739:
and making the
Chinese men slavish, docile, "servile", "submissive" and "feminine" and commanding them around, reporting that "Now and then...he becomes enamored of the charms of some sombre-hued chola (Native Indian and mestiza woman) or samba (mixed black woman), and is converted and joins the Church, so that may enter the bonds of wedlock with the dusky señorita." Chinese men were sought out as husbands and considered a "catch" by the "dusky damsels" (Peruvian women) because they were viewed as a "model husband, hard-working, affectionate, faithful and obedient" and "handy to have in the house", the Peruvian women became the "better half" instead of the "weaker vessel" and would command their Chinese husbands "around in fine style" instead of treating them equally, while the labor contract of the Chinese coolie would be nullified by the marriage, the Peruvian wife viewed the nullification merely as the previous "master" handing over authority over the Chinese man to her as she became his "mistress", keeping him in "servitude" to her, speedily ending any complaints and suppositions by the Chinese men that they would have any power in the marriage.
808:
2188:
717:. Peruvians of low class established sexual unions or marriages with the Chinese men, and some black and Indian women "bred" with the Chinese according to Alfredo Sachettí, who claimed the mixing was causing the Chinese to suffer from "progressive degeneration". In Casa Grande, highland Indian women and Chinese men participated in communal "mass marriages" with each other, arranged when highland women were brought by a Chinese matchmaker after receiving a down payment.
646:
496:
654:
39:
1423:
2174:
4076:
635:
1371:
3393:
665:
of interracial marriages is quite large. According to one source, the number of mix raced children born was 180,000. Half of that number was in Lima alone, with the ratio between
Chinese mestizo and the full-blooded Chinese at 90,000 to 15,000 (6:1). The recent census only estimates 14,307 Peruvians of Chinese descent (2017).
668:
Many
Peruvian women of different origins married to these Chinese male migrants. Most of the women that married Chinese were Amerindians (including Mestiza) and Black. Some lower class white women also married Chinese men but in a lower ratio. Chinese had contact with Peruvian women in cities; there
664:
Interracial marriages between
Cantonese-Chinese males and Peruvian females was quite large resulting in large number of mixed children and people with some Chinese ancestry in Peru. There is no prevailing racist attitude against intermarriage between the Chinese and non-Chinese in Peru, so the number
738:
married
Chinese men to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the men since they dominated and "subjugated" the Chinese men despite the fact that the labor contract was annulled by the marriage, reversing the roles in marriage with the Peruvian woman holding marital power, ruling the family
583:
coolie showed high status. Records of three
Japanese coolies dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner
481:
or
Chinese ancestry. However, according to the embassy, it was estimated that 15% (or 4 million) of the 30 million Peruvians had Chinese roots and ancestry, tracing back to the 19th century arrival of 100,000 Chinese immigrants that migrated to Peru and entered relationships with many Peruvian
623:) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to
631:. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites. Between 1849 and 1874 half the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion and suicide caused by forced labor.
3590:
1539:
After their contracts ended, many of them adopted the last name of their patrons (one of the reasons that many
Chinese Peruvians carry Spanish last names). Some freed coolies (and later immigrants) established many small businesses. These included
1611:
The majority of
Chinese descendants in Peru do not carry a Chinese surname, since their ancestors, when they arrived in Peru, were baptized or adopted the surnames of their patrons, Catholic saints or some very common Castilian surname.
2675:
669:
they formed relationships and sired mixed babies. These women originated from Andean and coastal areas and did not originally come from the cities; in the haciendas on the coast in rural areas, native young women of
728:, black, and white women engaged in carnal relations or marriages with Chinese men, with marriages of mulatto, black, and white woman being reported by the Cuba Commission Report. In Peru, it was reported by
2967:
681:
mountains would come down to work. These Andean native women were favored over
Africans as marital partners by Chinese men, with matchmakers arranging for communal marriages of Chinese men to young
2737:
2937:
754:
stopped. In one 1881 pogrom in the Cañete Valley it is estimated that 500 to 1,500 Chinese were killed. Despite this, Chinese were barred from immigrating to the country until the 1970s.
4064:
2687:
424:, most third and fourth generation Chinese Peruvians do not speak the language of their Asian ancestors. However, some second generation Chinese Peruvians can speak one or more
3825:
661:
There were almost no women among the nearly entirely male Chinese coolie population that migrated to Peru and Cuba. Peruvian women were married to these Chinese male migrants.
3657:
746:, Chinese labors led an uprising in support to Chile against Peru. Peruvians held Chinese as responsible to the Chilean invading army, and this led to the first ever
1511:
in those countries in the 1960s, 1970s, and late 1990s. These recent Chinese immigrants make Peru currently the home of the largest ethnically Chinese community in
1588:, where they tapped rubber trees, washed gold, cultivated rice, and traded with the natives. They even became the largest foreign colony in the Amazon capital of
2998:
The Chinese were discriminated against even in death, having to be buried in the pre-Incan sites after being barred from cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics.
4780:
2603:
2714:
1595:
In 1942, a Chinese-Peruvian, Erasmo Wong, started a small store in a residential district in Lima, which grew into a large supermarket chain in Peru known as
4057:
5475:
3972:
2975:
5465:
5182:
4441:
3629:. David J. Weber Series in the New Borderlands History. Vol. 4: Wiley Blackwell Concise History of the Modern World. UNC Press Books. p. 82.
592:, where it was recorded that in 1613 there was a small community of Asians, consisting of Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Malays, Cambodians and others.
1399:
4703:
3665:
4579:
4050:
551:
were called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish. Most of these workers were male and were obtained from Portuguese traders, who obtained them from
3359:
2745:
2945:
5278:
4811:
4774:
1722:
1580:'s earliest Chinatowns. The Chinese coolies married Peruvian women, and many Chinese Peruvians today are of mixed Chinese, Spanish, African or
607:
followed. 80,000 to 100,000 Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the
4770:
3924:
3897:
3658:"The Coolie Trade: The slavery of the present - The traffic of Peru - Hiring of the Coolie - Horrors of the middle passage the Coolie's fate"
3634:
3403:
3369:
3335:
3301:
3267:
3196:
3162:
3135:
3101:
3024:
2906:
2838:
2804:
2579:
2545:
2511:
2477:
2443:
2331:
2768:
5460:
5333:
4733:
2686:(in Spanish) (1). Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673): 2. Archived from
2606:[The mayor of the Chinese in the province of Colima during the seventeenth century: a system of representation surrounding trade]
1487:
and Macau in 1997 and 1999, owing to fear of those territories returning to Communist rule, while others have come from other places in
4042:
5405:
5001:
4723:
3566:
3532:
3498:
3464:
3437:
3234:
2362:
1581:
1444:
5480:
4314:
3835:
776:
In 1957, Cantonese speakers constituted 85 per cent of the total Chinese immigrant population, the rest of whom were Hakka speakers.
5267:
2872:
1470:
807:
3890:
En el país de las colinas de arena: reflexiones sobre la inmigración china en el Perú del S. XIX desde la perspectiva del derecho
5455:
3952:
5069:
4434:
4410:
4309:
3600:
3064:
2604:"El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii: un sistema de representación en torno a un oficio"
1448:
619:
mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian
188:
3953:"Sino-Peruvian identity and community as prison: Siu Kam Wen's rendering of self-exploitation and other survival strategies"
2299:
2253:
3859:
Affigne, Tony, and Pei-te Lien. "Peoples of Asian descent in the Americas: Theoretical implications of race and politics."
3325:
689:. There was a racist reaction by Peruvians to the marriages of Peruvian women and Chinese men. When native Peruvian women (
5390:
4787:
4276:
3995:
Melillo, Edward D. "The first green revolution: debt peonage and the making of the nitrogen fertilizer trade, 1840–1930."
3291:
1392:
742:
Although Chinese Peruvians were well-integrated into Peruvian society, it did not come with an easy beginning. During the
464:
210:
5136:
4981:
4922:
4917:
4829:
4625:
4620:
4610:
4502:
4652:
3556:
974:
5284:
5151:
4352:
4319:
3751:
2216:
1504:
750:
in Latin America. Chinese were targeted and murdered by native Peruvians and it was not until 1890s that anti-Chinese
3700:
1433:
2615:
5435:
5328:
5307:
5245:
5240:
5146:
5141:
4948:
4664:
4600:
4569:
4548:
4538:
4092:
3765:"La identidad política de los inmigrantes chinos en el Perú con su país de origen: a principios de la década 1970s"
2704:
1056:
519:("Chinese"), although in reality they were not only from China but also other places, including what are today the
456:
1452:
1437:
5262:
5252:
5235:
5214:
5209:
5030:
4885:
4630:
4605:
4574:
4522:
4517:
4486:
4471:
4427:
1149:
898:
3812:...but in 1957 speakers of Cantonese constituted 85 per cent of the total, the rest of whom were Hakka speakers.
2206:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5257:
5219:
5177:
5172:
4964:
4839:
4693:
4659:
4615:
4595:
4553:
2354:
1385:
979:
964:
957:
822:
762:
969:
5312:
5302:
4943:
4938:
4865:
4543:
4507:
4481:
4476:
1933:
1348:
1188:
576:
5400:
5167:
4647:
4512:
1338:
770:
638:
4016:
Rimner, Steffen. "Chinese abolitionism: the Chinese Educational Mission in Connecticut, Cuba, and Peru."
3595:. Brill ebook titles. Vol. 62 of Texas Pan American Series. University of Texas Press. p. 100.
5470:
5378:
4208:
2400:
2201:
1265:
164:
1693:
3967:
Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle. "The Chinese in Peru and the Changing Peruvian Chinese Community(ies)." In
2989:
599:, who in the 19th century took a four-month trip from Macau (then a Portuguese territory), settled as
5064:
4636:
1952:
1947:
937:
425:
1548:
1247:
5427:
5373:
4986:
4890:
4834:
4805:
4798:
4764:
4757:
4267:
2348:
1041:
942:
878:
504:
471:
populations, Chinese are estimated to constitute less than 0.1% of the Peruvian population. In the
43:
4006:
Narváez, Benjamín N. "Becoming Sino-Peruvian: Post-Indenture Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Peru."
5338:
5098:
4880:
4860:
4855:
4728:
4347:
4289:
4036:
3880:
Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Coolies, Shopkeepers, Pioneers: The Chinese of Mexico and Peru (1849–1930)."
3786:
3734:
2226:
1596:
1577:
1500:
1306:
1301:
1051:
984:
952:
947:
743:
730:
547:. Filipinos made up most of their population. The people in this community of diverse Asians in
3259:
3056:
773:
in Taipei, although as time passed, they became adherent to the government in Beijing instead.
5013:
4974:
4969:
4792:
4751:
4718:
4685:
4304:
4284:
3930:
3920:
3903:
3893:
3630:
3596:
3562:
3528:
3522:
3494:
3488:
3460:
3454:
3433:
3427:
3399:
3365:
3331:
3297:
3263:
3230:
3220:
3192:
3186:
3158:
3131:
3125:
3097:
3060:
3020:
2902:
2896:
2868:
2862:
2834:
2828:
2800:
2649:
2575:
2541:
2535:
2507:
2501:
2473:
2439:
2358:
2327:
2321:
2034:
1585:
1227:
932:
830:
766:
552:
3624:
3091:
3014:
2794:
2569:
2467:
2433:
5415:
5410:
5395:
5052:
4870:
4713:
4708:
4642:
4450:
4299:
4294:
4203:
3945:
Dragons in the Land of the Condor: Writing Tusán in Peru (University of Arizona Press, 2014)
3776:
3726:
3152:
2382:
2231:
2022:
1669:
1584:
descent. Chinese Peruvians also assisted in the building of railroad and development of the
1528:
1358:
1333:
1193:
1166:
1154:
1139:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1071:
1014:
887:
862:
449:
429:
384:
319:
284:
233:
119:
115:
5103:
4000:
3364:. Walton Look Lai (illustrated ed.). Press, University of the West Indies. p. 8.
5385:
5272:
5008:
4991:
4380:
4364:
4342:
4329:
4178:
4158:
2709:
2413:
2221:
2211:
1573:
1222:
1024:
991:
846:
795:
556:
495:
468:
168:
144:
5113:
2274:
1625:
3626:
Alien Nation: Chinese Migration in the Americas from the Coolie Era Through World War II
653:
645:
292:
5118:
5108:
4698:
4385:
4357:
4253:
4238:
4223:
4183:
4127:
3764:
3252:
3049:
1488:
1284:
1274:
1046:
512:
472:
4011:
5449:
5035:
4743:
4395:
4107:
3790:
3738:
1524:
1512:
1289:
1217:
1208:
1176:
1036:
1029:
1019:
1009:
838:
785:
735:
437:
421:
148:
123:
1523:
Many Chinese Peruvians left Peru in the 1960s and 1970s. Most of them headed to the
5081:
4117:
3010:
2193:
1903:
1599:. Wong supermarkets was later acquired by the Chilean multinational retail company
1495:, and southeast Asian Chinese communities, including those of Malaysia, Indonesia,
1353:
1242:
925:
920:
441:
326:
240:
38:
4168:
3805:
3016:
Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900-1936
2633:
5023:
4213:
4173:
3988:
Martin, Dorothea. "Chinese Indentured Labor to Peru in the Nineteenth Century."
3978:
Lee, Rachel. "Asian American cultural production in Asian-Pacific perspective."
2799:. Colonial Latin America. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
2179:
2140:
1422:
1375:
1095:
1080:
870:
854:
758:
596:
520:
433:
201:
198:
195:
127:
417:'local born'), are Peruvian citizens whose ancestors came from China.
5091:
5074:
5045:
5018:
4996:
4132:
3830:
2169:
1844:
1343:
1279:
747:
600:
536:
3934:
2653:
4188:
4080:
3951:
López-Calvo, Ignacio (Spring 2008), Hu-deHart, Evelyn; López, Kathy (eds.),
3907:
3226:
2738:"Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century"
2537:
The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874
1496:
1484:
1171:
915:
713:
origin as marriage partners. Children born to black mothers were not called
634:
620:
604:
544:
532:
460:
340:
254:
95:
79:
4228:
4218:
3730:
3429:
Chinese Bondage in Peru: A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849-1874
2378:
1370:
5086:
4193:
4163:
4122:
3781:
2993:
2386:
1600:
1563:
1508:
1252:
628:
624:
568:
528:
508:
402:
380:
347:
261:
152:
99:
87:
3521:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
3487:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
3453:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
5057:
5040:
4390:
4243:
2634:"La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673"
2323:
Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective
1589:
1546:(Chinese-Peruvian restaurants - the word is derived from Chinese term,
1311:
1237:
1144:
751:
725:
612:
564:
445:
131:
103:
3983:
2676:"Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España"
2379:"Figure 4. Difficulties Reported by Peruvians in Host Countries, 2006"
4233:
4198:
4153:
4148:
4112:
3715:"Narrating Chinese Massacre in the South American War of the Pacific"
3689:
Taylor, Lewis. Indigenous Peasant Rebellions in Peru during the 1880s
3592:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875-1933
3558:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933
3395:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933
3188:
Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875–1933
2938:"Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru"
2769:"To Mexico in Chains: The Tale of Three 16th Century Japanese Slaves"
1553:
1492:
1232:
1159:
1090:
1085:
560:
548:
392:
75:
3714:
3698:
Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru.
4419:
2636:[Asian Slavery in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, 1565-1673]
2469:
Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions
4248:
3810:. Vol. 3. Basement Workshop, Incorporated. 1974. p. 35.
1542:
1181:
1134:
1105:
678:
652:
644:
633:
616:
608:
572:
540:
524:
494:
91:
83:
4084:
3361:
The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806–1995: A Documentary History
3296:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 47.
3154:
The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806-1995: A Documentary History
1324:
1100:
721:
589:
585:
71:
4423:
4046:
3873:
Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "The Chinese of Peru, Cuba, and Mexico." in
2678:[Central ideas surrounding Asian slavery in New Spain]
701:) and Chinese men had mixed children, the children were called
2990:"Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants"
2864:
Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium
1416:
3327:
Re/collecting Early Asian America: Essays in Cultural History
3127:
Re/collecting Early Asian America: Essays in Cultural History
1572:) which means "to eat rice or to have a meal"). Calle Capón,
757:
Another group of Chinese settlers came after the founding of
3866:
Clayton, Lawrence A. "Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru."
761:'s republic in 1912, and another after the establishment of
4030:
2614:(in Spanish) (1). Ciesas Occidente: 95–116. Archived from
2350:
China in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores Hardcover
3324:
Josephine D. Lee; Imogene L. Lim; Yuko Matsukawa (2002).
3124:
Josephine D. Lee; Imogene L. Lim; Yuko Matsukawa (2002).
611:
plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of
352:
266:
3752:
Dragons in the Land of the Condor: Writing Tusán in Peru
2506:. Vol. 4. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 100.
1576:, also known as Barrio Chino de Lima, became one of the
615:. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal
3990:
Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians
3222:
The Chinese Overseas: Routledge Library of Modern China
584:
Perez. Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to
2602:
Machuca Chávez, Claudia Paulina (Autumn–Winter 2009).
1665:(administrator, official and former head of the SBS)
331:
245:
769:, the Chinese community in Peru identified with the
5366:
5321:
5295:
5228:
5202:
5195:
5160:
5129:
4957:
4931:
4910:
4903:
4848:
4822:
4742:
4684:
4677:
4588:
4562:
4531:
4495:
4464:
4457:
4373:
4328:
4275:
4266:
4141:
4100:
4091:
346:
339:
325:
318:
313:
301:
283:
278:
260:
253:
239:
232:
227:
209:
187:
178:
158:
137:
109:
65:
50:
27:
3892:, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú,
3251:
3157:. University of the West Indies Press. p. 8.
3048:
2705:"Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century"
2632:Oropeza Keresey, Déborah (July–September 2011).
1860:(journalist, director of the Oriental Magazine)
1788:(lawyer and investigative journalist ufologist)
1629:陈路 (engineer, minister of state and ambassador)
2830:The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru
2307:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática
2261:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática
1603:on December 16, 2007, helping it grow further.
1483:Recent Chinese immigrants settled in Peru from
3524:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
3490:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
3456:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2435:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
2275:"The World Factbook: Peru: People and society"
4435:
4058:
4033:, Asociación Peruano China (official website)
3293:Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues
3254:Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture
3093:Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues
3051:Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture
2432:Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan, eds. (2010).
1393:
657:Chinese Community in Peru - Dance of the Lion
289:
215:
193:
8:
2833:. University of Arizona Press. p. 134.
2427:
2425:
2423:
22:
3019:. University of Chicago Press. p. 47.
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2574:. University of Toronto Press. p. 27.
1721:(Statistical expert and former head of the
1451:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
412:
5199:
4907:
4681:
4461:
4442:
4428:
4420:
4272:
4097:
4065:
4051:
4043:
3527:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 146.
3493:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 145.
3459:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 144.
3191:. University of Texas Press. p. 139.
3130:. Temple University Press. pp. 181–.
3096:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 47.
1531:or Peruvian Americans of Chinese descent.
1400:
1386:
778:
310:
224:
37:
21:
5019:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
3780:
2898:Extremo Oriente y el Perú en el siglo XVI
2571:Class and Race Formation in North America
1770:(poet and historian of Peruvian cuisine)
1471:Learn how and when to remove this message
709:emerged, Chinese men sought out girls of
3330:. Temple University Press. p. 181.
2248:
2246:
1893:(footballer, 8 times national champion)
1568:
736:Peruvian black and Indian (Native) women
407:
5430:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
4008:Asian Journal of Latin American Studies
3888:De Trazegnies Granda, Fernando (1994),
3875:The Cambridge survey of world migration
3870:(June 1980), Vol. 30 Issue 6, pp 19–23.
2242:
1743:(Superior Criminal Prosecutor of Lima)
1737:(Superior Judge of Lima and professor)
794:
603:or coolies. Other Chinese coolies from
3971:, 7(2011), pp. 69–113. Available
2867:. Duke University Press. p. 200.
2796:The Cambridge History of Latin America
2409:
2398:
1731:(former president of the Lima Region)
1653:(businessman, accountant, missionary)
175:
2968:"Chinese in Peru in the 19th century"
2901:. Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 293.
2674:Oropeza, Déborah (Fall–Winter 2009).
2472:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 59.
7:
2717:from the original on 22 October 2016
1697:(industrial and political engineer)
1449:adding citations to reliable sources
577:Spain received some of these coolies
66:Regions with significant populations
3919:(in Simplified Chinese), 世界知识出版社 ,
3258:. Temple University Press. p.
3055:. Temple University Press. p.
2320:Crawford, Michael H. (2012-11-08).
2130:(chemical and scientific engineer)
5476:Peruvian people of Chinese descent
2648:(1). El Colegio de México: 20–21.
2074:(theatre director and playwright)
503:Workers who were shipped from the
14:
5466:Chinese diaspora in South America
3824:Aquino, Carlos (10 August 2014).
3719:Journal of Asian American Studies
2540:. Arnold J Meagher. p. 194.
2466:María Herrera-Sobek, ed. (2012).
1782:(TV host, journalist, and model)
724:, some Indian (Native American),
559:, which included parts of India,
61:0.06% of Peru's population (2017)
4074:
3826:"El Perú y los países asiáticos"
2186:
2172:
1659:(lawyer, professor and senator)
1503:came to Peru after anti-Chinese
1421:
1369:
806:
3713:Tinsman, Heidi (October 2019).
2895:Fernando Iwasaki Cauti (2005).
2300:"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"
2254:"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"
1951:(Olympic champion in shooting,
553:Portuguese colonial possessions
499:Chinese laborers in Peru - 1890
353:
267:
4411:Category:Ethnic groups in Peru
3992:(April 2010), Vol. 18, p34-45.
3664:. 28 June 1873. Archived from
2326:. Cambridge University Press.
1558:
1547:
397:
332:
290:
246:
216:
194:
1:
3561:. University of Texas Press.
3398:. University of Texas Press.
2500:Wolfgang Binder, ed. (1993).
677:("mountain") origin from the
475:, only 14,307 people claimed
4575:Democratic Republic of Congo
3834:(in Spanish). Archived from
3763:Zhang, Xiaoxu (2022-09-19).
3589:Michael J. Gonzales (1985).
3555:Michael J. Gonzales (2014).
3392:Michael J. Gonzales (2014).
3185:Michael J. Gonzales (2014).
2827:Ignacio López-Calvo (2013).
2793:Leslie Bethell, ed. (1984).
2767:Preston Phro (15 May 2013).
2144:(philosopher and librarian)
1881:(footballer and journalist)
765:in 1949. At the time of the
579:from Mexico, where owning a
5461:Chinese diaspora by country
3969:Journal of Chinese Overseas
3913:Translated into Chinese as
2736:Torres, Ida (14 May 2013).
2217:Chinatowns in Latin America
2150:(Auxiliary Bishop of Lima)
2006:(historian and translator)
1592:by the end of the century.
539:and further afield such as
455:Outside of the predominant
5497:
3997:American Historical Review
2534:Arnold J. Meagher (2008).
2347:Robert Evan Ellis (2009).
2136:(physicist and professor)
2101:(teacher, CCPCH director)
2093:Alejandro Chung Hernández
1499:and the Philippines. Many
59:by self-reported ancestry
5424:
4408:
4018:Journal of Global History
2725:– via Asiaone News.
2568:James W. Russell (2009).
2108:(linguist and professor)
1848:(model and TV presenter)
1701:Juan Pablo Chang Navarro
1527:, where they were called
899:Cultural heritage of Peru
388:
364:
309:
291:
223:
183:
163:
142:
114:
70:
55:
36:
3999:117.4 (2012): 1028-1060
3916:
3358:Walton Look Lai (1998).
3151:Walton Look Lai (1998).
2355:Lynne Rienner Publishers
2154:Johnny Ching Paravecino
2106:Eugenio Chang-Rodríguez
1749:(lawyer and politician)
823:Norte Chico civilization
784:This article is part of
513:Manila-Acapulco galleons
189:Traditional Chinese
28:
4039:, Origins: Lomo Saltado
3804:"The Chinese in Peru".
3078:chinese peruvian women.
2503:Slavery in the Americas
1810:Julio Villanueva Chang
1804:Jonatan Relayze Chiang
1349:Catholic Church in Peru
211:Simplified Chinese
5456:Asian diaspora in Peru
4081:Ancestry and ethnicity
3982:26.2 (1999): 231–254.
3943:López-Calvo, Ignacio,
3731:10.1353/jaas.2019.0038
3623:Elliott Young (2014).
3290:Chee-Beng Tan (2004).
3250:Robert G. Lee (1999).
3090:Chee-Beng Tan (2004).
3047:Robert G. Lee (1999).
2408:Cite journal requires
1413:Modern-day immigration
771:Nationalist government
658:
650:
642:
639:Diez de Octubre School
500:
4020:11.3 (2016): 344–364.
3769:Ibero-América Studies
3426:Watt Stewart (2018).
2861:Dirk Hoerder (2002).
2353:. Boulder, Colorado:
2202:Asian Latin Americans
2156:(Teacher-Researcher)
1834:(cultural historian)
1798:Sui Yun (Katty Wong)
1792:Antonio Wong Rengifo
1735:Rolando Martel Chang
1616:Politics and business
656:
648:
637:
498:
165:Asian Latin Americans
159:Related ethnic groups
5481:China–Peru relations
5183:United Arab Emirates
5075:Straits-Born Chinese
3957:Afro-Hispanic Review
3884:15.2 (1989): 91–116.
3838:on 23 September 2015
3782:10.55704/ias.v4i2.04
2387:10.1787/717243165352
2207:China–Peru relations
2042:Juan Wong Popolizio
1747:Rubén Chang Gamarra
1707:Julio Chávez Chiong
1445:improve this section
1113:Regional differences
555:and outposts of the
426:varieties of Chinese
268:beilou waakiu waajan
5428:overseas department
4734:Trinidad and Tobago
4010:29.3 (2016): 1-27.
3432:. Forgotten Books.
2996:. August 24, 2017.
2012:(social scientist)
1998:Carolina Chang Tam
1826:Miguel Yi Carrillo
1741:Rosario López Wong
1677:Isabel Wong-Vargas
1657:Eugenio Chang Cruz
1535:Role in the economy
1501:Chinese Indonesians
948:Colonial literature
910:Arts and literature
879:Viceroyalty of Peru
505:Spanish Philippines
473:2017 Census in Peru
247:Bìlǔ Huáqiáo Huárén
24:
5436:Hong Kong Diaspora
4704:Dominican Republic
3915:竹碧 ; 腊梅 (1999),
3863:28.2 (2002): 1-27.
2748:on 31 January 2016
2227:Japanese Peruvians
2112:Jorge Céliz Kuong
2000:(keyboard player)
1832:Milly Ahon Olguín
1729:Nelson Chui Mejía
1694:José Antonio Chang
1578:Western Hemisphere
1307:Japanese Peruvians
1302:European Peruvians
744:War of the Pacific
731:The New York Times
659:
651:
643:
501:
448:), in addition to
5443:
5442:
5382:
5362:
5361:
5281:
5191:
5190:
5070:Chinese nationals
4997:Peranakan Chinese
4899:
4898:
4812:by city and state
4808:
4801:
4767:
4760:
4673:
4672:
4580:Republic of Congo
4417:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4262:
4261:
4219:Matsés (Mayoruna)
3926:978-7-5012-1182-1
3899:978-84-89309-82-1
3636:978-1-4696-1296-6
3405:978-1-4773-0602-4
3371:978-976-640-021-7
3337:978-1-4399-0120-5
3303:978-962-209-661-5
3269:978-1-4399-0571-5
3219:Hong Liu (2006).
3198:978-1-4773-0602-4
3164:978-976-640-021-7
3137:978-1-4399-0120-5
3103:978-962-209-661-5
3026:978-0-226-56025-0
2908:978-9972-42-671-1
2840:978-0-8165-9987-5
2806:978-0-521-24516-6
2742:Japan Daily Press
2684:Historia Mexicana
2642:Historia Mexicana
2612:Letras Históricas
2581:978-0-8020-9678-4
2547:978-1-4363-0943-1
2513:978-3-88479-713-6
2479:978-0-313-34339-1
2445:978-90-04-18213-4
2333:978-1-107-01286-8
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:Raúl Chau Quispe
2145:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2118:José Gallardo Ku
2115:
2109:
2102:
2099:Alicia Garcia Yi
2096:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:Lucero Medina Hu
2069:
2066:Rosa Fung Pineda
2063:
2062:(plastic artist)
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2035:Juan Wong Paredes
2027:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2004:Celia Wu Brading
2001:
1995:
1994:(plastic artist)
1989:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1934:Katherine Miranda
1930:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1820:María Inés Ching
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1597:Wong supermarkets
1586:Amazon Rainforest
1529:Chinese Americans
1481:
1480:
1473:
1410:
1409:
1297:Chinese Peruvians
933:Inca architecture
916:Pre-Columbian art
892:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
799:
767:Chinese Civil War
691:cholas et natives
649:Chinatown in Lima
601:contract laborers
428:that may include
415:
371:Chinese Peruvians
368:
367:
360:
359:
320:Standard Mandarin
274:
273:
234:Standard Mandarin
179:Chinese Peruvians
174:
173:
145:Roman Catholicism
44:Chinatown of Lima
23:Chinese Peruvians
5488:
5406:Papua New Guinea
5376:
5277:
5200:
4908:
4804:
4797:
4771:British Columbia
4763:
4756:
4682:
4462:
4451:Overseas Chinese
4444:
4437:
4430:
4421:
4273:
4098:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4044:
3964:
3947:
3937:
3910:
3882:Amerasia Journal
3877:(1995): 220–222.
3861:Amerasia Journal
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3760:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3710:
3704:
3701:Past and Present
3696:
3690:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3257:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3054:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:. Archived from
2972:Brown University
2966:Hwang, Justina.
2963:
2950:
2949:
2944:. Archived from
2933:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2744:. Archived from
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2693:on 7 April 2014.
2692:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2621:on 7 April 2014.
2620:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2232:Overseas Chinese
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2134:Óscar Tang Cruz
2129:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2073:
2068:(archaeologist)
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2025:
2023:Julia Wong Kcomt
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1988:(archaeologist)
1987:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1942:
1937:(tennis player)
1936:
1929:(tennis player)
1928:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1899:(tennis player)
1898:
1892:
1887:(soccer player)
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1858:Raúl Chang Ruiz
1853:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1794:(film director)
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:Alberto Ku King
1769:
1763:
1762:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1720:
1714:
1713:Julio Chú Mériz
1708:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1679:(businesswoman)
1678:
1672:
1670:Humberto Lay Sun
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:Erasmus Wong Lu
1640:
1634:
1633:Ephraim Wong Lu
1628:
1626:Luis Chang Reyes
1620:
1619:
1574:Lima's Chinatown
1570:
1560:
1551:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1425:
1417:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1359:Religion in Peru
1334:Lord of Miracles
1327:
1268:
1211:
1074:
926:Contemporary art
890:
888:Republic of Peru
881:
873:
865:
863:Kingdom of Cusco
858:6th century-1438
857:
849:
841:
833:
825:
810:
800:
797:
789:
779:
515:were all called
416:
413:
409:
399:
390:
373:, also known as
356:
355:
335:
334:
311:
297:
296:
295:
270:
269:
249:
248:
225:
219:
218:
205:
204:
176:
116:Peruvian Spanish
51:Total population
41:
25:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5420:
5358:
5317:
5291:
5224:
5187:
5156:
5125:
5002:Bangka-Belitung
4992:Benteng Chinese
4953:
4927:
4895:
4844:
4818:
4738:
4669:
4584:
4558:
4527:
4491:
4453:
4448:
4418:
4413:
4400:
4369:
4324:
4258:
4179:Canelos-Quichua
4137:
4087:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4027:
3950:
3942:
3927:
3918:
3917:沙国之梦：契约华工在秘鲁的命运
3914:
3900:
3887:
3856:
3854:Further reading
3851:
3841:
3839:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2942:Smithsonian.com
2935:
2934:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2713:. 14 May 2013.
2710:Yomiuri Shimbun
2703:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:. p. 272.
2346:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2222:History of Peru
2212:Chinatown, Lima
2192:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2128:Olga Lock Sing
2086:
2054:Mao Wong López
2010:Emilio Choy Ma
1979:
1961:(skateboarder)
1872:
1761:
1663:Felipe Tam Fox
1618:
1609:
1582:Native American
1537:
1521:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1442:
1426:
1415:
1406:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1339:Fiestas Patrias
1329:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1223:Peruvian cumbia
1213:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1150:Arroz con leche
1076:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1005:
997:
996:
980:Matto de Turner
911:
903:
902:
896:
847:Tiwanaku empire
826:3500 BC-1800 BC
818:
798:Culture of Peru
796:
783:
673:("native") and
557:Estado da India
493:
488:
302:Literal meaning
169:Asian Peruvians
60:
46:
32:
30:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5494:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:from Hong Kong
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Czech Republic
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5279:from Hong Kong
5273:United Kingdom
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4799:from Hong Kong
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4761:
4758:from Hong Kong
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4268:Non-indigenous
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Shipibo-Conibo
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:Quijos-Quichua
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Kichwa-Lamista
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4037:Newworlder.com
4034:
4026:
4025:External links
4023:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4004:
3993:
3986:
3976:
3965:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3925:
3898:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3816:
3796:
3755:
3744:
3725:(3): 277–313.
3705:
3691:
3682:
3671:on 1 July 2015
3662:New York Times
3649:
3635:
3615:
3601:
3581:
3568:978-1477306024
3567:
3547:
3534:978-9004182134
3533:
3513:
3500:978-9004182134
3499:
3479:
3466:978-9004182134
3465:
3445:
3439:978-1527808904
3438:
3418:
3404:
3384:
3370:
3350:
3336:
3316:
3302:
3282:
3268:
3242:
3236:978-0415338585
3235:
3211:
3197:
3177:
3163:
3143:
3136:
3116:
3102:
3082:
3065:
3039:
3025:
3002:
2981:
2978:on 2019-11-11.
2951:
2948:on 2019-11-11.
2936:Katz, Brigit.
2921:
2907:
2887:
2873:
2853:
2839:
2819:
2805:
2785:
2773:Rocket News 24
2759:
2728:
2696:
2666:
2644:(in Spanish).
2624:
2594:
2580:
2560:
2546:
2526:
2512:
2492:
2478:
2458:
2444:
2419:
2410:|journal=
2370:
2364:978-1588266507
2363:
2339:
2332:
2312:
2309:. p. 214.
2291:
2266:
2263:. p. 214.
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1986:Alejandro Chu
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:Jorge Koochoi
1889:
1883:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1719:Magdalena Chú
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:(businessman)
1681:
1675:
1673:(congressman)
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1647:(businessman)
1643:
1641:(congressman)
1637:
1635:(businessman)
1631:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:Notable people
1605:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1517:
1489:mainland China
1479:
1478:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1275:Afro-Peruvians
1271:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:Peruvian salsa
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Música criolla
1225:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1189:Peruvian chefs
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:González Prada
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
918:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
895:
894:
884:
876:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
831:Chavín culture
828:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
803:
802:
792:
791:
763:Communist rule
492:
489:
487:
484:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
350:
344:
343:
341:Yue: Cantonese
337:
336:
329:
323:
322:
316:
315:
314:Transcriptions
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
287:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
255:Yue: Cantonese
251:
250:
243:
237:
236:
230:
229:
228:Transcriptions
221:
220:
213:
207:
206:
191:
185:
184:
181:
180:
172:
171:
161:
160:
156:
155:
140:
139:
135:
134:
112:
111:
107:
106:
68:
67:
63:
62:
53:
52:
48:
47:
42:
34:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5493:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:United States
4791:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4396:Romani people
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:History Today
3865:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3616:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3385:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3043:
3040:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2874:0-8223-8407-8
2870:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2786:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2402:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2060:Marcelo Wong
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1967:(footballer)
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1948:Edwin Vásquez
1946:
1943:(footballer)
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:Iván Miranda
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:(footballer)
1916:
1913:(footballer)
1911:Mariano Loo
1910:
1907:(footballer)
1905:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:(journalist)
1838:Mónica Chang
1837:
1831:
1828:(journalist)
1825:
1822:(journalist)
1819:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1786:Anthony Choy
1785:
1779:
1776:(journalist)
1773:
1768:Aída Tam Fox
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:Entertainment
1758:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:(politician)
1712:
1706:
1703:(politician)
1700:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1639:Enrique Wong
1638:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:United States
1518:
1516:
1514:
1513:Latin America
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:This section
1428:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Peruvian rock
1216:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1194:Gastón Acurio
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Chicha morada
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Chifa cuisine
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:Entertainment
1001:
1000:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
907:
906:
901:
900:
893:
889:
885:
880:
877:
872:
869:
864:
861:
856:
853:
848:
845:
840:
839:Moche culture
837:
834:900 BC-200 BC
832:
829:
824:
821:
820:
814:
813:
809:
805:
804:
801:
793:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
705:; once these
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
666:
662:
655:
647:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
571:in Japan and
570:
567:, Indonesia,
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
497:
491:Early history
490:
485:
483:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:acculturation
418:
410:
404:
400:
394:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
363:
351:
349:
345:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
294:
288:
286:
282:
277:
265:
263:
259:
256:
252:
244:
242:
238:
235:
231:
226:
222:
214:
212:
208:
203:
200:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
149:Protestantism
146:
141:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
35:
26:
5471:Coolie trade
5431:
4875:
4653:Johannesburg
4648:South Africa
4635:
4337:
4017:
4007:
3996:
3989:
3979:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3944:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3829:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3775:(2): 30–38.
3772:
3768:
3758:
3747:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3699:
3694:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3661:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3625:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3591:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3557:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3523:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3489:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3455:
3448:
3428:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3394:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3360:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3326:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3292:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3253:
3245:
3225:. Abingdon:
3221:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3187:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3153:
3146:
3126:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3092:
3085:
3077:
3070:. Retrieved
3050:
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3015:
3011:Adam McKeown
3005:
2997:
2984:
2976:the original
2971:
2946:the original
2941:
2912:. Retrieved
2897:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2863:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2829:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2795:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2741:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2708:
2699:
2688:the original
2683:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2645:
2641:
2627:
2616:the original
2611:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2570:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2536:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2502:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2468:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2434:
2401:cite journal
2390:. Retrieved
2373:
2349:
2342:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2260:
2194:China portal
2120:(economist)
2016:Javier Wong
1965:Augusto Yep
1959:Freddy Wong
1917:Julio Lores
1904:Carmen Kuong
1885:Héctor Cruz
1879:Juan Chang
1812:(journalist)
1806:(filmmaker)
1610:
1594:
1567:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1522:
1482:
1467:
1458:
1443:Please help
1431:
1296:
1243:Andean music
985:Vargas Llosa
938:Architecture
921:Peruvian art
897:
891:1821-present
886:
782:
775:
756:
741:
729:
720:In Peru and
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
594:
580:
516:
502:
477:
476:
454:
419:
406:
396:
375:
374:
370:
369:
327:Hanyu Pinyin
241:Hanyu Pinyin
56:
19:Ethnic group
16:Ethnic group
5401:New Zealand
5268:Netherlands
5092:Phuket Baba
5053:Philippines
5024:Sino-Native
4806:from Taiwan
4765:from Taiwan
4724:Puerto Rico
4358:B'nai Moshe
4214:Machiguenga
2279:www.cia.gov
2180:Peru portal
2141:Pedro Zulen
2056:(musician)
2044:(musician)
2038:(musician)
1953:London 1948
1651:Erick Chuy
1376:Peru portal
1096:Purple corn
1081:Agriculture
871:Inca Empire
855:Wari Empire
759:Sun Yat-sen
521:Philippines
408:tou2 saang1
29:秘魯華人（秘魯中國人）
5450:Categories
5137:Bangladesh
5104:Minh Hương
4982:East Timor
4923:Kyrgyzstan
4918:Kazakhstan
4830:Costa Rica
4643:Seychelles
4626:Mozambique
4611:Madagascar
4503:Cape Verde
4315:Portuguese
4093:Indigenous
3980:boundary 2
3963:(1): 73–90
3831:El Peruano
3602:029276491X
3066:1439905711
2392:2022-01-01
2238:References
2114:(general)
2095:(teacher)
2048:Julio Mau
1992:Apu-Rimak
1845:Patty Wong
1780:Annie Yep
1519:Emigration
1344:Inti Raymi
1280:Amerindian
1057:Newspapers
1052:Television
975:Mariátegui
943:Literature
748:Sinophobia
621:guano boom
597:immigrants
537:East Timor
457:Amerindian
305:Local-born
31:Tusán (土生)
5374:Australia
5152:Sri Lanka
5065:Singapore
4987:Indonesia
4958:Southeast
4891:Venezuela
4856:Argentina
4835:Nicaragua
4775:Vancouver
4686:Caribbean
4621:Mauritius
4194:Huambisas
4189:Harakmbut
4169:Asháninka
4142:Amazonian
3935:237047875
3791:252402046
3739:208688727
3642:8 January
3227:Routledge
3204:8 January
3170:8 January
3109:8 January
3032:8 January
2914:8 January
2880:8 January
2846:8 January
2812:8 January
2778:8 January
2752:8 January
2721:8 January
2659:31 August
2654:0185-0172
2587:8 January
2553:8 January
2519:8 January
2485:8 January
2451:8 January
2438:. BRILL.
2284:31 August
2050:(singer)
2026:(writer)
1941:Luis Pau
1897:Patty Ku
1870:Athletics
1854:(rapper)
1852:Pedro Mo
1683:Jesús Wu
1509:massacres
1497:Singapore
1485:Hong Kong
1432:does not
1326:Tradition
1172:Inca Kola
1167:Beverages
1145:Alfajores
1020:Taekwondo
953:Modernism
882:1542-1821
874:1438-1572
866:1197-1438
699:indígenas
683:indígenas
671:indígenas
605:Guangdong
545:Sri Lanka
533:Indonesia
434:Cantonese
354:tou saang
128:Cantonese
110:Languages
96:Moyobamba
5432:See also
5329:Bulgaria
5308:Portugal
5296:Southern
5203:Northern
5147:Pakistan
5087:Chin Haw
5082:Thailand
5014:Malaysia
4970:Cambodia
4949:Mongolia
4881:Suriname
4729:Suriname
4678:Americas
4665:Zimbabwe
4601:Botswana
4589:Southern
4570:Cameroon
4549:Tanzania
4539:Ethiopia
4348:Japanese
4290:Croatian
4277:European
4164:Amahuaca
4159:Aguaruna
4128:Quechuas
4031:APCH.com
3908:31349975
3842:29 March
3013:(2001).
2994:Phys.org
2715:Archived
2166:See also
1709:(mayor)
1601:Cencosud
1564:Jyutping
1461:May 2023
1253:Marinera
1140:Desserts
1091:Potatoes
1015:Football
850:550-1000
786:a series
715:injertos
707:injertos
687:serranas
675:serranas
629:Huancayo
625:La Oroya
595:Chinese
569:Nagasaki
529:Malaysia
523:itself,
511:via the
509:Acapulco
430:Mandarin
403:Jyutping
398:tǔ shēng
381:loanword
348:Jyutping
333:tǔ shēng
262:Jyutping
153:Buddhism
138:Religion
120:Mandarin
100:Tarapoto
88:Huancayo
5367:Oceania
5339:Romania
5322:Eastern
5263:Ireland
5258:Hungary
5253:Germany
5236:Belgium
5229:Western
5215:Finland
5210:Denmark
5119:San Diu
5099:Vietnam
5058:Sangley
5041:Panthay
5031:Myanmar
4975:Hokkien
4911:Central
4886:Uruguay
4823:Central
4781:Toronto
4719:Jamaica
4637:Réunion
4631:Namibia
4606:Lesotho
4563:Central
4523:Senegal
4518:Nigeria
4487:Morocco
4472:Algeria
4391:Mestizo
4381:African
4338:Chinese
4320:Spanish
4305:Italian
4285:British
4254:Yanesha
4244:Urarina
4199:Jibitos
4184:Cashibo
4113:Huancas
3608:May 17,
3574:May 17,
3540:May 17,
3506:May 17,
3472:May 17,
3072:May 17,
2018:(chef)
1977:Culture
1800:(poet)
1590:Iquitos
1569:hekfaan
1453:removed
1438:sources
1312:Mestizo
1285:Quechua
1267:Peoples
1238:Festejo
1118:Coastal
1073:Cuisine
1025:Surfing
992:Theatre
965:Writers
842:100-700
817:History
752:pogroms
726:mulatto
711:injerta
703:injerto
641:in Peru
613:slavery
565:Malacca
486:History
482:women.
461:mestizo
450:Spanish
446:Hokkien
420:Due to
385:Chinese
285:Chinese
143:Mostly
132:Hokkien
104:Iquitos
5391:Hawaii
5354:Turkey
5349:Serbia
5344:Russia
5285:London
5241:France
5220:Sweden
5196:Europe
5178:Turkey
5173:Israel
5036:Kokang
4965:Brunei
4871:Guyana
4861:Brazil
4840:Panama
4788:Mexico
4752:Canada
4709:Guyana
4694:Belize
4660:Zambia
4616:Malawi
4596:Angola
4554:Uganda
4458:Africa
4374:Others
4365:Korean
4343:Indian
4310:Polish
4300:German
4295:French
4234:Secoya
4229:Sápara
4204:Jíbaro
4154:Aguano
4149:Achuar
4108:Aymara
4101:Andean
4012:online
4001:online
3984:online
3973:online
3933:
3923:
3906:
3896:
3807:Chʻiao
3789:
3737:
3675:17 May
3633:
3599:
3565:
3531:
3497:
3463:
3436:
3411:17 May
3402:
3377:17 May
3368:
3343:17 May
3334:
3309:17 May
3300:
3275:17 May
3266:
3233:
3195:
3161:
3134:
3100:
3063:
3023:
2905:
2871:
2837:
2803:
2652:
2578:
2544:
2510:
2476:
2442:
2361:
2330:
1566::
1559:chīfàn
1556::
1554:pinyin
1543:chifas
1493:Taiwan
1290:Aymara
1233:Huayno
1160:Lucuma
1128:Amazon
1106:Fruits
1086:Quinoa
1047:Cinema
1030:Tennis
958:Comics
788:on the
695:Indias
561:Bengal
549:Mexico
467:, and
442:Minnan
405::
395::
393:pinyin
387::
217:秘鲁华侨华人
76:Huacho
57:14,307
5416:Tonga
5411:Samoa
5396:Palau
5313:Spain
5303:Italy
5246:Paris
5142:India
5130:South
5046:Pashu
4944:Korea
4939:Japan
4866:Chile
4849:South
4744:North
4714:Haiti
4544:Kenya
4508:Ghana
4482:Libya
4477:Egypt
4465:North
4330:Asian
4249:Yagua
4123:Q'ero
4118:Maina
3787:S2CID
3735:S2CID
3669:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2680:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2608:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
2084:Other
1505:riots
1210:Music
1182:Pisco
1123:Andes
1042:Radio
1037:Media
1010:Sport
734:that
679:Andes
617:guano
609:sugar
581:Chino
573:Macau
541:India
525:Japan
517:Chino
478:tusán
469:black
465:white
438:Hakka
383:from
376:tusán
279:Tusán
124:Hakka
92:Cusco
84:Piura
5386:Fiji
5168:Iran
5161:West
5114:Nùng
5109:Ngái
5009:Laos
4932:East
4904:Asia
4876:Peru
4699:Cuba
4532:East
4513:Mali
4496:West
4386:Arab
4353:Jews
4174:Bora
4133:Uros
4085:Peru
3931:OCLC
3921:ISBN
3904:OCLC
3894:ISBN
3844:2014
3677:2014
3644:2016
3631:ISBN
3610:2014
3597:ISBN
3576:2014
3563:ISBN
3542:2014
3529:ISBN
3508:2014
3495:ISBN
3474:2014
3461:ISBN
3434:ISBN
3413:2014
3400:ISBN
3379:2014
3366:ISBN
3345:2014
3332:ISBN
3311:2014
3298:ISBN
3277:2014
3264:ISBN
3231:ISBN
3206:2016
3193:ISBN
3172:2016
3159:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3111:2016
3098:ISBN
3074:2014
3061:ISBN
3034:2016
3021:ISBN
2916:2016
2903:ISBN
2882:2016
2869:ISBN
2848:2016
2835:ISBN
2814:2016
2801:ISBN
2780:2016
2754:2016
2723:2016
2661:2017
2650:ISSN
2589:2016
2576:ISBN
2555:2016
2542:ISBN
2521:2016
2508:ISBN
2487:2016
2474:ISBN
2453:2016
2440:ISBN
2414:help
2359:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2286:2017
1723:ONPE
1507:and
1436:any
1434:cite
1354:Flag
1155:Flan
1101:Maca
722:Cuba
685:and
627:and
590:Peru
586:Lima
543:and
440:and
414:lit.
151:and
72:Lima
5426:An
4083:in
3777:doi
3727:doi
2646:LXI
2383:doi
1447:by
588:in
507:to
379:(a
80:Ica
5452::
5434::
3961:27
3959:,
3955:,
3929:,
3902:,
3828:.
3785:.
3771:.
3767:.
3733:.
3723:22
3721:.
3717:.
3660:.
3262:.
3260:75
3229:.
3076:.
3059:.
3057:75
2992:.
2970:.
2954:^
2940:.
2924:^
2771:.
2740:.
2707:.
2682:.
2640:.
2610:.
2422:^
2405::
2403:}}
2399:{{
2381:.
2305:.
2277:.
2259:.
2245:^
1955:)
1725:)
1562:;
1549:吃飯
1515:.
1491:,
697:,
693:,
575:.
563:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
463:,
459:,
452:.
436:,
432:,
411:;
401:;
391:;
389:土生
293:土生
202:華人
199:華僑
196:秘魯
167:,
147:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
5381:)
5377:(
4777:)
4773:(
4443:e
4436:t
4429:v
4066:e
4059:t
4052:v
4003:.
3975:.
3846:.
3793:.
3779::
3773:4
3741:.
3729::
3679:.
3646:.
3612:.
3578:.
3544:.
3510:.
3476:.
3442:.
3415:.
3381:.
3347:.
3313:.
3279:.
3239:.
3208:.
3174:.
3140:.
3113:.
3036:.
2918:.
2884:.
2850:.
2816:.
2782:.
2756:.
2663:.
2591:.
2557:.
2523:.
2489:.
2455:.
2416:)
2412:(
2395:.
2385::
2367:.
2336:.
2288:.
2103:)
1552:(
1474:)
1468:(
1463:)
1459:(
1455:.
1441:.
1401:e
1394:t
1387:v
444:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
