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If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent (as was the case prior to the outbreak of war, but not during the war), the resulting figure of 5 per cent of the population or 1.7 million people is assumed after the famine. This is consistent with the official figure, and includes both fertility loss (decline in births due to the famine) and outward migration as well as excess deaths. Whereas no reliable data on migration is available, comparison with other famines would suggest that fertility loss and excess deaths would have made a similar contribution to total population loss, which means that the tally of excess deaths is likely to have been well under one million. The statistical tallies of the 1942 famine carry political significance today. The death toll of 'over 3 million' cited by Xia
Mingfang implies that the 'Nationalist famine' in Henan was quantitatively worse than the 'Communist famine' that occurred 15 years later.
98:
186:. The result was that the supply of grain in the affected areas was reduced greatly. This started to make itself felt by the winter of that year. Yet Chinese and Japanese authorities in the affected areas continued their grain requisition policies in order to feed their soldiers. Environmental historian Micah S. Muscolino also suggests that there is a link between the deliberate flooding of the Yellow River in 1938 and the 1942 famine as the flooding 'contributed to a total disruption of Henan's hydraulic and agricultural systems'.
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239:
outward migration. Quantitative calculations found that "fertility loss and excess deaths would have made a similar contribution to total population loss ", according to
Garnaut. Another common incorrect figure, 3 to 5 millions deaths, is "generally unsourced or based on the estimates of eyewitnesses such as
628:
A detailed survey organized by the
Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population.
224:
where a grain storage system had been set up at the outbreak of war. However, officials there had never actually stored the grain and used it instead to make private deals. Theodore White described being invited to a feast by local authorities which included delicacies such as 'chicken, beef, water
219:
places much of the blame at the hands of corrupt or incompetent local officials. He notes that Chiang announced a reduction in the grain quota for Henan, but the head of the Henan grain administration collected more than the quota demanded anyway. Officials in the neighboring provinces refused to
238:
Anthony
Garnaut, a historian teaching at the University of Melbourne, puts the famine deaths to be "well under one million", probably around 700,000. The official count of 1,484,983, compiled in 1943, was later found to be grossly exaggerated as it included fertility loss (decline in births) and
499:
exploited this for propaganda purposes to portray his government as more benevolent than the
Nationalist government. This was effective as it became 'an obvious point of comparison'. The Communists were able to pursue this policy in part because they depended on
125:
and resulted from a combination of natural and human factors. Anthony
Garnaut put the death toll to be "well under one million", probably around 700,000. While Lloyd Eastman puts it between 2 and 3 million dead. 15 years later Henan was struck by the deadlier
253:
Below shows the county breakdown of the official count of 1,484,983, compiled in 1943. The figures are better served as a comparison among counties on the level of famine severity rather than as an accurate depiction of the true death toll of the famine.
225:
chestnut and three cakes with sugar frosting'. The
Chongqing government is, however, blamed for reacting slowly and sending paper money instead of food for relief. Mitter notes that the famine can be seen as a consequence of the reduction of the
203:
was rife and parents sold their children just to survive. Disease bred in these conditions, contributing greatly to the death toll. Relief efforts were organized by the government, and by
Christian missionaries operating in the area.
166:
did enter the area they caused much destruction, which contributed to causing the famine. By the time of the famine itself, Henan was divided, with the eastern half of the province under occupation by Japan and the western half part
229:
government's authority over the provinces as the war dragged on. He also says that Chiang's government was also reluctant to press further for a reduction in the grain tax when national survival was at stake.
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2138:
2110:
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2542:
4176:
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1676:
3158:
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1830:
1455:
2171:
2117:
1303:
2628:
2124:
1740:
1150:
2514:
1961:
1837:
1814:
1194:
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1563:
1006:
2070:
1372:
942:
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Lloyd
Eastman, on his part, claims that 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 died as a result of the famine which caused a further 3,000,000 to leave the province as refugees.
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2015:
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saying that there is a 'collective amnesia' in the province. Interest in the event has rekindled in recent years, however, with the release of the film
2731:
243:, and always without reference to detailed demographic data". Such high-end estimate tends to be politically motivated in favour of Maoism to make the
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1395:
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The
Chinese famine of 1942–1943 has been referred to as 'China's forgotten famine', overshadowed by the war that took place around it and the much
2934:
1768:
1268:
1180:
1116:
3137:
2649:
1499:
1037:
734:
Odoric Y. K . Wou. (2007). 'Food shortage and Japanese grain extraction in Henan'. IN: Stephen MacKinnon, Diana Lary and Ezra F. Vogel (eds.),
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1409:
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918:
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1646:
876:
559:
162:. As many as 400,000 to 500,000 Northern Chinese civilians and Japanese soldiers may have died from famine, disease and flooding. When
4090:
3837:
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1485:
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1187:
2145:
4331:
4206:
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2459:
2178:
3401:
850:
Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Mao's Great Leap Forward Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village
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3638:
3338:
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1986:
1432:
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3192:
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1639:
1508:
1476:
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1577:
1296:
1201:
1086:
144:
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4028:
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3067:
544:
823:
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Henan had previously suffered as a result of the war. Thousands of its young men had already been conscripted. In 1938 the
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4213:
4146:
3359:
3310:
3074:
2670:
2431:
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1275:
49:
4287:
4183:
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3519:
2438:
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2185:
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1982:
1660:
1446:
1439:
1423:
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1093:
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1100:
1030:
981:
4326:
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2445:
1519:
1173:
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2918:
2719:
2712:
2376:
2036:
2008:
2001:
1724:
1388:
976:Ó Gráda, Cormac. "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history 1."
492:
122:
84:
4111:
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3925:
3785:
3470:
3123:
3019:
2925:
2493:
2361:
2331:
2295:
2280:
2152:
2044:
2022:
1968:
1954:
1936:
1600:
1381:
1109:
1058:
147:
97:
88:
4321:
4316:
3803:
3696:
3498:
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3215:
2998:
2886:
2612:
2403:
1994:
1975:
1945:
1492:
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163:
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697:
4294:
4017:
3860:
3756:
3726:
3682:
3422:
3387:
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3303:
3201:
2642:
2619:
2077:
1614:
1354:
1340:
1023:
549:
539:
1669:
495:-controlled areas, the authorities did reduce the grain quotas for those most affected by the drought.
4118:
3973:
3624:
3581:
3551:
3477:
3287:
3266:
2192:
1347:
513:
244:
127:
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send their surplus grain to Henan. A further example of this incompetence and corruption comes from
4236:
4010:
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2500:
2266:
1793:
1623:
1607:
1556:
4229:
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3987:
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3911:
3819:
3659:
3324:
3208:
3102:
3053:
2991:
2747:
2698:
2507:
2410:
2131:
1786:
1717:
1584:
936:
619:
4274:
516:. Even in Henan itself this tragic period is not well remembered or talked about, with novelist
4220:
4104:
3994:
3934:
3895:
3828:
3810:
3776:
3719:
3673:
3617:
3442:
3180:
3172:
3109:
2962:
2556:
2088:
1733:
1710:
1549:
1528:
1238:
924:
914:
651:
611:
504:
and did not need to maintain a standing army in order to participate in the wartime alliance.
240:
200:
4139:
4132:
4076:
3740:
3505:
3491:
3394:
3331:
3282:
3095:
2948:
2895:
2705:
2656:
2570:
1800:
1777:
1310:
870:
603:
594:
Garnaut, Anthony (November 2013). "A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942".
501:
4162:
3874:
3789:
3747:
3645:
3588:
3456:
3238:
3229:
2758:
2340:
2316:
1912:
1570:
1010:
880:
212:
195:
151:
17:
4169:
3705:
3631:
1683:
1542:
190:
4310:
3980:
1905:
1754:
1593:
623:
189:
The terrible conditions that the famine created were vividly described by journalist
971:
The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950
4279:
4083:
2383:
2288:
1919:
1282:
1046:
522:
221:
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In 1942 the spring and summer rains failed, causing drought. In addition to this,
3918:
3904:
3566:
2242:
2063:
2048:
1402:
827:
517:
216:
3273:
3026:
3005:
1898:
1231:
1159:
607:
496:
226:
928:
615:
117:, most particularly within the eastern and central part of the province. The
3536:
2941:
2738:
2549:
2347:
2302:
1319:
964:
959:
Garnaut, Anthony. "A quantitative description of the Henan famine of 1942."
554:
172:
1823:
648:
The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13, Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2
908:
1807:
1535:
171:
and nominally under the authority of the Nationalist government based in
183:
159:
76:
2417:
179:
118:
80:
723:
The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation
2605:
155:
114:
102:
96:
45:
1019:
1015:
672:
China's War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival
891:
Liu Zhenyun (November 2012). 'Memory, Loss'. Published in
602:(6). Cambridge University Press: 2009–2010, 2034, 2044.
1677:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
809:
807:
650:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 606.
154:, flooding through eastern and central Henan, central
4038:
3766:
3607:
3432:
3191:
3043:
2981:
2885:
2876:
2757:
2483:
2393:
2241:
1944:
1935:
1693:
1518:
1371:
1133:
1126:
71:
63:
55:
41:
34:
646:Albert Feuerwerker, John Fairbank (24 July 1986).
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
1031:
247:in 1959–1961 look less deadly in comparison.
8:
691:
689:
2882:
1941:
1130:
1038:
1024:
1016:
941:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
258:Estimated death toll per county in Henan
256:
31:
988:White, Theodore; Jacoby, Annalee (1946).
965:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X13000103
150:in an attempt to stop the advance of the
91:, corruption, and government inefficiency
571:
2863:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
934:
913:(Beijing di 1 ban ed.). Beijing.
3734:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3166:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2812:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2768:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1873:Rape during the occupation of Germany
874:(January 2013) 'The Forgotten Famine'
725:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
7:
2856:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1888:Rape during the liberation of France
852:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
641:
639:
637:
101:The province of Henan in the modern
526:, adapted from Liu Zhenyun's novel
209:China's War with Japan, 1937 – 1945
199:magazine, published in March 1943.
182:caused much damage to the existing
121:occurred within the context of the
3082:German invasion of the Netherlands
1362:Weather events during World War II
211:, which is broadly sympathetic to
25:
3713:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
696:White, Theodore (22 March 1943).
4273:
193:in a special report written for
27:1942–1943 famine in Henan, China
3960:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1670:Territorial changes of Germany
1578:Indonesian National Revolution
736:China at War: Regions of China
560:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1:
3360:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3311:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3075:German invasion of Luxembourg
1456:Mediterranean and Middle East
963:47.6 (2013): 2007-2045. DOI:
698:"Until the Harvest Is Reaped"
674:. London: Allen Lane. p. 268.
113:(Chinese: 河南大饑荒) occurred in
3267:Invasion of the Soviet Union
2956:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2274:Independent State of Croatia
4251:End of World War II in Asia
4091:Western invasion of Germany
3598:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3575:Second Battle of El Alamein
3145:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3117:Battle of the Mediterranean
2970:Italian invasion of Albania
1144:Air warfare of World War II
824:"騰訊歷史：1942–1943年河南到底死了多少人？"
792:Mitter (2013), pp. 271–273.
4358:
4177:Naval bombardment of Japan
3545:First Battle of El Alamein
3464:Battle of Christmas Island
3409:Japanese invasion of Burma
3173:Italian invasion of Greece
3089:German invasion of Belgium
3061:German invasion of Denmark
3034:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
2903:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1167:Comparative military ranks
907:Liu, Zhenyun; 刘震云 (2009).
103:People's Republic of China
4266:
4098:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4029:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3653:Allied invasion of Sicily
3513:Aleutian Islands campaign
3485:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3423:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3318:Second Battle of Changsha
3223:German invasion of Greece
3068:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1410:North and Central Pacific
1053:
683:Muscolino (2011), p. 294.
608:10.1017/S0026749X13000103
545:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
514:greater famine of 1958–61
111:Henan Famine of 1942–1943
59:Summer 1942 – Spring 1943
18:Chinese famine of 1942-43
4332:Second Sino-Japanese War
3690:Allied invasion of Italy
3667:Solomon Islands campaign
3416:Third Battle of Changsha
3013:First Battle of Changsha
2919:Second Sino-Japanese War
1859:German military brothels
1725:United States war crimes
148:flooded the Yellow River
123:Second Sino-Japanese War
85:Second Sino-Japanese War
4112:Second Guangxi campaign
3967:Philippines (1944–1945)
3471:Battle of the Coral Sea
3374:Fall of the Philippines
3020:Battle of South Guangxi
2926:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2332:Italian Social Republic
1009:30 October 2014 at the
978:Economic History Review
487:Political ramifications
89:1938 Yellow River flood
3697:Armistice of Cassibile
3499:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3450:Battle of the Java Sea
3353:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3253:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3246:Battle of South Shanxi
3216:Invasion of Yugoslavia
2999:Battle of the Atlantic
2613:Korean Liberation Army
2326:(until September 1943)
2283:(until September 1944)
2261:(until September 1944)
861:Mitter (2013), p. 280.
848:Ralph Thaxton (2008).
813:Mitter (2013), p. 275.
801:Mitter (2013), p. 273.
783:Mitter (2013), p. 272.
774:Mitter (2013), p. 271.
765:Mitter (2013), p. 268.
756:Mitter (2013), p. 269.
550:Great famine of Greece
145:Nationalist government
106:
3861:Second Battle of Guam
3757:Bengal famine of 1943
3727:Second Battle of Kiev
3683:Battle of the Dnieper
3388:Battle of Wake Island
3260:East African campaign
3202:Battle of South Henan
2847:atrocities by Germans
2620:Korean Volunteer Army
1601:Occupation of Germany
1355:Music in World War II
973:(Cambridge UP, 2014).
540:Bengal famine of 1943
100:
67:700,000 – 3 millions.
4342:20th-century famines
4147:Surrender of Germany
3625:Battle of West Hubei
3582:Guadalcanal campaign
3552:Battle of Stalingrad
3478:Battle of Madagascar
2252:Albania protectorate
2039:(formerly Swaziland)
1748:Wehrmacht war crimes
1564:Expulsion of Germans
1348:Art and World War II
1246:British contribution
1195:Governments in exile
1004:Images of the famine
990:Thunder Out of China
969:Muscolino, Micah S.
961:Modern Asian Studies
747:Lary (2010). p. 124.
670:Rana Mitter (2013).
596:Modern Asian Studies
245:Great Chinese famine
128:Great Chinese famine
4237:Potsdam Declaration
4126:Italy (Spring 1945)
3889:Liberation of Paris
3346:Siege of Sevastopol
2364:(until August 1944)
2267:Wang Jingwei regime
2089:from September 1943
2049:from September 1944
1987:from September 1944
1847:Romanian war crimes
1838:Persecution of Jews
1824:Croatian war crimes
1794:Japanese war crimes
1608:Occupation of Japan
1557:First Indochina War
1269:Military production
1181:Declarations of war
992:. New York: Sloane.
910:Wen gu yi jiu si er
872:News China Magazine
721:Diana Lary (2010).
259:
4337:Disasters in Henan
4230:Surrender of Japan
4063:Battle of Iwo Jima
3912:Belgrade offensive
3325:Siege of Leningrad
3209:Battle of Shanggao
3138:British Somaliland
3103:Dunkirk evacuation
3054:Norwegian campaign
2992:Invasion of Poland
2819:Japanese prisoners
1787:Italian war crimes
1718:British war crimes
1633:Soviet occupations
1417:South-West Pacific
1304:Allied cooperation
1262:Military equipment
893:The New York Times
879:2014-09-14 at the
257:
158:and north-central
107:
4304:
4303:
4262:
4261:
4105:Battle of Okinawa
4004:Burma (1944–1945)
3838:Mariana and Palau
3618:Tunisian campaign
3443:Fall of Singapore
3367:Fall of Hong Kong
3110:Battle of Britain
2963:Operation Himmler
2872:
2871:
2536:Dutch East Indies
2179:Southern Rhodesia
1931:
1930:
1831:Genocide of Serbs
1734:German war crimes
1711:Soviet war crimes
1704:Allied war crimes
1550:Division of Korea
1529:Chinese Civil War
1327:Strategic bombing
1239:Manhattan Project
920:978-7-02-006612-4
657:978-0-521-24338-4
484:
483:
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
4349:
4327:Famines in China
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4280:World portal
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4077:Vienna offensive
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4056:Battle of Manila
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3639:Bombing of Gorky
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3508:
3506:Battle of Midway
3501:
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3492:Battle of Gazala
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3459:
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3425:
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3411:
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3402:Battle of Borneo
3397:
3395:Malayan campaign
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3339:Bombing of Gorky
3334:
3332:Battle of Moscow
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3096:Battle of France
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2834:Soviet prisoners
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2774:German prisoners
2770:
2750:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2310:French Indochina
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2157:from August 1944
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1942:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1883:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1801:Nanjing Massacre
1796:
1789:
1780:
1778:Nuremberg trials
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1382:Asia and Pacific
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1311:Mulberry harbour
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:
993:
980:61 (2008): 5–37
947:
946:
940:
932:
904:
898:
889:
883:
868:
862:
859:
853:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
826:. Archived from
820:
814:
811:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
732:
726:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
693:
684:
681:
675:
668:
662:
661:
643:
632:
631:
591:
528:Remembering 1942
502:guerilla warfare
443:Xiangcheng (项城)
303:Huangchuan (潢川)
260:
37:
36:The Henan Famine
32:
21:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4272:
4270:
4258:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4196:
4191:Atomic bombings
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4034:
4027:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3887:
3882:Eastern Romania
3880:
3875:Warsaw Uprising
3873:
3868:Tannenberg Line
3866:
3859:
3854:Western Ukraine
3852:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3784:
3775:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3646:Battle of Kursk
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3457:St Nazaire Raid
3455:
3448:
3441:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3281:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3239:Anglo-Iraqi War
3237:
3230:Battle of Crete
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3187:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3159:Eastern Romania
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2977:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2894:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2720:Western Ukraine
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2664:Northeast China
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2370:Slovak Republic
2368:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2341:Empire of Japan
2339:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1886:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1853:Sexual violence
1852:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1571:Greek Civil War
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1396:South-East Asia
1394:
1387:
1380:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1255:Military awards
1253:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1011:Wayback Machine
1000:
987:
956:
954:Further reading
951:
950:
933:
921:
906:
905:
901:
890:
886:
881:Wayback Machine
869:
865:
860:
856:
847:
843:
833:
831:
830:on 22 July 2015
822:
821:
817:
812:
805:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
742:
733:
729:
720:
716:
706:
704:
695:
694:
687:
682:
678:
669:
665:
658:
645:
644:
635:
593:
592:
573:
568:
536:
510:
489:
435:Shangshui (商水)
415:Fangcheng (方城)
369:Xiangxian (襄县)
236:
213:Chiang Kai-shek
164:Japanese troops
141:
136:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4210:
4207:South Sakhalin
4203:
4202:
4201:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3686:
3679:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3632:Battle of Attu
3628:
3621:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3381:Battle of Guam
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3304:Battle of Kiev
3300:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2815:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:United Kingdom
2799:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:British Empire
2200:United Kingdom
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2016:Czechoslovakia
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1913:Rape of Manila
1909:
1902:
1895:
1884:
1869:
1862:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1684:United Nations
1680:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1543:Decolonization
1539:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:United Kingdom
1212:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1013:
999:
998:External links
996:
995:
994:
985:
974:
967:
955:
952:
949:
948:
919:
899:
884:
863:
854:
841:
815:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
727:
714:
685:
676:
663:
656:
633:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
535:
532:
509:
506:
488:
485:
482:
481:
478:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:Shanxian (陕县)
460:
459:
456:
455:Dengfeng (登封)
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:Yancheng (郾城)
400:
399:
396:
395:Jiaxian ( 郏县)
393:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:Xinzheng (新郑)
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:Xingyang (荥阳)
307:
304:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:Mengxian (孟县)
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
241:Theodore White
235:
232:
191:Theodore White
140:
137:
135:
132:
93:
92:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
43:
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26:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4354:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:1943 in China
4320:
4318:
4317:1942 in China
4315:
4314:
4312:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:Kuril Islands
4211:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
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4160:
4155:
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4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
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4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
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4064:
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4057:
4053:
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4046:
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4037:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:Syrmian Front
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:Market Garden
3923:
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3906:
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3899:
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3893:
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3817:
3814:
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3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:Monte Cassino
3783:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
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3758:
3754:
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3308:
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3298:
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3257:
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3210:
3206:
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3194:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:Baltic states
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
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3079:
3076:
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3028:
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3017:
3014:
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3007:
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3000:
2996:
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2989:
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2936:
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2900:
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2875:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
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2841:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:United States
2793:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:Quốc dân Đảng
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
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2668:
2665:
2661:
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2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2621:
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2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
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2565:
2561:
2558:
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2523:
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2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
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2491:
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2482:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:Liechtenstein
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
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2374:
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2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
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2333:
2329:
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2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
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2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:United States
2213:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:Comfort women
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890: /
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879: /
1878:
1875: /
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:Camp brothels
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
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1812:
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1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:The Holocaust
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:forced labour
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
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1678:
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1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:Marshall Plan
1591:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
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1544:
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1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
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1497:
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1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1447:Eastern Front
1444:
1441:
1440:Western Front
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
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1390:
1386:
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1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:Puppet states
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:Naval history
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:United States
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
991:
986:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
957:
953:
944:
938:
930:
926:
922:
916:
912:
911:
903:
900:
897:
894:
888:
885:
882:
878:
875:
873:
867:
864:
858:
855:
851:
845:
842:
829:
825:
819:
816:
810:
808:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
762:
759:
753:
750:
744:
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
718:
715:
703:
699:
692:
690:
686:
680:
677:
673:
667:
664:
659:
653:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
572:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
498:
494:
486:
479:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
449:Shenqiu (沈邱)
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
389:Baofeng (宝丰)
388:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:Yanling (鄢陵)
374:
371:
368:
365:
363:Linying (临颖)
362:
361:
357:
355:Lushan ( 鲁山)
354:
351:
349:Xuchang (许昌)
348:
345:
342:
341:
337:
335:Guangwu (广武)
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
297:
295:Changge (长葛)
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
255:
251:
248:
246:
242:
233:
231:
228:
223:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
197:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
138:
133:
131:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
99:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4288:Bibliography
4271:
4084:Project Hula
4049:Vistula–Oder
4018:
3951:
3942:
3926:
3896:
3845:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3777:
3674:
3597:
3589:
3565:
3535:
3286:
3179:
3124:North Africa
2826:Soviet Union
2780:Soviet Union
2706:Soviet Union
2474:Vatican City
2384:Vichy France
2289:German Reich
2186:Soviet Union
2172:South Africa
2165:Sierra Leone
2118:Newfoundland
1937:Participants
1920:Marocchinate
1624:
1615:
1585:
1463:North Africa
1424:Indian Ocean
1283:Nazi plunder
1174:Cryptography
1047:World War II
989:
977:
970:
960:
909:
902:
892:
887:
871:
866:
857:
849:
844:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
818:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
735:
730:
722:
717:
705:. Retrieved
701:
679:
671:
666:
647:
627:
599:
595:
527:
523:Back to 1942
521:
511:
490:
475:
469:Yanshi (偃师)
409:Yexian (叶县)
343:Sishui (汜水)
329:Mixian (密县)
315:Weishi (尉氏)
289:Yuxian (禹县)
252:
249:
237:
222:Runan County
208:
207:In his work
206:
194:
188:
177:
142:
110:
108:
64:Total deaths
29:
4019:Bodenplatte
3905:Gothic Line
3131:West Africa
2678:Philippines
2657:Netherlands
2522:Czech lands
2460:Switzerland
2404:Afghanistan
2355:Philippines
2223:Puerto Rico
2139:Philippines
2125:New Zealand
2111:Netherlands
2064:Free France
1815:Prosecution
1616:Osoaviakhim
1486:West Africa
1470:East Africa
1117:Conferences
518:Liu Zhenyun
429:Xihua (西华)
423:Fugou (扶沟)
383:Linru (临汝)
278:Death Toll
272:Death Toll
266:Death Toll
227:Nationalist
217:Rana Mitter
201:Cannibalism
4311:Categories
4119:West Hunan
3952:Pointblank
3288:Silver Fox
3274:Summer War
3027:Winter War
3006:Phoney War
2787:Azerbaijan
2748:Yugoslavia
2643:Luxembourg
2485:Resistance
2232:Yugoslavia
2097:Luxembourg
1899:Sook Ching
1695:War crimes
1297:Technology
1290:Opposition
1232:Lend-Lease
1209:Australian
1202:Home front
1160:Blitzkrieg
1110:Casualties
1101:Commanders
1073:Operations
566:References
497:Mao Zedong
480:1,488,993
234:Death toll
169:unoccupied
75:Caused by
4184:Manchuria
4070:Indochina
3846:Bagration
3297:Lithuania
2942:Anschluss
2739:Viet Minh
2636:Lithuania
2578:Hong Kong
2348:Manchukuo
2303:Azad Hind
1962:Australia
1762:Aftermath
1625:Paperclip
1520:Aftermath
1320:Total war
1188:Diplomacy
1151:In Europe
937:cite book
929:436459187
738:. p. 178.
624:146274415
616:1469-8099
555:Holodomor
493:Communist
173:Chongqing
4295:Category
4244:document
4154:document
4011:Ardennes
3995:Budapest
3943:Crossbow
3821:Overlord
3660:Smolensk
2878:Timeline
2713:Slovakia
2699:Thailand
2550:Ethiopia
2515:Bulgaria
2439:Portugal
2377:Thailand
2259:Bulgaria
2037:Eswatini
2030:Ethiopia
1983:Bulgaria
1808:Unit 731
1769:Response
1586:Keelhaul
1536:Cold War
1509:Americas
1500:timeline
1493:Atlantic
1373:Theaters
1007:Archived
877:Archived
534:See also
412:103,737
378:108,498
372:118,433
352:183,472
292:151,028
152:Japanese
4221:Shumshu
3988:Hungary
3935:Estonia
3919:Lapland
3897:Dragoon
3830:Neptune
3812:Ichi-Go
3778:Tempest
3720:Changde
3675:Cottage
3567:Jubilee
3283:Finland
3181:Compass
2887:Prelude
2840:Finland
2726:Vietnam
2692:Romania
2564:Germany
2543:Estonia
2529:Denmark
2508:Belgium
2501:Austria
2494:Albania
2425:Ireland
2411:Andorra
2395:Neutral
2362:Romania
2296:Hungary
2281:Finland
2153:Romania
2045:Finland
2023:Denmark
1969:Belgium
1955:Algeria
1661:Romania
1647:Hungary
1403:Pacific
1127:General
1081:Leaders
1066:Battles
1059:Outline
834:20 July
466:19,100
458:23,517
452:12,815
446:32,147
438:25,899
432:51,989
426:44,210
418:38,974
406:40,835
398:34,458
392:11,539
386:36,446
366:79,715
358:13,822
346:14,306
338:15,875
332:34,593
326:34,353
318:29,654
312:30,347
306:37,392
298:58,802
286:95,121
275:County
269:County
263:County
184:harvest
180:locusts
160:Jiangsu
81:locusts
77:drought
42:Country
4198:Debate
4170:Taipei
4163:Borneo
3741:Tarawa
2935:Europe
2896:Africa
2685:Poland
2671:Norway
2650:Malaya
2629:Latvia
2571:Greece
2557:France
2453:Sweden
2418:Bhutan
2146:Poland
2132:Norway
2104:Mexico
2071:Greece
2057:France
1995:Canada
1976:Brazil
1946:Allies
1892:Serbia
1881:Poland
1654:Poland
1640:Baltic
1433:Europe
1135:Topics
1087:Allied
982:online
927:
917:
707:6 July
654:
622:
614:
508:Legacy
472:7,916
139:Causes
134:Famine
119:famine
72:Causes
56:Period
3974:Leyte
3804:Narva
3790:Anzio
3748:Makin
3706:Burma
3590:Torch
3559:Rzhev
3520:Kiska
2606:Korea
2592:Japan
2585:Italy
2467:Tibet
2446:Spain
2324:Italy
2085:Italy
2078:India
2002:China
1877:Japan
1477:Italy
1389:China
1341:Women
620:S2CID
476:Total
156:Anhui
115:Henan
50:China
46:Henan
4040:1945
3768:1944
3609:1943
3537:Blue
3527:Attu
3434:1942
3193:1941
3045:1940
2983:1939
2912:Asia
2759:POWs
2599:Jews
2317:Iraq
2243:Axis
2193:Tuva
2009:Cuba
1094:Axis
943:link
925:OCLC
915:ISBN
836:2013
709:2021
702:Time
652:ISBN
612:ISSN
196:Time
109:The
604:doi
491:In
4313::
3788:/
939:}}
935:{{
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688:^
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