Chinese dama - Knowledge

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type, the "pragmatic dama", are willing spend more on goods related to health, food, and children despite their usual scrimping. The second type, the "modest dama", do not care how they are viewed in society and are content with their material possessions so will not buy more items for themselves. They are motivated to increase their expenditures on grandchildren and elderly parents they provide caretaking for to improve their quality of life. The third type, the "poseur dama", enjoys influencing how society views her and her family by spending more on premium brands such as the top-rated and costliest local junior high school. The fourth type, the "wealthy dama", comes from a highly educated and highly paid background. Unbothered by higher prices, they will spend more to improve their lifestyle such as buying expensive, premier cosmetics.

1273:. They found that between 2007 and 2012, the newspapers had very positive coverage of how damas were indefatigable, compassionate, and willing to help others. Between 2013 and 2015, there was a significant shift from promotion of the damas' positive traits to denouncing the damas with negative news coverage about greed for gold and generating noise complaints and conflicts from square dancing. Between 2016 and 2017, the newspapers devoted less coverage to damas compared to the 2013–2015 period (though still more than the 2007–2012 period) and had more balanced coverage about them. 414:, Song said, "It's not just China's damas who are fighting . I estimate that the entire world's damas are fighting. The price of gold was not as predicted by Goldman Sachs at the time. It will fall to 1,100, and physical buying around the world may play a major supporting role." Song jested that with regard to the global gold market, the damas were vying with experienced Wall Street investors. Within a short period of time, Chinese media and blogs participated in overpraising the middle-aged women. Using poorly cited material, they asserted that investment giants like 1187:

forged their own path of how to grow old. Chinese society frequently misinterprets or holds the women's efforts in contempt. The scholar Claudia Huang wrote, "he efforts of women who identify as dama to grow older on their own terms and in a manner that's consistent with their present social contexts has significant ramifications for Chinese society as a whole. By creating a gendered aesthetic of aging that reflects and responds to their generational experiences, these women are challenging others to re-imagine what old age can look like and feel like."

1092:. Huang said the damas' appearance is paradoxical. First, based on cultural standards, the women do not appear young or old. Second, although their appearance is deliberate, it is not quite stylish. Third, they are quickly discernible but hard to specify. The damas do not base their conduct and image on attracting men like their husbands. Some of their choices are based on a longing to seem younger. When a woman refers to herself as a dama, she indicates that she has stopped being youthful and 342:, "To Chinese people, dama is an affectionate term, as they are always considered the most hospitable and trustworthy of people." Women were called dama as a term of endearment and to reflect that they as older people were not familiar with the latest trends. Traditional Chinese customs profoundly shaped the damas' outlook and behavior. A third meaning of "dama" was a man's first wife in the historic era when men could have 336:. The first meaning was an aunt, a woman married to the older brother of a person's father. The second meaning was to deferentially refer to a married woman between 40 and 60 years old. The commonly held historical belief was that damas were honorable and modest housewives who devoted their time to cooking, homemaking, keeping track of household expenditures, and bartering with shop owners. Xing Wen wrote in 593:"Dama" has morphed into a term with a more expansive meaning. The media wrote articles with the headlines "After gold fever cools down, Chinese Dama catch the emerald fever", "Chinese Dama rush to buy houses overseas", and "noisy square dance of Chinese Dama invite US police officers" to reflect the damas' interest in other investments. The term's wide use led to a surge in purchases of the 702:). Although the literal meaning of "dama" is "big mother", "big mom", or "big mama", a more accurate meaning is "auntie" though it has no precise English counterpart. The English-language press adopted the term for that reason and as it can be pronounced without difficulty. The male analogous to "dama" is "dashu", meaning uncle. The Cantonese version of "dama" is "dai ma". 391:, the women caused the gold price have the highest one-day growth that year, shooting up to US$ 1,462 per ounce on 26 April 2013. The excitement to purchase gold affected countries outside of China including India, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but analysts found that Chinese investors were the primary cause of the gold prices spiking up. 625:, editor Wang Junling said that it was incorrect to stereotype and there is not even a "clear definition" of what a dama is. Wang wrote, "The various deeds of the aforementioned damas have no logical connection. As long as middle-aged and elderly women in China do something different, they can be labeled as such." Netizens attacked the writer 730:, two Chinese scholars said that as a country achieves greater influence in the global economy, it also has a large influence on language as demonstrated by Westerners' adoption of the term "dama" to refer to the middle-aged Chinese women whose purchases had a strong impact on the gold market. The academic Jiang Jing lamented in 1179:, he aimed to change Chinese cultural practices with regard to reverence of elders. Less experienced but more pliable people ousted those who had been in their positions for a while. Under this new framework where being older does not immediately grant people more prestige, the damas do not receive reverence from society. 1145:. In the modern era, Chinese city dwellers frequently live to be octogenarians and nonagenarians. Sexagenarian damas are now considered "late middle-aged" despite having been considered senior citizens decades ago. As a result, the damas are not given the deference that people their age had received in past generations. 601:

scholar Qin Li, news organizations frequently feature unfavorable coverage about damas which are more broadly disseminated than affirmative stories. Li cited two extensively reported examples of how the media "distort the Dama image". The first story took place in a Beijing street in 2013 when a dama

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Women in a large number of Chinese households, particularly those in the middle-class, make decisions about how money is spent. Their husbands hand over their wages to the women who return a small amount for "cigarette money". The damas' ability to purchase a large amount of gold was a consequence of

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at a company's booth at the company's invitation. Holding a banner with the words "Enjoy the game, but remember to keep everything in moderation", the damas delivered a message to both video game fanatics and overenthusiastic square dancers about moderation. The damas sparked controversy after three

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The damas were motivated to fervently invest large sums of money into gold owing to social and economic factors. In China, a predominant belief is that gold is a prized entity that will always retain its value. Chinese people, both historically and contemporarily, have viewed gold as being a fitting

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investors before turning on them once gold prices dropped. As the damas were depicted as greedy women who blindly invested in gold, the term "dama" transformed into having negative connotations. Damas were portrayed as having little consideration for their fellow citizens. The stereotypical image of

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Historically, "dama" had three meanings: an aunt, a married woman between 40 and 60 years old, and the first wife of a man who had multiple wives. The term had a positive connotation and was a term of endearment for modest housewives who may not have been familiar with the latest trends. In 2013, as

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and a society focused on youth, damas have been unable to follow examples from previous generations of receiving deference from their children and grandchildren as the damas have grown older. Since the past examples of how to act as older women have become unsupportable and outdated, the women have

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or make phone calls. On WeChat, they post images of their dogs and ask their acquaintances to watch over the dogs when they are not near their houses. Damas who take care of children discuss children's birthday presents and schooling in the WeChat groups. Using WeChat, they advertise, buy, and sell

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who lacked economics knowledge. Throughout China, the damas were mocked as being aged women who were entertaining themselves in a fun activity they had no proficiency in. Numerous people in China thought the damas' boorish scramble to purchase gold had shamed their country. Their behavior showcased

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and microblogs. To see information posted by the damas on WeChat Moments, people need to have been explicitly granted access. As people new to the digital world, damas are at risk of being scammed by online organizations selling inferior goods. The academic Qin Li said, "The use of social media by

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defined damas as "bargain-hunting middle-aged Chinese women" who "keep a tight grip on the family purse and an eagle eye on gold prices". Chinese netizens avidly discussed the newspaper's remark about damas on social media. The news media outside of China published headlines like "Chinese dama won

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subculture of wearing bombastic attire and sporting eccentric hairdos. Middle-class youth from urban areas mocked the rural shamate dwellers as being uncultivated and pretentious, frequently in a manner that revealed their intolerance of countryside dwellers. By diminishing people who had a less

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The term "dama" has been applied to women living in rural areas. In a country that is undergoing massive changes, the rural dama are not seeing the benefits compared to urban women and rural men. Whereas urban dama frequently are known as "industrial workers, urban citizens or market consumers",

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or the death of a husband, the women turn to purchases to shape their identity. Through their substantial funds, urban damas can purchase items and experiences that fulfill their need to show off their status. The scholars Meng Wang and Florian Kohlbacher identified four types of dama. The first

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and had exploded in an anger at the dama he had struck who had been obeying traffic laws in crossing the street. The second story took place in a Wuhan subway in 2015 when a dama struck a young woman. Li speculated that individuals refer to the dama with a disdainful and mocking tone since they

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towards the sky. Describing the dama dancers as having more clout than the local government, the social commentator Zhang Tianpan said the women were like warriors, "They are invincible, and people flee before them." According to Teng Wei, the scholar, the media was exaggerating the dancer

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The damas' gold purchases led to China purchasing 41.4% more gold compared to the previous year. This caused China to pass India in becoming the biggest purchaser of gold in 2013. In subsequent years, the price of gold stayed down which forced the damas to have their money stuck in a poorly

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increases have caused the dama to be considered late middle-age instead of elderly. In a world where previous examples of aging have become obsolete, the damas have forged their own way of growing old. Society has at times misunderstood and mocked their attempts. Teng Wei, a professor at

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exploded from CN¥6,000 (US$ 700) to CN¥27,000 (US$ 4,400). As women become older and are closer to or are at retirement, they get more careful about how money is spent. Economic factors spurred the damas to spurn other investment options and instead embrace gold. The damas found that

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While damas have received significant attention for their gold investments, they have invested in disparate sectors. Damas thronged the 2014 Beijing Spring Real Estate Trade Fair. In China, numerous older people in the middle class like to sightsee. When they visit provinces like

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study of damas published in 2014, the media coverage of damas was at 15% positive, 75% negative, and 10% neutral. The coverage largely concentrated on unfavorable stories like thrifty damas hurrying to purchase gold and locals complaining about rambunctious square dancing damas.

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released a video reporting on the damas' actions. The American newspaper's video was among the first times that a significant English-language publication had referenced "dama". It was the first time that "dama" was used as an English word to refer to women who purchased gold.

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Damas are subjected to contempt even when not being mocked for stubbornness and boorishness. When older women swung silk scarves back and forth and shared the images online, primarily men vloggers mocked them as being "silk scarf grannies". Damas received positive coverage in

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conflicts, which builds on the dama lore. She bemoaned that older women who were merely seeking friendship and physical activity were being baselessly cast as "a malignant social force that everyone — even officials — must tiptoe around". An opinion piece in

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columnist Raymond Zhou said about damas, "They talk about using various brands of cosmetics, but they often look like victims of fashion." Although each person dresses differently, there is an established dama mode of appearance. They like to get their hair

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in South Korea. Their interest in owning property in Jeju Island was rooted in how ownership would help them secure permanent residency in South Korea. Damas invested in the Chinese stock market which at the time had been performing remarkably well before

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they make. Reflecting on the double standards, she concluded, "When we use dama as an insult, what we're really doing is suggesting that there's something inherently wrong with being a middle-aged woman. It's ageist, classist — and it's time to stop."

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professor Teng Wei said that the term's durability is likely owing to its providing a convenient nickname to refer to middle-aged Chinese women who contravene societal expectations of being maternal and refined. The women are blamed for numerous

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is though they do not devote time to investment literature. Biased towards investments that they are able to physically handle, damas spend their money on real estate. Advertisements have little influence on damas even though they exhibit a

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summed up the situation, "Patriots held up Chinese damas as national heroes capable of conquering the financial giants of the West, but the image these women projected on the international stage was not altogether an impressive one." In the

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Damas previously spent a large amount of time watching television. One common saying was "The remote control of Chinese Dama can influence the decision-making of TV stations". The women moved to spending a substantial amount of time on

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Chinese Dama can be observed as a benchmark of social change more generally. ... Social media will play an irreplaceable role in shaping a positive image for the Dama and fostering the sound development of society in the future."

170:'Chinese big mother') is a term for describing Chinese middle-aged women. The term has several meanings and has experienced changes over the years. The most prevalent definition is of Chinese middle-aged women who through 1009:

which noted that in numerous areas, they offer to sanitize public spaces and do other altruistic work such as make social calls on senior citizens. During the opening ceremony of the Reproductive Health Industrial Expo held in

1198:, damas are conditioned by arduous circumstances. Owing to the starvation and destitution they have experienced, they scrimp to such an extent that it is unfathomable for people born later. As they face major changes like 1148:

The scholar Claudia Huang said that although the fact that the population has aged so much alone would be consequential, the consequences have been amplified by "a seismic shift in China's age-based social hierarchy". The

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phrase that demonstrates the increasing influence of China and argued that it is fine for Chinese learners of English to learn English with Chinese attributes instead of aimlessly trying to learn the "authentic"

615:. The term has grown into having unfavorable overtones. The media has used "dama" to disparagingly refer to older women who on overseas trips acted disorderly and improperly as well to women who blare music when 2496: 1120:

reported that for people born in China, the life expectancy increased from 44 years old to 76 years old when comparing someone born in 1960 and someone born in 2016. The premature deaths in 1960 were owing to

363:, which had been going on for a while, seemed on the verge of ending. The global gold price dropped from US$ 1,550 to US$ 1,321 per ounce. The falling gold prices largely were caused by the belief that the 519:. When the damas observed the gold price decline, they viewed the situation as a perfect time to secure the discounted goods which they saw as impeccable presents for their daughters and daughters-in-law. 734:

that the adoption of the "dama" loan word was negative. It led to damas' forming a reputation both at home and worldwide for being impulsive and irrational, subjecting them to a lot of mockery, she said.

1057:, damas enjoy negotiating the price of cabbage to be five cents cheaper but are inclined to spend lavishly on a gold bar costing several hundred thousand yuan. They have an instinctive knowledge of what 573:

which increased their opportunities to hear about anything new. As their nation underwent transformations, the women kept up and were courageous enough to try activities they had not previously done.

2283:[The Transmutation of the Media Image of Chinese "Dama" (2007-2017)——Taking the Related Reports on The People's Daily, The Southern Metropolis Daily and The Chiha Women's Daily as Examples]. 2987: 1029:

group. The women are deeply into card playing and talking about the different items they have purchased. When tourists go on shopping visits in China, damas make up a huge contingent of the group.

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The damas' activities generated a lot of noise, leading to conflicts with people living close by, which the media enjoyed writing about. In a 2018 dispute, a man was said to have died following a

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million individuals, largely women who participate in the dancing. Not all damas square dance, and not all females who square dance are damas. Square dancing is frequently called "dàmā wǔ" (

437:, leading to a steep drop in gold prices and a concomitant shattering of the damas' reputation. The news media turned on the damas. Having recently lauded the damas for being an exemplar of 1096:. Damas do not come across as venerable elderly women as they are actively visible in the community and adopt the styles of the youthful. The women wear brightly colored attire, low-heeled 469: 2817: 1025:. Instead of being examples of conceitedness, the photos represent their companionship. According to the scholar Qin Li, the women's activities have many parallels to what happens in a 1377:

powerful upbringing, the urban youth sought to demonstrate their supremacy. The scholar Teng Wei compared the vilification of the shamate to the disparaging of the dama years later.

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and panhandling. According to the LCSD, in the preceding half-year, residents had filed 342 grievances regarding the Tuen Mun Park dancing in which 80 percent were related to noise.

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Damas behave differently from women their age in earlier generations owing to the massive social, economic, and demographic changes. Over the course of these women's lifetimes, the

647:. By invoking the word "dama", the online commenters aimed to discredit Fang's diary, portraying her as being like the "annoying, unfashionable and uncultured middle-aged women". 602:

was widely and unfairly criticized for allegedly trying to extort a youthful man who was from another country for making her fall. It turned out that the man had engaged in

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in 2013 originated and popularized the new meaning of the word "damas" as referring to the gold-purchasing women in China. In an interview published on 1 May 2013 by

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This article was the first time the pinyin representation of the word "dama" was used in an English-language publication to refer to middle-aged Chinese women.

590:. They are repeatedly depicted as completely tactless, self-centered, and fond of spreading rumors. Any defiant older woman is likely to be branded as a dama. 2128: 430:

the Wall Street predators" and "Chinese dama dancing in front of Louvre". The media previously had paid little attention to damas until their gold purchases.

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are not ostracized when they buy a gym pass or develop a phony hiking passion. Nor are younger women mocked after they devote several hours to improving the

1657:"A Study of the Negative Influence of English Loan Words from Chinese Origin on the Image of Chinese People—Taking "Tuhao" "Dama" and "Guanxi" for examples" 662:" but that the OED had to monitor their usage longer before making a decision on inclusion in the OED. By 2015, "dama" had still not been added to the OED. 330:), or "zhongguo dama", had a favorable connotation. Prior to its receiving international attention in 2013, "dama" had two common meanings according to the 2762: 1298:). The scholar Qin Li said that the damas in entertainment had "diversified the overall image of this group and enhanced their social influence". Damas in 619:

and brawling with others over their use of public spaces. Damas are viewed as provocateurs by some people owing to the negative media coverage. Writing in

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wrote, "When we use dama as an insult, what we're really doing is suggesting that there's something inherently wrong with being a middle-aged woman. It's

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dropped, middle-aged Chinese women poured large sums of money into purchasing gold. Their actions were owing to social and economic reasons. Flush with

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Years after the gold purchases, the "dama" moniker persists despite the dimming from society's consciousness of the damas' 2013 scramble to buy gold.

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performing investment. The word "dama" was included in the economic section of the "Spring-Summer China Mainstream Newspaper Buzzwords" list that the

3460: 3359:["Vegetable vendor dama" has potential in singing skills for the Spring Festival gala. She demystifies the behind the scenes.] (in Chinese). 1069:

According to the scholar Claudia Huang, "the typical dama look is resolutely feminine without pretention or reference to romance and sexuality." The

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to do spontaneous dancing. Square dancing refers not to a particular dance form but to doing the activity in a public square. There are roughly 100

2988:"Large crowd gathers in Hong Kong to protest against noisy middle-aged women 'dama' singers from mainland China shattering peace of Tuen Mun Park" 671: 460: 3392: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3112: 2677: 2460: 2243: 1585: 237:

to exercise and build friendships with other women their age. Negative media coverage has focused on the dancing damas' playing of loud music in

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and generally live in urban areas though are not metropolitan people. They are financially stable though are not as wealthy as women who are

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how China was prone to go on illogical buying sprees as a country newly rich in the worldwide arena. In a 2014 paper, the Chinese author

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that patrols the expressway said, "No matter how long the traffic jam lasts, dancing on the expressway is illegal. It's too dangerous."

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and if the image was authentic, the damas "have indeed given the group dance form with Chinese characteristics a bad name". During the

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and secure a conservative way to invest their money. Damas were interested in international housing including in the United States and

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in 2014, damas demonstrated at the event. Lobbing eggs at models and entertainers at the event, the damas spoke passionately against

918: 372: 2622: 1966: 1937: 455:, two Chinese scholars wrote in 2015 that Westerners consumed negative coverage of damas as being greedy, ignorant, and unworldly. 2158: 474:

released in 2013. In collaboration with the media, the center published a "Top 10 Cyber Words of 2013" list that included "dama".

3586: 3561: 1277: 1617: 2293: 1212: 332: 2920: 2497:"So many tuhao and dama in China today. The latest developments in China English vocabulary based on the China Daily website" 1809: 1337: 1171:, viewing that submitting to older people was why China was languishing both economically and technologically. In 1966, when 870: 805: 695: 323: 194:

and in charge of how household money is spent, the women viewed gold as the perfect gift for daughters and daughters-in-law.

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to accompany their dancing, were scantily clad, had sex with people who went to the parks, and received tips in the form of

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published a video about the damas' impact on the gold sector, becoming the first English-language publication to use the

3576: 2002:[Gold long-short battle: "Chinese dama" grabs gold and beats Wall Street short-selling predators] (in Chinese). 1673: 1164: 241:

which has generated numerous conflicts with nearby residents. Damas frequently wear brightly colored attire, low-heeled

2074: 531:(GDP) grew from CN¥10 trillion (US$ 1.2 trillion) to CN¥57 trillion (US$ 9.1 trillion), while the urban 1432: 986: 1468:"Lifestyle Sport Identity and National Identity: Thoughts on the Chinese Government's (re)Creation of the Dama Image" 1310:, which covers the entire face save for the mouth, nose, and eyes, to protect themselves from the sun as they desire 1799: 678:

representation of a Chinese phrase that refers to middle-aged women. The term is a concatenation of the word "big" (

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choices behave differently from women their age in earlier generations owing to the massive social, economic, and

3326: 2952: 1941: 1269: 655: 28: 2434:[British Expert: It will take time for Chinese vocabulary to become common English words] (in Chinese). 658:(OED). Kleeman said the British public were following China as demonstrated by the use of the terms "dama" and " 545: 3556: 3429: 2992: 2682: 2561: 2288: 2189: 1751: 508: 475: 2787:["Chinese dama" kicks off South Korea's home buying boom and becomes the biggest buyer] (in Chinese). 2316: 1133:, among other reasons. The sharp reduction in premature deaths was caused by the substantial progress made in 912: 3325:[Susan dama roots for "China's Got Talent" and has a friendship with Magic Voice Dama] (in Chinese). 1911: 1747: 3526: 2957: 2552:[On China's Influence on the World From Chinese Vocabulary Like Dama and Tuhao Adopted in English]. 2034: 1249: 1155: 884:

that stemmed from a dancing granny's vehement altercation with him. In another dispute, a man set his three

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to have less money. After observing the current economic conditions, the damas began buying gold with their

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Damas spent hundreds of billions of yuan to purchase gold in 2013. Their massive buying of gold generated a

420: 220: 3531: 2386:"Who should apologise: Expressing criticism of public figures on Chinese social media in times of COVID-19" 1256: 3571: 3493: 2390: 850: 616: 528: 234: 1847: 560:, viewing the metal as a conservative investment that would better ensure their financial peace of mind. 2899: 2465: 1590: 1104:; are unreserved in their interactions; and thrive in unbridled friendship with women around their age. 376: 187: 2753:"Tuen Mun becomes latest protest flashpoint as thousands rally against 'dancing aunties' in local park" 1282: 507:

to be solid investments, Chinese society finds them to be must-haves. When Chinese people get married,

3402: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3122: 2721: 2470: 2253: 1881:[On translation of Chinese neologisms "tuhao" and "dama" from the perspective of pragmatics]. 1595: 939:

and on the nearby streets on 6 July 2019. The protesters alleged that the damas had blared music from

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Damas came from the first generation of Chinese women who "enjoyed equal rights as men", according to

2822: 2757: 2463:[Expert from Oxford University Press: We are very interested in the new Chinese vocabulary]. 2003: 1160: 1058: 877:), which literally means "dama dance" owing to the deep connection between damas and square dancing. 793: 557: 411: 343: 262: 191: 3297: 654:

project manager for Bilingual Dictionaries, said in 2013 that the term "dama" could be added to the

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had interest rates lower than the cost increases for everyday good and services. Noticing that the

400: 368: 277: 208: 2594: 2328: 1685: 3364: 3341: 3247: 3169: 2818:"Leek, candy, and big pancake: The slang Chinese crypto traders use to hide from the authorities" 2788: 2599: 2481: 2435: 2358: 2333: 2084: 2039: 1690: 1621: 1497: 1191: 1134: 768:. By purchasing housing in the southern provinces, the damas could fulfill two goals: purchase a 621: 541: 273: 179: 2626: 2046: 1360:, said that damas were middle-aged women who sought friendship and exercise. She noted that the 1054: 2303: 947:

from old men. A protest coordinator, the Tuen Mun Park Sanitation Concern Group, said that the

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items such as baked rolls through Internet stores. They prefer using WeChat, particularly the

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about the media coverage of damas between 2007 and 2017. The study covered three newspapers:

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noted that someone had purportedly taken a picture of damas doing a square dance outside the

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Damas have been featured on television shows. In 2011, the "Magic Voice Dama" competed in

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sauce since the brand's name means "dama". "Dama" has "mixed connotations". According to

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as detrimental to society and in favor of the chastity as a traditional Chinese value.

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was the first person to refer to the gold-purchasing women as "damas". In August 2013,

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representation of the phrase. The media showered praise on the damas for outsmarting

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poll running between April 2013 and January 2014 felt animosity against damas. In a

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In the largest protest against damas in Hong Kong, 1,800 protesters demonstrated at

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saying, "It shows that fashion can draw inspiration from anywhere and anyone." The

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Traditional Chinese Leisure Culture and Economic Development: A Conflict of Forces

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rural dama are excluded from these activities. Although numerous village women do

3219: 2700: 1533: 1049:. Damas are unconcerned when they draw the notice of people they do not know. As 968:

as advances in technology led to an increase in the number of easy-to-understand

3397: 3292: 3117: 2894: 2248: 1842: 1742: 1361: 1138: 1085: 1071: 1005: 940: 928:

expressway as their bus had been halted because of a collision. A member of the

895: 773: 639: 565: 516: 495:

gift for their descendants. Although expert investors generally do not consider

483: 360: 338: 258: 229: 3480: 3216:"Rural Dama in China's urbanization: From rural left-behind to urban strangers" 3461:"Characteristics and social impact of the use of social media by Chinese Dama" 3177: 2925: 2519: 2404: 1539: 1483: 1427: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1228: 1172: 1117: 990: 977: 969: 753: 594: 171: 3488: 2709: 2577: 2311: 1906: 1668: 3225: 2962: 2088: 1475: 1472:

Lifestyle Sports and Identities: Subcultural Careers Through the Life Course

1142: 1015: 761: 710: 626: 496: 384: 113: 2717: 3233: 3472: 2691: 1816: 1307: 1303: 1159:, taught people to always respect and accede to their elders. During the 1053:

enthusiasts, damas do not purchase items that are not discounted. At the

1050: 1011: 765: 500: 298: 120: 21: 1530:"30 Words that have experienced "expressional" changes in recent years" 1373: 1329: 1299: 1089: 925: 889: 789: 785: 757: 442: 266: 175: 3274:

Sun, Ye. (2014-05-08). "China's "Dama" focus on the good life" (pages

796:. In reference to their bitcoin investing, they are known as "bì mā" ( 1584:

Wang, Meng; Kohlbacher, Florian (2015-06-02). Lockett, Hudson (ed.).

1365: 1101: 1026: 973: 900: 749: 745: 675: 294: 254: 246: 225: 1066:. The women place their confidence in nearby residents and friends. 544:

had increased rules, the damas viewed the sector as having a lower

1021:

Damas frequently take photos with each other and make wide use of

836: 821: 659: 512: 388: 2198:. Hackensack, New Jersey: World Century Publishing. p. 141. 2953:"China's Dancing Queens Scolded for Gettin' Down on the Highway" 2075:"No guarantee for "Chinese Dama"'s gold dream to shine in 2014" 371:

in 2013 owing to the American economy's improvements after the

2129:"China's Unstoppable Gold-Buying 'Aunties' Move Onto Bitcoins" 1421:

Teng, Wei (2018-10-25). Wu, Haiyun; O'Donnell, Kilian (eds.).

719: 2195:

China Horizon, The: Glory And Dream Of A Civilizational State

976:

to exchange data with their family, and WeChat with its free

3221:

Living in the Margins in Mainland China, Hong Kong and India

1286:. In 2013, a vegetable seller dama was featured on the show 989:

feature, which has access controls and is more private than

465:

National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center

3522:"China's Consumers Show Growing Influence in Gold Market" 2356:[Why are Chinese Dama given political meaning?]. 1372:

In the late 2000s, many rural Chinese youth followed the

125: 824:, the biggest platform for trading bitcoin at the time. 2851:

Oral Traditions in Contemporary China: Healing a Nation

2073:

Chao, Luan (2014-02-17). Wang, Xin; Gao, Yinan (eds.).

2281:""大妈"媒介形象的嬗变(2007-2017)——以《人民日报》《南方都市报》和《中国妇女报》相关报道为例" 1940:[Chinese Dama On the Gold Road] (in Chinese). 104: 2921:"Chinese Dama steal the show at Shanghai trade fair" 1618:"Oxford Dictionary may add Chinese buzzword 'dama'" 1241:

Southwest University of Political Science & Law

418:had been defeated by the damas. On 12 August 2013, 119: 112: 98: 91: 86: 74: 60: 46: 37: 3492: 3393:"Dama face up to creating trendy global statement" 2981: 2979: 2811: 2809: 2613: 2611: 2581: 2315: 1910: 1672: 1423:"'Dama': A History of China's Ageist, Sexist Slur" 951:(LCSD) was not doing enough to prevent the damas' 2746: 2744: 2742: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 905:China Digital Entertainment Expo & Conference 3218:. In Ho, Wing Chung; Padovani, Florence (eds.). 3113:"Controversial expos help diffuse sex education" 2347: 2345: 2122: 2120: 1931: 1929: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1223:Damas frequently are the targets of ridicule in 1088:. Damas go without makeup other than drawing in 611:despise the wealthy and want to protest against 2678:"Becoming Dama: The new old age in urban China" 1993: 1991: 1732:Xing, Wen. (2014-06-24). "Senior Savvy" (pages 924:images were shared online of them dancing on a 1586:"Op-ed: The Chinese "dama" as consumer cohort" 1431:. Translated by Tse, Katherine. Archived from 490:Social and economic context for gold purchases 482:, said "dama" was "a little bit analogous to" 441:, the media began mocking the damas for being 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2032:[Song Hongbing was beaten unjustly]. 1314:. In the August 2014 edition of the magazine 66: 52: 16:Term that refers to Chinese middle-aged women 8: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 1239:Li Lin-rong and Li Xi-xi, scholars from the 3209: 3207: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1523: 1521: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 629:as unpatriotic and called her "Fang Dama" ( 165: 2274: 2272: 2270: 197:The gold prices rose owing to the massive 83: 3459:Li, Qin (June 2017). Hong, Junhao (ed.). 2699: 2543: 2541: 2518: 2403: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1116:in China has increased dramatically. The 314:Historically, the Chinese phrase "dama" ( 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3094: 3092: 3079: 3077: 3052: 3050: 2495:Xu, Mingwu; Tian, Chuanmao (June 2017). 2469:(in Chinese). 2013-11-21. Archived from 2304:10.13786/j.cnki.cn14-1066/g2.2018.11.012 2107: 2105: 1782: 1780: 1470:. In Dupont, Tyler; Beal, Becky (eds.). 1336:uploaded a video titled "Dama's Logic" ( 980:feature allows them not to have to send 949:Leisure and Cultural Services Department 310:Historical meaning: positive connotation 1899:10.13914/j.cnki.cn43-1453/z.2015.05.028 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1655:Jiang, Jing (November 2016). 王力 (ed.). 1386: 709:, the scholar Wang Shuang said it is a 527:. Between 2000 and 2013, the country's 511:dictate that gold is essential for the 461:Beijing Language and Culture University 284:and an increased focus on youth, while 3312:) on 2021-12-30. Retrieved 2021-12-30. 2951:Yu, Rose; Murphy, Colum (2014-06-09). 1754:) on 2021-12-30. Retrieved 2021-12-30. 907:in 2014, damas danced for free to the 523:Chinese households' sharp increase in 34: 1883:Journal of Hengyang Normal University 888:on the damas after he discharged his 728:Journal of Hengyang Normal University 453:Journal of Hengyang Normal University 359:In the middle of April 2013, China's 7: 3296:. Archived from the original (pages 2570:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8666.2014.06.011 1838:"Did Chinese dama lose big on gold?" 1746:. Archived from the original (pages 637:) in response to her writing of the 2244:"Dama dames: China's secret weapon" 2157:Hongyu; Bianji, eds. (2019-09-19). 577:Later meaning: negative connotation 552:'s feeble performance led numerous 3149: 3098: 3083: 3068: 3056: 3041: 3029: 3017: 2890:"Chinese 'dama' dance to bad tune" 2554:Journal of Leshan Teachers College 2111: 1786: 1288:I Want to Join the Spring Festival 707:Journal of Leshan Teachers College 672:English loanword of Chinese origin 14: 2623:China Internet Information Center 1532:. In Li, Yuming; Li, Wei (eds.). 1167:in the 1940s, scholars denounced 375:. In reaction to the dropping of 233:damas is of women who like to go 201:created by the damas' purchases. 2028:陶凤 (2015-12-15). 李彤; 李栋 (eds.). 1998:苏铃; 周羽 (2013-05-01). 邹佳琪 (ed.). 1219:Media coverage and entertainment 2550:"从 Dama 和 Tuhao 等中国英语词汇看中国的影响力" 2398:(5). SAGE Publishing: 622–638. 1535:The Language Situation in China 1352:Comparison to other subcultures 1243:, published a study in 2018 in 333:Contemporary Chinese Dictionary 126: 1341: 874: 866: 853:grannies frequently take over 809: 801: 699: 691: 634: 327: 319: 269:, and the local stock market. 161: 153: 105: 67: 53: 1: 3520:Yap, Chuin-Wei (2013-08-12). 3355:崔元苑; 许心怡, eds. (2013-02-16). 3214:Song, Jing; Li, Lulu (2020). 2816:Huang, Zheping (2018-04-30). 2263:– via Chinaculture.org. 1358:South China Normal University 583:South China Normal University 373:financial crisis of 2007–2008 291:South China Normal University 3329:. 2011-07-09. Archived from 3111:Huang, Yinyin (2014-08-08). 2929:. 2014-08-01. Archived from 2898:. 2014-04-30. Archived from 2701:10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100928 2676:Huang, Claudia (June 2021). 2625:. 2013-12-27. Archived from 2461:"牛津大学出版社专家：我们对新出现的汉语词汇非常感兴趣" 2384:Tao, Yingnian (2021-05-09). 2362:(in Chinese). Archived from 2242:Zhou, Raymond (2013-12-01). 2045:(in Chinese). Archived from 1973:. 2015-04-10. Archived from 1936:Qin, Mei, ed. (2014-01-14). 1846:. 2014-01-01. Archived from 1815:. 2018-09-24. Archived from 1165:Chinese Communist Revolution 3391:Luo, Wangshu (2014-08-16). 3323:"苏珊大妈助阵《中国达人秀》与"菜花甜妈"惺惺相惜" 3162:Ma, Huidi; Er, Liu (2017). 2986:Zhang, Karen (2019-07-06). 2751:Chan, Holmes (2019-07-07). 2548:王爽 (June 2014). 王兴全 (ed.). 1348:and Hong Kong inhabitants. 1108:Social and economic context 739:Investments outside of gold 3603: 3582:Pejorative terms for women 3481:10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.020 3465:Telematics and Informatics 2511:Cambridge University Press 2279:李林容; 李茜茜 (November 2018). 2000:"黄金多空大战："中国大妈"抢金完胜华尔街做空大鳄" 1891:Hengyang Normal University 1663:(22). 安徽科学技术出版社: 142–144. 779:becoming turbulent in 2015 645:COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan 599:Renmin University of China 301:— and it's time to stop." 18: 3567:Chinese words and phrases 3327:China Radio International 3178:10.1057/978-1-137-59253-8 2520:10.1017/S0266078416000432 2405:10.1177/09579265211013116 2127:Sim, Shuan (2014-04-01). 1942:China Radio International 1879:"从语用学角度看汉语新词"土豪"和"大妈"的译法" 1484:10.1515/9783110711790-030 1356:Teng Wei, a professor at 1295: 1270:Southern Metropolis Daily 683: 656:Oxford English Dictionary 139: 82: 42: 29:Big Mama (disambiguation) 3430:South China Morning Post 3423:Lau, Jack (2019-12-05). 2993:South China Morning Post 2785:""中国大妈"掀韩国购房热潮成为最大手笔买主" 2683:Journal of Aging Studies 2562:Leshan Normal University 913:The Hottest Ethnic Trend 841:Older square dancers at 272:Damas lived through the 48:Traditional Chinese 20:Not to be confused with 3587:The Wall Street Journal 3562:Chinese popular culture 3527:The Wall Street Journal 3357:""卖菜大妈"实力唱功春晚博彩台前幕后揭秘" 2958:The Wall Street Journal 2783:王海波, ed. (2013-09-22). 2430:宋宇晟, ed. (2013-11-25). 2391:Discourse & Society 1877:周维; 何芳 (October 2015). 1616:Yao, Lan (2013-11-14). 1538:. Vol. 8. Berlin: 1213:other left behind women 1190:Having experienced the 1156:Classic of Filial Piety 1084:, typically in hues of 718:spoken by those on the 652:Oxford University Press 427:The Wall Street Journal 421:The Wall Street Journal 221:The Wall Street Journal 182:they have experienced. 62:Simplified Chinese 2432:"英国专家：汉语词汇成为英语常用词尚需时日" 2035:Beijing Business Today 1466:Leung, Ho Hon (2021). 846: 784:Damas began acquiring 686:) and the word "mom" ( 529:gross domestic product 3234:10.4324/9781003037873 2848:Zhang, Juwen (2021). 2466:Oriental Morning Post 2289:Shanxi People's Press 1591:China Economic Review 1324:, and fashion expert 845:Park in Beijing, 2014 840: 2854:. Lanham, Maryland: 2758:Hong Kong Free Press 2004:China National Radio 1161:New Culture Movement 1059:return on investment 1043:white-collar workers 794:peer-to-peer lending 558:discretionary income 546:risk–return tradeoff 412:China National Radio 192:discretionary income 27:For other uses, see 3577:Investment in China 3361:Xinjiang Television 3020:, pp. 803, 805 1967:"Drills, not pills" 1800:"人人在罵大媽，其實是罵同一堆人嗎？" 1528:Sheng, Lin (2015). 1200:children moving out 1196:Cultural Revolution 1177:Cultural Revolution 1094:sexually attractive 972:. They enjoy using 871:traditional Chinese 806:traditional Chinese 696:traditional Chinese 369:quantitative easing 367:would taper off on 324:traditional Chinese 278:Cultural Revolution 180:demographic changes 158:traditional Chinese 3342:Phoenix Television 3224:. Abingdon, Oxon: 3170:Palgrave Macmillan 3071:, pp. 804–805 3044:, pp. 803–804 2789:China News Service 2482:Phoenix Television 2436:China News Service 2359:The New York Times 2352:王俊岭 (2014-02-12). 2085:Xinhua News Agency 1622:China News Service 1549:978-3-11-0711-76-9 1474:. Abingdon, Oxon: 1283:China's Got Talent 1250:China Women's News 1192:Great Leap Forward 1135:standard of living 1131:childhood diseases 863:simplified Chinese 847: 798:simplified Chinese 688:simplified Chinese 650:Julie Kleeman, an 622:The New York Times 542:real estate market 316:simplified Chinese 274:Great Leap Forward 150:simplified Chinese 128:Zung Gwok daai maa 78:Chinese big mother 3243:978-0-367-48078-3 3187:978-1-137-59660-4 2865:978-1-79364-513-5 2354:"中国大妈为什么被赋予政治含义？" 2205:978-1-938134-73-9 1493:978-0-367-35599-9 1278:the second series 1047:senior management 828:Social activities 613:wealth inequality 608:red light running 604:wrong-way driving 533:per capita income 525:disposable income 478:, a professor at 168: 143: 142: 135: 134: 93:Standard Mandarin 3594: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3530:. Archived from 3509: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3491:. Archived from 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3433:. Archived from 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3401:. Archived from 3388: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3363:. 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Archived from 1581: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1463: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1418: 1343: 1297: 1260: 1184:one-child policy 1163:in 1911 and the 998:Other activities 922: 886:Tibetan Mastiffs 876: 868: 860: 843:Temple of Heaven 819: 816:million (US$ 1.7 815: 811: 803: 732:Overseas English 724:Voice of America 716:Standard English 701: 693: 685: 636: 554:retail investors 480:Fudan University 473: 409: 329: 321: 217: 169: 166: 163: 155: 131: 130: 129: 108: 107: 84: 70: 69: 56: 55: 35: 32: 25: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3557:2018 neologisms 3547: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3519: 3516: 3514:Further reading 3500: 3498: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3370: 3368: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3273: 3269: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3172:. p. 108. 3161: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3048: 3040: 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