1769:
597:
252:, China, after the English established their first trading port there in 1699. Pidgin English was developed by the English and adapted by the Chinese for business purposes. The term "pidgin" itself is believed by some etymologists to be a corruption of the pronunciation of the English word "business" by the Chinese (see
311:
in China, where CPE was relatively well-known, it is likely that many migrants to the United States from China had knowledge of the pidgin. At the very least, it is clear that
California Chinese Pidgin English should be treated as a distinct variety from CPE as spoken in Coastal China, because it has
486:
Baker and Mühlhäusler point out that Hall's data was taken entirely from native speakers of
English, several decades after CPE was widely used. For this reason, they are skeptical of the data presented. Nonetheless, their own presentation of phonology in CPE is largely the same as Hall's. They state
306:
by 19th century immigrants. Many features present in
California Chinese Pidgin English overlap with features of CPE, but also overlap with many other pidgins. Furthermore, some diagnostic features of CPE are missing or different from California Chinese Pidgin English. On the other hand, because many
482:
Hall also describes a few morphophonemic alterations. Many verbs ending in consonants may optionally add a vowel, as in 'to take' and 'to sleep'. Words ending in and , and sometimes , optionally omit the final consonant, as in 'little' and 'more'. Certain stems also frequently lose their final
686:
In CPE, once a noun has been explicitly stated, it does not need to be stated again in following sentences where that item would normally be found. This means that in a given sentence, the subject or object may be omitted. In the example below, "very poor people" is the subject for the following
478:
Native speakers of
English use this inventory. Because most lexical items in CPE are derived from English, native English speakers simply use the pronunciation familiar to them. For non-native English speakers, who were largely Cantonese speakers, are not present, because these sounds are not
652:
Constructions in
Chinese Pidgin English, both at the phrase level and sentence level, vary widely in taking English or Chinese structure. Generally speaking, pidgin languages have isolating morphology and so do not inflect nouns and verbs; CPE is no exception. Some morphological and syntactic
677:
was used for subject and non-subject referents alike (Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 104). Plural pronouns were expressed as in
English by native English speakers; there is too little data from native Cantonese speakers to determine if they pluralized pronouns.
262:
Chinese Pidgin
English spread to regions beyond the Chinese Coast. Many attestations of the language being spoken come from writings of Western travelers in China. Among these are scattered reports of the pidgin being spoken farther inland, such as in
1023:), meaning "haven't seen in a long time", further meaning "we have not seen each other in a long time". The Oxford English Dictionary states that "long time no see" originated in the United States as "a jocular imitation of
695:
The omitted noun may also be loosely related to the predicate, rather than a subject or object. In the sentence below, meaning 'He won't sell at that price,' the omitted "that pricee" is neither a subject nor an object.
753:
is another classifier, used only in demonstrative constructions. Places where
Cantonese does not use a classifier, as with the words for 'year' and 'dollar,' likewise do not have a classifier in CPE.
1846:
691:"This have very poor place and very poor people: no got cloaths, no got rice, no got hog, no got nothing; only yam, little fish, and cocoa-nut; no got nothing make trade, very little make eat."
1832:
197:
The
English language first arrived in China in the 1630s, when English traders arrived in South China. Chinese Pidgin English was spoken first in the areas of
1191:
3734:
3729:
1187:
621:
1183:
2236:
259:
Chinese Pidgin
English began to decline in the late 19th century as standard English began to be taught in the country's education system.
1839:
3343:
302:
Kim (2008) says that there is debate among linguists, including Baker, Mühlhäusler, and himself, about whether or not CPE was taken to
2281:
397:
2605:
1492:
1484:
639:
414:
1371:
3103:
2737:
2109:
1773:
330:
483:
consonant when before certain suffixes, as in 'what?' ( 'where?,' 'when?,' 'how?'), 'that' ( 'there'), 'out' ( 'outside').
2755:
450:
409:
499:
The majority of the words used in CPE are derived from English, with influences from Portuguese, Cantonese, Malay, and Hindi.
3057:
2867:
1997:
1816:
1101:
No ____, no ____ predates the origin of Chinese Pidgin English, but is also a notable example of fabricated pidgin English: (
867:
431:
291:, where it altered due to the influence of Australian English and other pidgins. It is also reported to have been spoken in
487:
that and were not phonemically contrastive for Cantonese speakers. Words ending in in English often had an added as in
3265:
3044:
2340:
1897:
1020:
376:
334:
67:
3478:
3200:
3353:
3113:
2773:
2576:
2555:
2545:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2463:
1924:
419:
3608:
3220:
612:
3739:
3380:
3178:
3138:
2743:
2034:
438:
371:
2985:
491:. Aside from these additions, Baker and Mühlhäusler have few revisions to make to the phonological claims Hall made.
3375:
3275:
3108:
3062:
1402:
466:
1824:
3148:
3052:
2730:
2591:
2387:
3548:
3509:
3327:
3322:
3153:
2768:
2749:
2082:
1867:
1338:
742:
381:
124:
3613:
130:
236:
Historically, it was a modified form of English developed in the 17th century for use as a trade language or
3593:
3504:
3458:
3401:
3088:
3083:
3078:
2790:
2721:
2365:
2360:
2241:
2049:
1476:
3307:
2377:
2202:
284:
50:
3706:
3653:
3568:
3473:
3396:
3158:
3128:
3093:
3000:
2943:
2925:
2212:
2176:
1517:
Kim, Ronald I. "California Chinese Pidgin English and its historical connections: Preliminary remarks."
166:
2660:
2655:
2650:
1195:
1457:
205:(City of Canton), later spreading north to Shanghai by the 1830s. "Yangjing Bang English" in Chinese (
3578:
3338:
3205:
2934:
2669:
2550:
2322:
2224:
2092:
1933:
178:
1198:
cited this phrase in reference to Chinese-owned dry cleaning establishments. In 1921 a movie titled
607:
3291:
2847:
2841:
2627:
2601:
2581:
2370:
2149:
2143:
222:
3317:
3098:
2700:
2438:
2408:
2166:
2124:
2039:
1982:
1797:
1439:
1333:
661:
Prior to 1800, pronouns conformed largely to British and American English paradigms. Over time,
1530:
Siegel, Jeff. "Chinese Pidgin English in Southeastern Australia: The notebook of Jong Ah Siug"
1357:
Ansaldo, Umberto, Stephen Matthews, and Geoff Smith. "China Coast Pidgin: texts and contexts."
3663:
3563:
3286:
3255:
3215:
3163:
2939:
2916:
2903:
2796:
2690:
2428:
2418:
2171:
2161:
2119:
2114:
1488:
1480:
1431:
741:
This lexical item seems to have been an influence of Cantonese grammar on CPE. Cantonese uses
225:
where local workers communicated with English-speaking foreigners in pidgin (broken English);
3603:
3296:
3142:
3040:
2991:
2962:
2912:
2863:
2802:
2433:
2423:
2392:
2355:
2308:
2303:
2261:
1993:
1810:
1789:
1620:
1017:
864:
794:
789:. The following is a list of English expressions which may have been influenced by Chinese.
388:
163:
159:
3673:
3598:
3488:
3468:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3411:
3391:
3358:
3226:
3118:
3004:
2957:
2921:
2907:
2830:
2640:
2535:
2488:
2336:
2312:
2271:
2229:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2131:
2104:
2099:
2087:
2059:
2054:
2029:
1881:
1855:
1204:
further popularized the saying. Another famous use of this phrase is "No money, no talk" (
445:
404:
213:
207:
59:
1377:
3700:
3668:
3623:
3618:
3588:
3573:
3537:
3452:
3386:
3245:
3210:
3072:
2995:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2953:
2685:
2525:
2510:
2459:
2413:
2382:
1920:
1863:
1080:) This phrase is attributed to Chinese pidgin English by the Oxford English dictionary.
1024:
426:
279:. Chinese Pidgin English was also taken beyond China: the large numbers of speakers in
272:
245:
241:
230:
169:. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, there was also Chinese Pidgin English spoken in
116:
3723:
3558:
3417:
3369:
3363:
3312:
3260:
3250:
3239:
2876:
2266:
2019:
1940:
1910:
1801:
1624:
1323:
354:
237:
226:
3638:
3633:
3499:
3447:
2695:
2562:
2540:
2156:
2077:
1968:
1954:
3442:
2635:
2586:
2567:
2493:
2445:
1905:
366:
349:
276:
170:
653:
phenomena, which frequently appear in linguistic literature, are listed below.
3648:
3583:
3463:
3432:
2887:
2835:
2044:
1793:
782:
567:
461:
359:
303:
1435:
3493:
3281:
3173:
3132:
3123:
2975:
2882:
2296:
1420:"CHINESE PIDGIN ENGLISH: ITS ORIGIN AND LINGUISTIC FEATURES / 洋泾浜英语的起源及语言特征"
1328:
1306:
952:
725:
is also used. After 1830 it became most common to omit the copula entirely.
308:
292:
288:
264:
249:
202:
109:
93:
1295:
1275:
1255:
1235:
1215:
1172:
1152:
1132:
1112:
1070:
1050:
1006:
986:
966:
941:
921:
901:
881:
853:
833:
813:
1768:
100:
3678:
3483:
3406:
3348:
3301:
3168:
2809:
2317:
2276:
1611:
Hall, Robert A. (February 1952). "Pidgin English and linguistic change".
781:
Certain expressions from Chinese English Pidgin have made their way into
665:
came to be the only first person singular pronoun in CPE, replacing both
218:
182:
1443:
1419:
1200:
3514:
3232:
3184:
2286:
1947:
561:
155:
3643:
3270:
3028:
2947:
1893:
1859:
786:
733:("Chinese men are real rogues but that's how it is, can't help it.")
268:
253:
186:
151:
20:
729:"Chinese man very great rogue truly, but have fashion, no can help."
1809:
1184:"If you don't have a laundry receipt, I won't give you your shirts"
3658:
3628:
3553:
3332:
2930:
2291:
2136:
1975:
1310:
280:
198:
174:
37:
1504:
Baker, Philip, and Peter Mühlhäusler. "From business to pidgin."
296:
181:
with variants arising among different provinces (for example in
3535:
3026:
1879:
1828:
329:
Consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ,
713:
was the usual copula in CPE until 1830. It usually appears as
590:
177:. Chinese Pidgin English is heavily influenced by a number of
1561:
Hall, Robert A. "Chinese Pidgin English grammar and texts."
573:
559:
545:
537:
523:
515:
503:
23:, a system for spelling Chinese words in the Roman alphabet.
1780:
Wei Yun; Fei Jia (October 2003). "Using English in China".
1682:
Anonymous 1748; quoted in Baker & Mühlhäusler 1990: 103
325:
Robert Hall (1944) gives the following phonemic inventory:
745:
on nouns described by a number or demonstrative. The word
1285:
1265:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1102:
1060:
1040:
996:
976:
956:
931:
911:
891:
871:
843:
823:
803:
229:
has since been filled in and is now the eastern part of
312:
morphological and syntactic features not found in CPE.
1655:
Keate, 1788; quoted in Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 100
1718:
Instructor VI. 15; quoted in Ansaldo et al. 2010: 81
3193:
3039:
2896:
2862:
2823:
2782:
2720:
2713:
2678:
2620:
2613:
2600:
2458:
2401:
2348:
2335:
2254:
2185:
2070:
2012:
2005:
1992:
1919:
1892:
1709:
Instructor IV.32; quoted in Ansaldo et al. 2010: 81
1664:
Instructor IV.77; quoted in Ansaldo et al. 2010: 88
749:is used where Cantonese would expect a classifier.
687:clauses, although they do not explicitly state it.
123:
107:
91:
86:
74:
56:
43:
33:
28:
287:, and there is evidence that it was also taken to
233:, the main east–west artery of central Shanghai.
551:
529:
1309:)), which simply means "If you don't have the
1840:
1286:
1266:
1246:
1226:
1206:
1163:
1143:
1123:
1103:
1061:
1041:
997:
977:
957:
932:
912:
892:
872:
844:
824:
804:
217:) derives from the name of a former creek in
8:
3532:
3036:
3023:
2717:
2617:
2610:
2345:
2009:
2002:
1889:
1876:
1847:
1833:
1825:
757:"You wantchee catchee one piecee lawyer."
25:
640:Learn how and when to remove this message
1563:Journal of the American Oriental Society
340:
1350:
1532:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
1519:Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages
1506:Journal of Asian Pacific Communication
1359:Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages
73:
7:
2950:Kundoku (Chinese and Japanese-based)
1413:
1411:
2838:(with Dutch and Spanish influences)
1397:Yamuna Kachru and Cecil L. Nelson,
760:"You will have to engage a lawyer."
3705:Languages between parentheses are
14:
3735:English-based pidgins and creoles
3730:Chinese-based pidgins and creoles
1700:Baker & Mühlhäusler 1990: 101
1673:Baker & Mühlhäusler 1990: 103
1592:Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 97–98
1399:World Englishes in Asian Contexts
1294:
1274:
1254:
1234:
1214:
1171:
1151:
1131:
1111:
1069:
1049:
1005:
985:
965:
940:
920:
900:
880:
852:
832:
812:
802:Is similar to the Chinese phrase
3104:Liberian Interior Pidgin English
2738:Indo-Portuguese Creole of Bombay
2110:Leeward Caribbean Creole English
1767:
1543:Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 111.
1313:, don't try to bargain with me".
595:
271:(Hankou), and farther north, in
2844:(English and Portuguese based)
2756:Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole
2146:(English and Portuguese based)
1646:Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 104
1190:inaccurately attributed to the
770:"What is the name of this tea?"
3709:of the language on their left.
3344:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
3058:American Indian Pidgin English
1817:New International Encyclopedia
1583:Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 90
1424:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1296:
1276:
1256:
1236:
1216:
1173:
1153:
1133:
1113:
1071:
1051:
1007:
987:
967:
942:
922:
902:
882:
854:
834:
814:
212:
206:
1:
3266:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
2237:San Andrés–Providencia Creole
1473:Oxford Guide to World English
767:"Thisee chop tea what name?"
3354:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2774:Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole
1625:10.1016/0024-3841(52)90014-4
1376:(in Chinese). Archived from
709:A word derived from English
700:"(that pricee) he no sellum"
617:Bad formatting for examples.
248:. Chinese Pidgin started in
3381:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
3179:West African Pidgin English
3139:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2744:Cannanore Portuguese Creole
2035:West African Pidgin English
1753:no ___ no ____ and variants
1751:Oxford English dictionary,
1739:Oxford English Dictionary,
1727:Oxford English Dictionary,
1459:Online Etymology Dictionary
615:. The specific problem is:
3756:
3376:Maritime Polynesian Pidgin
3276:Cameroonian Pidgin English
3109:Micronesian Pidgin English
3063:Cameroonian Pidgin English
1403:Hong Kong University Press
785:English, a process called
611:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
283:influenced the shaping of
18:
3691:
3544:
3531:
3149:Queensland Kanaka English
3053:Aboriginal Pidgin English
3035:
3022:
2731:Bengali Portuguese Creole
2402:Indian and Pacific Oceans
1888:
1875:
1794:10.1017/S0266078403004073
1418:Shi, Dingxu; 石定栩 (1991).
1287:
1267:
1247:
1227:
1207:
1188:fabricated pidgin English
1164:
1144:
1124:
1104:
1062:
1042:
998:
978:
958:
933:
913:
893:
873:
845:
825:
805:
3549:Arabic-Javanese of Klego
3510:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
3328:Kiautschou Pidgin German
3323:Inuktitut-English Pidgin
3201:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
3154:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
2769:Korlai Portuguese Creole
2750:Cochin Portuguese Creole
2501:Eastern Indonesian Malay
2083:Grenadian Creole English
1868:list of creole languages
1372:
1339:Substratum (linguistics)
1194:proprietors. In 1886, a
19:Not to be confused with
16:Type of contact language
3574:Cypriot Maronite-Arabic
3505:West Greenlandic Pidgin
3459:Roquetas Pidgin Spanish
3221:Basque–Icelandic pidgin
3124:Papua New Guinea Pidgin
3089:Japanese Pidgin English
3084:Japanese Bamboo English
3079:Hawaiian Pidgin English
2791:Bidau Creole Portuguese
2366:Grenadian Creole French
2361:Dominican Creole French
2242:Turks and Caicos Creole
2050:Ghanaian Pidgin English
1691:Ansaldo et al. 2010: 81
1601:Ansaldo et al. 2010: 80
1477:Oxford University Press
1471:McArthur, Tom. (2002).
574:
560:
546:
538:
524:
520:: westerner (Cantonese)
516:
504:
307:migrants came from the
254:Pidgin § Etymology
144:Chinese Coastal English
3609:Língua Geral Amazônica
3068:Chinese Pidgin English
2388:Karipúna French Creole
2378:French Guianese Creole
2203:Jamaican Maroon Creole
1774:Chinese Pidgin English
1201:"No Tickee No Shirtee"
552:
550:: to know (Portuguese
530:
479:present in Cantonese.
285:Nauruan Pidgin English
173:-speaking portions of
162:, but influenced by a
140:Chinese Pidgin English
80:Nauruan Pidgin English
51:Nauruan Pidgin English
29:Chinese Pidgin English
3654:Para-Romani languages
3614:Língua Geral Paulista
3569:Cauque Mayan language
3479:Tây Bồi Pidgin French
3474:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
3397:Namibian Black German
3159:Solomon Islands Pijin
3129:Papuan Pidgin English
3094:Korean Bamboo English
2944:Yilan Creole Japanese
2577:Malaccan Creole Malay
2213:Bocas del Toro Creole
2177:Virgin Islands Creole
587:Morphology and syntax
578:: extremely (English
3402:Ndyuka-Tiriyó Pidgin
3339:Kwoma-Manambu Pidgin
3206:Arafundi-Enga Pidgin
3181:(multiple varieties)
3114:Nauru Pidgin English
2935:Andaman Creole Hindi
2670:Guinea-Bissau Creole
2551:North Moluccan Malay
2323:Torres Strait Creole
2225:Miskito Coast Creole
2093:Afro-Seminole Creole
1776:at Wikimedia Commons
777:Influence on English
622:improve this section
542:: business (English)
179:varieties of Chinese
3308:Français Tirailleur
3292:Eskimo Trade Jargon
3169:Thai Pidgin English
2647:Barlavento Creoles
2628:Cape Verdean Creole
2371:Saint Lucian Creole
1361:25.1 (2010): 63–94.
343:
47:17th-19th centuries
3740:Languages of China
3318:International Sign
3099:Kru Pidgin English
2701:Principense Creole
2661:São Vicente Creole
2656:São Nicolau Creole
2651:Santo Antão Creole
2632:Sotavento Creoles
2439:Seychellois Creole
2409:Bourbonnais Creole
2167:Trinidadian Creole
2125:Saint Kitts Creole
2040:Cameroonian Pidgin
1983:Skepi Dutch Creole
1552:Kim 2008: 329–339.
1334:Chop chop (phrase)
1196:New York City bill
528:: God (Portuguese
341:
3717:
3716:
3701:extinct languages
3687:
3686:
3564:Cappadocian Greek
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3287:Duvle-Wano Pidgin
3256:Broken Oghibbeway
3216:Barikanchi Pidgin
3164:Solombala-English
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
2858:
2857:
2819:
2818:
2709:
2708:
2691:Annobonese Creole
2454:
2453:
2419:Chagossian Creole
2331:
2330:
2282:Melanesian Pidgin
2250:
2249:
2186:Western Caribbean
2172:Vincentian Creole
2162:Tobagonian Creole
2120:Montserrat Creole
2115:Anguillian Creole
2071:Eastern Caribbean
1772:Media related to
1373:東方日報 亂世達觀：白鴿英語現代篇
650:
649:
642:
613:quality standards
604:This section may
508:: fetch (English
476:
475:
275:(Seoul) and even
137:
136:
3747:
3533:
3335:(Swahili pidgin)
3297:Ewondo Populaire
3143:Australian Kriol
3037:
3024:
2803:Mardijker Creole
2718:
2618:
2611:
2592:Sri Lankan Malay
2434:Rodriguan Creole
2424:Mauritian Creole
2393:Louisiana Creole
2356:Antillean Creole
2346:
2304:Ngatikese Creole
2262:Australian Kriol
2010:
2003:
1890:
1877:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1729:long time no see
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1415:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
981:
980:
975:
970:
969:
961:
960:
950:
945:
944:
936:
935:
930:
925:
924:
916:
915:
910:
905:
904:
896:
895:
890:
885:
884:
876:
875:
862:
857:
856:
848:
847:
842:
837:
836:
828:
827:
822:
817:
816:
808:
807:
795:long time no see
645:
638:
634:
631:
625:
599:
598:
591:
577:
565:
555:
549:
541:
533:
527:
519:
507:
344:
337:, l, r, h, j, w]
267:(Chongqing) and
216:
210:
133:
119:
103:
96:
62:
26:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3683:
3540:
3538:Mixed languages
3519:
3489:Te Parau Tinito
3469:Settler Swahili
3438:Pidgin Ngarluma
3428:Pidgin Hawaiian
3423:Pidgin Delaware
3412:Nigerian Pidgin
3392:Mobilian Jargon
3359:Loucheux Jargon
3227:Bimbashi Arabic
3194:Other languages
3189:
3131:(distinct from
3119:Nigerian Pidgin
3031:
3010:
2897:Other languages
2892:
2854:
2831:Macanese Patois
2815:
2778:
2722:Indo-Portuguese
2705:
2674:
2641:Santiago Creole
2596:
2536:Larantuka Malay
2450:
2397:
2327:
2272:Hawaiian Pidgin
2246:
2230:Rama Cay Creole
2218:Limonese Creole
2208:Jamaican Patois
2198:Belizean Creole
2193:Bahamian Creole
2181:
2100:Guyanese Creole
2066:
2060:Nigerian Pidgin
2055:Liberian Kreyol
1988:
1915:
1884:
1871:
1864:mixed languages
1853:
1808:
1779:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:, 24.2, (2009):
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1508:1.1 (1990): 111
1503:
1499:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1320:
1192:Chinese laundry
1186:, said to be a
779:
739:
707:
684:
659:
646:
635:
629:
626:
619:
600:
596:
589:
497:
323:
318:
309:Canton province
195:
129:
115:
99:
92:
70:
63:
60:Language family
58:
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Makassar Malay
3621:
3619:Light Warlpiri
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Gurindji Kriol
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Bamboo English
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:(ancestral to
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3073:Butler English
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2996:Vedda language
2989:
2982:Pretoria Sotho
2979:
2972:Oorlams Creole
2969:
2960:
2951:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2783:Southeast Asia
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Angolar Creole
2682:
2680:
2679:Gulf of Guinea
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Ambonese Malay
2508:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2484:Balinese Malay
2481:
2480:
2479:
2468:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Réunion Creole
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Agalega Creole
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Haitian Creole
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1811:"Pidgin"
1806:
1777:
1763:
1762:External links
1760:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1464:
1449:
1407:
1390:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1180:
1177:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:broken English
1014:
1011:
1004:
994:
991:
984:
974:
971:
964:
949:
946:
939:
929:
926:
919:
909:
906:
899:
889:
886:
879:
861:
858:
851:
841:
838:
831:
821:
818:
811:
799:
798:
778:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
764:
763:
762:
761:
738:
735:
731:
730:
706:
703:
702:
701:
693:
692:
683:
680:
658:
655:
648:
647:
603:
601:
594:
588:
585:
584:
583:
571:
557:
543:
535:
521:
513:
496:
493:
474:
473:
471:
469:
464:
458:
457:
455:
453:
448:
442:
441:
436:
434:
429:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
395:
393:
391:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
339:
338:
322:
319:
317:
314:
194:
191:
148:Pigeon English
135:
134:
127:
121:
120:
113:
105:
104:
97:
89:
88:
87:Language codes
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:English pidgin
66:
64:
57:
54:
53:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3752:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Bonin English
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Nootka Jargon
3416:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Mekeo pidgins
3385:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3370:Maridi Arabic
3367:
3365:
3364:Madras Bashai
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Haflong Hindi
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:(Pidgin Zulu)
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Broken Slavey
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Bozal Spanish
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3240:Bongor Arabic
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:Bozal Spanish
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Maumere Malay
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Bonin English
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
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1941:Negerhollands
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1782:English Today
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1493:0-19-860771-7
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1380:on 2014-04-16
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251:
247:
243:
239:
238:lingua franca
234:
232:
228:
227:Yangjing Bang
224:
220:
215:
209:
204:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
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142:(also called
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69:
65:
61:
55:
52:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3696:
3639:Mednyj Aleut
3634:Media Lengua
3500:Turku Arabic
3448:Pidgin Wolof
3368:
3238:
3225:
3067:
2986:Sotho–Tswana
2926:Unserdeutsch
2875:
2808:
2801:
2789:
2748:
2736:
2729:
2696:Forro Creole
2621:Upper Guinea
2563:Papuan Malay
2541:Manado Malay
2531:Kupang Malay
2349:The Americas
2157:Sranan Tongo
2078:Bajan Creole
1981:
1974:
1969:Mohawk Dutch
1967:
1960:
1955:Jersey Dutch
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1815:
1788:(4): 42–47.
1785:
1781:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
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1521:23.2 (2008).
1518:
1513:
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1500:
1472:
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1458:
1452:
1427:
1423:
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1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1366:
1358:
1353:
1199:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1032:
793:
780:
750:
746:
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737:Piece/piecee
732:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
694:
685:
674:
670:
666:
662:
660:
651:
636:
627:
620:Please help
616:
605:
579:
509:
498:
488:
485:
481:
477:
324:
301:
261:
258:
240:between the
235:
196:
147:
143:
139:
138:
125:Linguasphere
108:
49:survives in
3496:(creolized)
3455:(creolized)
3443:Pidgin Onin
3414:(creolized)
3278:(creolized)
3246:Borgarmålet
3235:(creolized)
2636:Fogo Creole
2587:Sabah Malay
2568:Serui Malay
2516:Banda Malay
2494:Cocos Malay
2446:Tayo Creole
1961:Negro Dutch
1906:Juba Arabic
1619:: 137–146.
1430:(1): 1–41.
868:traditional
743:classifiers
624:if you can.
570:(Cantonese)
277:Vladivostok
231:Yan'an Road
3724:Categories
3649:Missingsch
3464:Russenorsk
3433:Pidgin Iha
3001:Tsotsitaal
2974:(possibly
2888:Palenquero
2842:Saramaccan
2836:Papiamento
2602:Portuguese
2582:Orang Pulo
2556:Sula Malay
2521:Dili Malay
2506:Alor Malay
2472:Baba Malay
2144:Saramaccan
2045:Pichinglis
1565:(1944): 96
1495:paperback.
1487:hardback,
1475:. Oxford:
1384:2012-02-12
1345:References
1182:) meaning
1021:simplified
783:colloquial
630:March 2021
575:two muchee
568:supercargo
389:Near close
304:California
273:Kyong Song
167:substratum
3707:varieties
3699:indicate
3494:Tok Pisin
3282:Cocoliche
3174:Tok Pisin
3133:Tok Pisin
2976:Afrikaans
2883:Chavacano
2477:Peranakan
2297:Tok Pisin
1802:144838378
1436:0091-3723
1329:Chinglish
1307:Cantonese
968:long time
953:Cantonese
903:long time
815:long time
446:Near Open
405:Close mid
321:Phonology
293:Singapore
289:Australia
265:Chungking
250:Guangzhou
203:Guangzhou
171:Cantonese
158:based on
156:lexically
154:language
131:52-ABB-da
110:Glottolog
94:ISO 639-3
3679:Wutunhua
3664:Tangwang
3604:Lingling
3484:Tinglish
3407:Nefamese
3349:Kyowa-go
3302:Fanagalo
2994:-based:
2965:-based:
2956:-based:
2942:-based:
2940:Japanese
2933:-based:
2924:-based:
2917:Tangwang
2915:-based:
2908:Nagamese
2906:-based:
2904:Assamese
2810:Portugis
2797:Kristang
2318:Singlish
2309:Pitcairn
2277:Manglish
2006:Atlantic
1741:look-see
1444:23757088
1318:See also
1033:look-see
1018:Mandarin
865:Mandarin
657:Pronouns
606:require
580:too much
427:Open Mid
316:Features
244:and the
223:the Bund
219:Shanghai
183:Shanghai
117:chin1253
75:Dialects
3697:Italics
3674:Waxiang
3515:Xieheyu
3383:(Sabir)
3233:Bislama
3185:Bislama
3075:(India)
3041:English
3029:Pidgins
3007:-based)
2992:Sinhala
2988:-based)
2978:-based)
2963:Ngbandi
2913:Chinese
2864:Spanish
2848:Matawai
2313:Norfolk
2287:Bislama
2255:Pacific
2150:Matawai
1994:English
1948:Javindo
1934:Berbice
1882:Creoles
1860:pidgins
1856:Creoles
1820:. 1905.
1405:, 2006.
608:cleanup
517:fankuei
505:catchee
495:Lexicon
355:Central
342:Vowels
246:Chinese
242:English
193:History
164:Chinese
160:English
150:) is a
3644:Michif
3599:Hezhou
3271:Camtho
3005:Tswana
2958:Kituba
2948:Kanbun
2922:German
2824:Others
2614:Africa
2489:Betawi
2337:French
2132:Ndyuka
2105:Kwinti
2088:Gullah
2030:Merico
2013:Africa
1894:Arabic
1800:
1613:Lingua
1491:
1483:
1442:
1434:
1277:chance
1134:ticket
787:calque
747:piecee
723:Belong
705:Copula
562:taipan
547:sabbee
539:pidgin
489:thiefo
269:Hankow
187:Ningbo
152:pidgin
34:Region
21:Pinyin
3669:Tansi
3659:Petuh
3629:Mbugu
3589:Gadal
3554:Bolze
3453:Pijin
3333:KiKAR
3045:based
2967:Sango
2954:Kongo
2931:Hindi
2868:based
2760:Daman
2606:based
2526:Gorap
2464:based
2460:Malay
2341:based
2292:Pijin
2137:Aluku
1998:based
1976:Petjo
1925:based
1921:Dutch
1898:based
1798:S2CID
1440:JSTOR
1311:money
1237:money
1174:shirt
553:saber
510:catch
367:Close
350:Front
281:Nauru
221:near
199:Macao
175:China
38:China
2714:Asia
2020:Krio
1911:Nubi
1862:and
1489:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1432:ISSN
1297:talk
1095:that
1089:this
1052:look
883:very
751:Chop
711:have
669:and
531:deus
525:Joss
462:Open
360:Back
297:Java
295:and
201:and
185:and
3579:Dao
2763:Diu
2024:Aku
1790:doi
1621:doi
1072:see
1008:see
988:not
955:),
943:see
923:not
870:),
855:see
835:not
719:hap
717:or
715:hab
256:).
214:洋泾浜
208:洋涇浜
189:).
146:or
101:cpi
44:Era
3726::
2946:,
1858:,
1814:.
1796:.
1786:19
1784:.
1615:.
1479:.
1438:.
1428:19
1426:.
1422:.
1410:^
1401:.
1257:no
1217:no
1165:襯衣
1154:no
1114:no
1092:no
1086:No
1027:."
959:好久
806:好久
721:.
675:He
673:.
671:me
663:my
566::
335:dʒ
333:,
331:tʃ
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211:;
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3003:(
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2339:-
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1792::
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1623::
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1387:.
1305:(
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1288:傾
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1272:(
1268:得
1262:)
1252:(
1248:冇
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1232:(
1228:錢
1222:)
1212:(
1208:冇
1179:)
1169:(
1159:)
1149:(
1145:沒
1139:)
1129:(
1125:票
1119:)
1109:(
1105:沒
1077:)
1067:(
1063:見
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1043:看
1039:(
1016:(
1013:)
1003:(
999:见
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979:不
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951:(
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934:見
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918:(
914:冇
908:)
898:(
894:耐
888:)
878:(
874:好
863:(
860:)
850:(
846:見
840:)
830:(
826:不
820:)
810:(
667:I
643:)
637:(
632:)
628:(
582:)
556:)
534:)
512:)
467:a
451:æ
439:ɔ
432:ɛ
420:o
415:ə
410:e
398:ʊ
382:u
377:ɪ
372:i
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