo
5378:Oceania
5350:Romania
5333:Eastern
5274:Ireland
5269:Hungary
5264:Germany
5247:Belgium
5240:Western
5226:Finland
5221:Denmark
5130:San Diu
5110:Vietnam
5069:Sangley
5052:Panthay
5042:Myanmar
4986:Hokkien
4922:Central
4897:Uruguay
4834:Central
4792:Toronto
4730:Jamaica
4648:Réunion
4642:Namibia
4617:Lesotho
4574:Central
4534:Senegal
4529:Nigeria
4498:Morocco
4483:Algeria
4402:Mestizo
4392:African
4349:Chinese
4331:Spanish
4316:Italian
4296:British
4265:Yanesha
4255:Urarina
4210:Jibitos
4195:Cashibo
4124:Huancas
3619:May 17,
3585:May 17,
3551:May 17,
3517:May 17,
3483:May 17,
3083:May 17,
2029:(chef)
1988:Culture
1811:(poet)
1601:Iquitos
1580:hekfaan
1464:removed
1449:sources
1323:Mestizo
1296:Quechua
1278:Peoples
1249:Festejo
1129:Coastal
1084:Cuisine
1036:Surfing
1003:Theatre
976:Writers
853:100-700
828:History
763:pogroms
737:mulatto
722:injerta
714:injerto
652:in Peru
624:slavery
576:Malacca
497:History
493:women.
472:mestizo
461:Spanish
457:Hokkien
431:Due to
396:Chinese
296:Chinese
154:Mostly
143:Hokkien
115:Iquitos
5402:Hawaii
5365:Turkey
5360:Serbia
5355:Russia
5296:London
5252:France
5231:Sweden
5207:Europe
5189:Turkey
5184:Israel
5047:Kokang
4976:Brunei
4882:Guyana
4872:Brazil
4851:Panama
4799:Mexico
4763:Canada
4720:Guyana
4705:Belize
4671:Zambia
4627:Malawi
4607:Angola
4565:Uganda
4469:Africa
4385:Others
4376:Korean
4354:Indian
4321:Polish
4311:German
4306:French
4245:Secoya
4240:Sápara
4215:Jíbaro
4165:Aguano
4160:Achuar
4119:Aymara
4112:Andean
4023:online
4012:online
3995:online
3984:online
3944:
3934:
3917:
3907:
3818:Chʻiao
3800:
3748:
3686:17 May
3644:
3610:
3576:
3542:
3508:
3474:
3447:
3422:17 May
3413:
3388:17 May
3379:
3354:17 May
3345:
3320:17 May
3311:
3286:17 May
3277:
3244:
3206:
3172:
3145:
3111:
3074:
3034:
2916:
2882:
2848:
2814:
2663:
2589:
2555:
2521:
2487:
2453:
2372:
2341:
1577::
1570:chīfàn
1567::
1565:pinyin
1554:chifas
1504:Taiwan
1301:Aymara
1244:Huayno
1171:Lucuma
1139:Amazon
1117:Fruits
1097:Quinoa
1058:Cinema
1041:Tennis
969:Comics
799:on the
706:Indias
572:Bengal
560:Mexico
478:, and
453:Minnan
416::
406::
404:pinyin
398::
228:秘鲁华侨华人
87:Huacho
68:14,307
5427:Tonga
5422:Samoa
5407:Palau
5324:Spain
5314:Italy
5257:Paris
5153:India
5141:South
5057:Pashu
4955:Korea
4950:Japan
4877:Chile
4860:South
4755:North
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