1020:
767:
937:
3115:
986:. There was no negotiation offered by the Chinese delegation; although the PRC stated it would allow Tibet to reform at its own pace and in its own way, keep internal affairs self-governing and allow religious freedom; it would also have to agree to be part of China. The Tibetan negotiators were not allowed to communicate with their government on this key point, and pressured into signing the agreement on 23 May 1951, despite never having been given permission to sign anything in the name of the government. This was the first time in Tibetan history its government had accepted – albeit unwillingly – China's position on the two nations' shared history.
945:
994:
chose not to flee into exile, and formally accepted the 17 Point
Agreement in October 1951. According to Tibetan sources, on 24 October, on behalf of the Dalai Lama, general Zhang Jingwu sent a telegram to Mao Zedong with confirmation of the support of the Agreement, and there is evidence that Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme simply came to Zhang and said that the Tibetan Government agreed to send a telegram on 24 October, instead of the formal Dalai Lama's approval. Shortly afterwards, the PLA entered Lhasa. The subsequent annexation of Tibet is officially known in the People's Republic of China as the "Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" (
691:. On 12 August 1927, the Republic of China mandated that before the publication of new laws, all laws in history regarding Tibetan Buddhism should continue unless there were conflicts with new doctrine or new laws of the Central Government. The Tibetan government had little contact with other governments of the world during its period of de facto independence, with some exceptions; notably India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This left Tibet diplomatically isolated and cut off to the point where it could not make its positions on issues well known to the international community.
1071:
433:
3163:
229:
218:
207:
196:
135:
42:
3106:
261:
3150:
1085:
422:
3131:
3055:
3086:
3068:
3045:
888:, demoralize the Lhasa government, and thus exert powerful pressure to send negotiators to Beijing to sign terms for a handover of Tibet. On 21 October, Lhasa instructed its delegation to leave immediately for Beijing for consultations with the Communist government, and to accept the first provision, if the status of the Dalai Lama could be guaranteed, while rejecting the other two conditions. It later rescinded even acceptance of the first demand, after a divination before the
775:
3035:
3097:
248:
964:
300:
184:
166:
155:
121:
766:
879:
They and their head delegate Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, on 19 September, recommended cooperation, with some stipulations about implementation. Chinese troops need not be stationed in Tibet. It was argued that Tibet was under no threat, and if attacked by India or Nepal, could appeal to China for military
871:
Tibet will remain independent as it is at present, and we will continue to have very close 'priest-patron' relations with China. Also, there is no need to liberate Tibet from imperialism, since there are no
British, American or Guomindang imperialists in Tibet, and Tibet is ruled and protected by the
718:
In the preceding three decades, the conservative
Tibetan government had consciously de-emphasized its military and refrained from modernizing. Hasty attempts at modernization and enlarging the military began in 1949, but proved mostly unsuccessful on both counts. By then, it was too late to raise and
993:
rule in
Political Tibet. The terms of the agreement had not been cleared with the Tibetan Government before signing and the Tibetan Government was divided about whether it was better to accept the document as written or to flee into exile. The Dalai Lama, who by this time had ascended to the throne,
808:
into the PRC, peacefully or by force. China viewed incorporating Tibet as important to consolidate its frontiers and address national defense concerns in the southwest. Because Tibet was unlikely to voluntarily give up its de facto independence, Mao in
December 1949 ordered that preparations be made
667:
The TAR region is also known as "Political Tibet", while all areas with a high ethnic
Tibetan population are collectively known as "Ethnic Tibet". Political Tibet refers to the polity ruled continuously by Tibetan governments since earliest times until 1951, whereas ethnic Tibet refers to regions
862:
on 16 September 1950. Yuan communicated a 3-point proposal that Tibet be regarded as part of China, that China be responsible for Tibet's defense, and that China be responsible for Tibet's trade and foreign relations. Acceptance would lead to peaceful
Chinese sovereignty, or otherwise war. The
915:
claimed "over 5,700 enemy men were destroyed" and "more than 3,000" peacefully surrendered. Active hostilities were limited to a border area northeast of the Gyamo Ngul Chu River and east of the 96th meridian. After capturing Chamdo, the PLA broke off hostilities, sent a captured commander,
971:
The PLA sent released prisoners (among them the governor-general of Kham, Ngapoi
Ngawang Jigme), to Lhasa to negotiate with the Dalai Lama on the PLA's behalf. Chinese broadcasts promised that if Tibet was "peacefully liberated", the Tibetan elites could keep their positions and power.
1027:
For several years, the
Tibetan Government remained in place in the areas of Tibet where it had ruled prior to the outbreak of hostilities, except for the area surrounding Qamdo that was occupied by the PLA in 1950, which was placed under the authority of the
778:
Map of the Far East from the Time magazine showing the situation of the
Chinese Civil War in late 1948. Tibet is listed as part of China, while Outer Mongolia is listed outside of China since it was recognized as an independent country by that time, unlike
910:
on 6 or 7 October 1950. Two PLA units quickly surrounded the outnumbered Tibetan forces and captured the border town of Chamdo by 19 October, by which time 114 PLA soldiers and 180 Tibetan soldiers had been killed or wounded. Writing in 1962,
1032:
and outside the Tibetan Government's control. During this time, areas under the Tibetan Government maintained a large degree of autonomy from the Central Government and were generally allowed to maintain their traditional social structure.
4399:
1019:
1913:"Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots"
1747:: "Tibet unquestionably controlled its own internal and external affairs during the period from 1913 to 1951 and repeatedly attempted to secure recognition and validation of its de facto autonomy/independence."
703:-sponsored agitation in political Tibet, the Tibetan government expelled the Nationalist delegation in Lhasa. The (Nationalist) Chinese approved request to exempt Lhamo Dhondup from lot-drawing process using
5121:
3901:
3480:
2503:
1130:
857:
as Peking); Britain favored India (not Hong Kong or Singapore); and India and the Chinese favored Beijing. The Tibetan delegation did eventually meet with the PRC's ambassador General Yuan Zhongxian in
4364:
4359:
983:
5014:
2463:'The political and religious institutions of Tibet would remain unchanged, and any social and economic reforms would be undertaken only by the Tibetans themselves at their own pace.' Thomas Laird,
3080:
789:
Both the PRC and their predecessors the Kuomintang (ROC) had always maintained that Tibet was a part of China. The PRC also proclaimed an ideological motivation to "liberate" the Tibetans from a
648:, independent from the rest of the Republic of China with the rest of the present day TAR coming under Tibetan government control by 1917. Some border areas with high ethnic Tibetan populations (
493:
ratified on 24 October 1951, but later repudiated on the grounds that he had rendered his approval for the agreement under duress. This occurred after attempts by the Tibetan Government to gain
1782:. See Melvin C. Goldstein, 'Change, Conflict and Continuity among a community of Nomadic Pastoralists: A Case Study from Western Tibet, 1950–1990,' in Robert Barnett and Shirin Akiner, (eds.,)
4389:
1336:
It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.
1943:"Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement"
3564:
3476:
936:
906:
After months of failed negotiations, attempts by Tibet to secure foreign support and assistance, PRC and Tibetan troop buildups, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) crossed the
577:
3697:
845:, among other things. The onset of talks was delayed by debate between the Tibetan, Indian, British, and Chinese delegations about the location of the talks. Tibet favored
880:
assistance. While Lhasa deliberated, on 7 October 1950, Chinese troops advanced into eastern Tibet, crossing the border at five places. The purpose was not to invade Tibet
813:(Chamdo), in order to induce the Tibetan Government to negotiate. The PRC had over a million men under arms and had extensive combat experience from the recently concluded
4714:
3157:
626:
4620:
796:. In September 1949, shortly before the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) made it a top priority to incorporate Tibet,
1462:
1289:
4331:
2500:
668:
north and east where Tibetans historically predominated but where, down to modern times, Tibetan jurisdiction was irregular and limited to just certain areas.
1625:
1509:
1036:
In 1956, Tibetan militias in the ethnically Tibetan region of eastern Kham just outside the Tibet Autonomous Region, spurred by PRC government experiments in
4719:
3336:
1706:
1140:
838:
944:
3620:
3007:
2964:
1598:
3125:
3114:
2337:
715:, and a separate letter to the British government, declaring its intent to defend itself "by all possible means" against PRC troop incursions into Tibet.
4747:
4311:
3282:
461:
3849:
1942:
1912:
4595:
4179:
4296:
4037:
3980:
410:
266:
3555:
989:
Tibetan representatives in Beijing and the PRC Government signed the Seventeen Point Agreement on 23 May 1951, authorizing the PLA presence and
4977:
4088:
3934:
3028:
3185:
3062:
2933:
2906:
2851:
2836:
2826:
2798:
2780:
2770:
2580:
2514:
2152:
1416:
1359:
1317:
1266:
4659:
4169:
1123:
379:
2326:
3072:
1323:
952:
536:
The Government of Tibet and the Tibetan social structure remained in place in the Tibetan polity under the authority of China until the
4274:
4229:
3661:
2959:
1608:
557:
573:
4301:
2916:
2885:
2865:
2808:
2742:
2547:
2429:
2193:
1716:
1689:
1662:
1635:
1225:
1184:
708:
2348:): "The Quamdo battle thus came to a victorious end on October 24, with 114 PLA soldiers and 180 Tibetan troops killed or wounded."
683:
between 1913 and 1933 to enlarge and modernize the Tibetan military had eventually failed, largely due to opposition from powerful
4214:
1059:, and the PRC government in Tibet dissolved the Tibetan Local Government. The legacy of this action continues to the present day.
41:
3807:
826:
4254:
3813:
629:
adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Tibet, as integral parts of the state.
5091:
4972:
4806:
3947:
3465:
3000:
2945:
2753:
Wind Between The Worlds The extraordinary first-person account of a Westerner's life in Tibet as an official of the Dalai Lama
4649:
4615:
4424:
4027:
3076:
1679:
1652:
1466:
979:
sponsored a complaint by the Tibetan government at the UN, but India and the United Kingdom prevented it from being debated.
864:
526:
454:
1563:, pp. 160–161; Shakya 1999 p.208,240,241. (all sources: fled Tibet, repudiated agreement, dissolved local government).
990:
1470:
1282:
4664:
4465:
3837:
3801:
3679:
3596:
3505:
3302:
2875:
2491:, p. 48 (had not been cleared) p.48,49 (government was divided), p.49 (chose not to flee), p.52 (accepted agreement).
4321:
5065:
4669:
4511:
4150:
3685:
3494:
3230:
3145:
1135:
1383:
4472:
4264:
4224:
3970:
3873:
3736:
3691:
3548:
3058:
1052:, the Dalai Lama left Lhasa on March 17 with an entourage of twenty, including six Cabinet ministers, and fled Tibet.
854:
593:
395:
3153:
1840:
982:
Tibetan negotiators were sent to Beijing and presented with an already-finished document commonly referred to as the
724:
576:
claimed inheritance of all territories held by the Qing dynasty, including Tibet. This claim was provided for in the
3533:
4752:
4681:
4674:
4632:
4414:
4199:
3927:
3709:
2993:
1493:
1151:
4757:
4691:
5141:
4544:
4535:
4419:
4409:
4209:
4032:
3985:
3795:
2434:
2144:
1056:
784:
657:
486:
447:
400:
279:
89:
4100:
4070:
4042:
364:
4881:
4394:
3673:
3244:
3240:
3105:
2334:
3252:
3200:
707:
to become the 14th Dalai Lama on 31 January 1940. In November 1949, Tibetan government sent a letter to the
5048:
4709:
4607:
4460:
4455:
3975:
3655:
3490:
3292:
3268:
3149:
3109:
3100:
1950:
1920:
700:
637:
405:
3590:
2632:
521:(despite several thousand casualties being reported by Chinese generals throughout the invasion), and the "
5136:
5131:
4379:
4338:
3667:
3631:
3541:
3515:
3369:
3365:
3049:
2542:[The 65th anniversary of the peaceful liberation of Tibet: Counting those earth-shaking changes].
1845:南京国民政府成立之初，在处理藏传佛教问题上采取援引相关法规的原则。1927年8月12日，南京国民政府"援用以前法律之决议案"，规定一切法律在未颁布以前，继续援引不与国民党党纲或主义，或与国民政府法令相抵触的法律。
1779:
924:
to reiterate terms of negotiation, and waited for Tibetan representatives to respond through delegates to
581:
494:
159:
4289:
4249:
4157:
1118:
641:
374:
126:
5042:
4898:
4893:
4870:
4637:
4316:
4204:
4137:
4080:
3920:
3608:
3379:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1045:
1014:
892:
indicated that the three points could not be accepted, since Tibet would fall under foreign domination.
873:
842:
537:
369:
334:
3130:
3054:
2704:
544:
fled into exile and after which the Government of Tibet and Tibetan social structures were dissolved.
4642:
4374:
4279:
4052:
3867:
2587:
Chinese and Tibetan government officials at a banquet celebrating the 'peaceful liberation' of Tibet.
2185:
1049:
1037:
1023:
Chinese and Tibetan government officials at a banquet celebrating the 'peaceful liberation' of Tibet
956:
917:
329:
170:
5126:
4853:
4686:
4384:
4326:
4095:
3843:
3649:
3403:
3332:
3122:
2681:
2501:
Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011, p. 190 -
2451:
830:
743:
688:
518:
339:
188:
2335:
The Local Government of Tibet Refused Peace Talks and the PLA Was Forced to Fight the Qamdo Battle
1084:
727:(PLA) was much larger, better trained, better led, better equipped, and more experienced than the
421:
5029:
4994:
4811:
4781:
4627:
4496:
4439:
4239:
4234:
4219:
3855:
3703:
3272:
3210:
2654:
1379:
747:
2974:
299:
5004:
4791:
4786:
4369:
4354:
4259:
4244:
3861:
3614:
3584:
3469:
3458:
3434:
3416:
3322:
3264:
3260:
3248:
3134:
3016:
2929:
2912:
2902:
2881:
2861:
2847:
2832:
2822:
2804:
2794:
2776:
2766:
2738:
2576:
2570:
2510:
2425:
2321:
2199:
2189:
2158:
2148:
1744:
1712:
1685:
1658:
1631:
1604:
1501:
1438:
1435:
1412:
1406:
1355:
1349:
1313:
1262:
1256:
1221:
1180:
850:
814:
633:
1307:
5084:
4984:
4935:
4918:
4801:
4735:
4575:
4404:
4306:
4284:
3955:
3602:
3448:
3444:
3393:
3256:
3118:
2255:, BRILL, 2010 trans. Derek F. Maher, Vol.1, pp.916–917, and ch.20 pp.928–942, esp.pp.928–33.
1775:
1212:
1145:
1103:
995:
901:
530:
502:
288:
4999:
4989:
4886:
4525:
4520:
4506:
4269:
4132:
4120:
4014:
4001:
3783:
3383:
3142:
3138:
3034:
2507:
2341:
2330:
1041:
755:
739:
735:
680:
676:
561:
490:
482:
359:
354:
319:
309:
174:
2539:
17:
963:
5100:
5055:
5035:
4961:
4903:
4019:
3789:
3576:
2980:
2922:
2871:
889:
774:
613:
324:
5115:
5009:
4477:
3825:
3748:
3347:
2178:
1949:. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from
1919:. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from
1217:
801:
797:
597:
4967:
4923:
4913:
4865:
4860:
4843:
4491:
4162:
1076:
912:
907:
728:
569:
553:
498:
437:
253:
222:
3096:
863:
Tibetans undertook to maintain the relationship between China and Tibet as one of
2896:
2816:
2788:
2760:
4948:
4943:
3763:
3220:
2450:; United States State Department, "Foreign Relations of the United States," see
2421:
1090:
1055:
Both the Dalai Lama and the PRC government in Tibet subsequently repudiated the
976:
751:
684:
601:
426:
211:
2140:
The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
1584:
1572:
959:(right) at the banquet celebrating the signing of the agreement on May 24, 1951
5060:
4848:
4654:
4570:
4145:
4009:
3757:
3426:
3312:
3038:
1066:
948:
720:
712:
704:
661:
609:
565:
541:
314:
200:
2162:
1505:
4816:
4530:
4110:
2877:
Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49
2203:
1740:
1532:
1431:
1375:
846:
834:
793:
790:
754:
is traditionally one of instability and division, exacerbated by the recent
344:
1627:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
2138:
1830:
4486:
4065:
2572:
A History of Modern Tibet, volume 2: The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955
2180:
A History of Modern Tibet. Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm, 1951–1955
233:
47:
2735:
Demystifying Tibet : unlocking the secrets of the Land of the Snows
4954:
4908:
4823:
4115:
3829:
2619:
2607:
2525:
2488:
2476:
2387:
2305:
2101:
2046:
2007:
1972:
1878:
1866:
1805:
1556:
1040:, started fighting against the government. The militias united to form
925:
605:
349:
2844:
Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival
1708:
A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
4833:
4482:
4365:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
4360:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
4125:
3636:
3090:
3085:
3067:
3044:
2898:
The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947
2762:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
1199:
A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951, the demise of the lamaist state
885:
805:
506:
2985:
5019:
4838:
4828:
4701:
4390:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
3943:
3775:
3568:
3168:
1351:
One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
962:
935:
921:
859:
810:
773:
765:
478:
474:
140:
73:
3912:
1463:"China could not succeed in destroying Buddhism in Tibet: Sangay"
675:
independence, its socio-economic and political systems resembled
4565:
4560:
4060:
3728:
2452:
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v06/pg_577
2266:
A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955,
2218:
A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955,
1835:
1786:
Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1994, pp. 76–90, pp.77–8.
1283:"The Dalai Lama's Press Statements - Statement issued at Tezpur"
841:
and to secure assurances that the Chinese would respect Tibetan
653:
649:
585:
510:
501:, negotiations between the Government of Tibet and the PRC, and
3916:
3537:
2989:
2680:
van Walt van Praag, Michael; Boltjes, Miek (13 February 2021).
2137:
Singh, Swaran (2016). "China Engaged its Southwest Frontiers".
1986:
A History of Modern Tibet:The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955,
4796:
2790:
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
3902:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1131:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
513:
in October 1950. The series of events came to be called the "
2037:
Shakya 1999 p.12 (Tibetan army poorly trained and equipped).
770:
Approximate Line of Communist Advance (CIA, February 1950)
750:
of the Tibetan Government. The period of the Dalai Lama's
2951:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1624:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
1494:"A Writer's Quest to Unearth the Roots of Tibet's Unrest"
592:
the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the
2333:, China Intercontinental Press, 1997, p. 209 (see also
872:
Dalai Lama (not any foreign power). –
4415:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
4400:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
2465:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama,
1309:
Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
5122:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
3897:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2858:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
1213:
Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama
636:
in 1911, most of the area comprising the present-day
35:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1630:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245.
578:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
4934:
4770:
4734:
4700:
4594:
4553:
4438:
4347:
4190:
3994:
3963:
3954:
3889:
3823:
3773:
3746:
3726:
3719:
3630:
3575:
1741:
Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989)
1432:
Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989)
833:. On 7 March 1950, a Tibetan delegation arrived in
825:Talks between Tibet and China were mediated by the
103:
Tibet is annexed by the People's Republic of China.
2220:University of California Press, 2009, Vol.2, p.48.
2177:
1988:University of California Press, 2009, Vol.2, p.51.
1585:Lin, Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier (2011)
1573:Lin, Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier (2011)
1552:
1550:
627:Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
2123:
2121:
2119:
1862:
1860:
2575:. University of California Press. p. 227.
1348:Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (October 2009).
1306:Anne-Marie Blondeau; Katia Buffetrille (2008).
869:
34:
2620:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2608:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2526:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2489:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2477:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2388:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2306:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2102:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2057:
2055:
2047:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
2008:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
1973:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
1879:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
1867:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
1816:
1814:
1806:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
1557:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
1452:Survey of China Mainland Press, no. 2854 p.5,6
1312:. University of California Press. p. 61.
1201:. University of California Press. p. 639.
762:Preparations by the People's Republic of China
694:
4332:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3928:
3549:
3001:
2356:
2354:
719:train an effective army. India provided some
620:
455:
64:(7 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
8:
3337:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
2655:"Tibetans revolt against Chinese occupation"
1684:. City University of HK Press. p. 273.
1657:. City University of HK Press. p. 190.
1177:The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China
1141:Monument to the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet
3621:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2610:, pp. 52–54; Feigon 1996 p.148,149,151
4774:
4740:
4600:
4448:
4444:
3960:
3935:
3921:
3913:
3723:
3556:
3542:
3534:
3178:
3008:
2994:
2986:
940:PLA soldiers marching toward Tibet in 1950
738:was 15 years old and had not attained his
462:
448:
273:
40:
31:
2633:"The Dalai Lama Escapes from the Chinese"
1899:
1711:. Stanford University Press. p. 68.
839:newly declared People's Republic of China
1018:
943:
723:aid and military training. However, the
2242:Shakya 1999 p.27-32 (entire paragraph).
2143:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1533:"How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet"
1168:
967:PLA marching into Lhasa in October 1951
387:
287:
276:
175:
27:1950–51 annexation of territory in Asia
4089:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2569:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1 August 2007).
2323:The historical Status of China's Tibet
1560:
1411:. Psychology Press. pp. 300–301.
821:Negotiations between Tibet and the PRC
695:Tibet's attempts to remain independent
616:into one great Republic of China" (...
4170:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
2316:
2314:
2295:Feigon 1996 p.142. Shakya 1999 p.37.
1765:Shakya 1999 p.6,27. Feigon 1996 p.28
1512:from the original on 27 November 2018
1448:
1446:
1295:from the original on 29 October 2022.
1220:, London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990
975:One month after China invaded Tibet,
837:, India, to open a dialogue with the
671:At the time Political Tibet obtained
267:People's Liberation Army Ground Force
7:
4297:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
2682:"Time To Break The Silence On Tibet"
2550:from the original on 9 February 2019
1843:from the original on 1 October 2022.
552:Tibet came under the control of the
2424:, Lancer Publishers, October 2008,
1947:The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas
1917:The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas
1005:), as promoted by the state media.
932:Further negotiations and annexation
884:but to capture the Tibetan army in
564:from Tibet. It remained under Qing
4275:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4230:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2981:The Tibet issue: China's view, BBC
2975:The Tibet issue: Tibetan view, BBC
2793:, University of California Press,
2765:, University of California Press,
2188:: University of California Press.
1531:Latson, Jennifer (17 March 2015).
699:In July 1949, in order to prevent
25:
4312:Protests and uprisings since 1950
4302:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
2928:, Oxford University Press, 1990,
2435:"UN General Assembly Resolutions"
1774:The classic distinction drawn by
1386:from the original on 16 June 2017
1326:from the original on 23 June 2016
1175:Mackerras, Colin. Yorke, Amanda.
761:
4420:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
4410:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
3477:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
3161:
3148:
3129:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3084:
3066:
3053:
3043:
3033:
2703:Avedon, John F. (23 June 1984).
2439:International Campaign for Tibet
1831:"【边疆时空】喜饶尼玛 李双|国民政府管理藏传佛教活佛措施评析"
1255:A. Tom Grunfeld (30 July 1996).
1179:. . Cambridge University Press.
1083:
1069:
556:of China in 1720 after the Qing
431:
420:
298:
259:
246:
227:
216:
205:
194:
182:
164:
153:
133:
119:
4395:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
3466:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
2320:Jiawei Wang et Nima Gyaincain,
1784:Resistance and Reform in Tibet,
1124:History of Tibet (1950–present)
1042:Chushi Gangdruk Volunteer Force
4650:Patron and priest relationship
4616:Central Tibetan Administration
4425:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1492:Siling, Luo (14 August 2016).
1467:Central Tibetan Administration
1376:"Peaceful Liberation of Tibet"
1261:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 107–.
621:
584:on behalf of the six-year-old
527:Central Tibetan Administration
1:
5015:Historical and cultural sites
4380:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
3597:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3506:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3481:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
3073:Constitutional ROC Government
2787:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997),
2759:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989),
2661:. A&E Television Networks
1469:. 25 May 2017. Archived from
1197:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991).
638:Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
572:) until 1912. The succeeding
4355:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
3495:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
3231:Chinese Communist Revolution
2965:Resources in other libraries
2755:(1957) David Mckay Co., Inc.
2176:Goldstein, Melvyn C (2009).
2061:Feigon 1996 p.142 (trained).
1354:. BRILL. pp. 953, 955.
1136:List of military occupations
1003:Hépíng jiěfàng xīzàng dìfāng
758:and a 1947 regency dispute.
664:) or local warlord control.
515:Peaceful Liberation of Tibet
62:6 October 1950 – 23 May 1951
4375:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
4265:British expedition to Tibet
4255:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
4225:Battle of the Salween River
3874:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
3737:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3692:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3091:Republic of China on Taiwan
3059:National Revolutionary Army
3027:Principal belligerents and
2304:Shakya 1999 p.32 (6 Oct);
991:Central People's Government
497:, efforts to modernize its
5158:
4748:Postage and postal history
4200:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3710:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
3569:People's Republic of China
3303:Fujian People's Government
3169:People's Republic of China
2818:The Making of Modern Tibet
2538:Yang Fan (10 April 2018).
2253:One hundred thousand moons
2231:A History of Modern Tibet,
1258:The Making of Modern Tibet
1152:Tibetan sovereignty debate
1030:Qamdo Liberation Committee
1012:
899:
890:Six-Armed Mahākāla deities
853:(not Beijing; at the time
782:
479:People's Republic of China
477:came under the control of
141:People's Republic of China
5078:
4777:
4743:
4603:
4451:
4447:
4210:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3850:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
3176:
3023:
2960:Resources in your library
2815:Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996),
2467:Grove Press, 2007, p.307.
2145:Stanford University Press
999:
984:Seventeen Point Agreement
785:Political status of Tibet
658:Chinese Nationalist Party
622:仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國
523:Chinese invasion of Tibet
495:international recognition
487:Seventeen Point Agreement
239:
146:
111:
90:Seventeen Point Agreement
54:
39:
18:Chinese invasion of Tibet
4608:Tibet Autonomous Region
4370:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
4322:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
3802:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
3154:People's Liberation Army
2895:Shakya, Tsering (1999),
2598:Shakya 1999 p.96,97,128.
2540:"西藏和平解放65周年：细数那些翻天覆地的变化"
2418:Tibet: The Lost Frontier
1804:Feigon 1996 p.119-122.
1603:. Hackett. p. 419.
725:People's Liberation Army
375:13th and 14th Dalai Lama
4715:TAR People's Government
4675:Serfs' Emancipation Day
4215:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
3293:Chinese Soviet Republic
3269:Autumn Harvest Uprising
2846:(1999) PublicAffairs .
2842:Knaus, Robert Kenneth.
2705:"China's Tibet Problem"
2506:30 October 2012 at the
2184:. Goldstein, Melvyn C.
2019:Goldstein, 209 pp.51–2.
1705:Zhao, Suisheng (2004).
1597:Tanner, Harold (2009).
809:to march into Tibet at
701:Chinese Communist Party
4385:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
4339:Special Frontier Force
3814:Sino-Indian skirmishes
3516:Project National Glory
3491:Hainan Island campaign
3370:Double Tenth Agreement
3366:Chongqing Negotiations
3283:Encirclement campaigns
2286:Shakya 1999 p.12,20,21
2092:Routledge, 2001, p.195
1651:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
1024:
968:
960:
941:
877:
780:
771:
582:Empress Dowager Longyu
160:Ngawang Sungrab Thutob
147:Commanders and leaders
4758:Qinghai–Tibet railway
4753:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4720:TAR People's Congress
4692:India–Tibet relations
4665:Independence movement
4317:1959 Tibetan uprising
4205:Battle of Dafei River
4053:Era of Fragmentation
3591:Kuomintang insurgency
3380:Jiaochangkou Incident
2737:. Chicago: I.R. Dee.
2684:. The Sunday Guardian
2635:. Time. 20 April 1959
2378:Shakya 1999 map p.xiv
2340:18 March 2012 at the
2329:29 April 2016 at the
2308:, p. 45 (7 Oct).
2268:Vol.2, ibid.pp.41–57.
2264:Melvin C. Goldstein,
2229:Melvin C. Goldstein,
2216:Melvin C. Goldstein,
2090:China's Tibet policy,
2006:Shakya 1999 p.20,21;
1854:Shakya 1999 p.7,15,16
1114:Tibet under Qing rule
1109:Tibet under Yuan rule
1099:1959 Tibetan uprising
1022:
1015:Sinicization of Tibet
966:
947:
939:
874:Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
843:territorial integrity
783:Further information:
777:
769:
709:U.S. State Department
656:) remained under the
538:1959 Tibetan uprising
5066:Traditional medicine
4280:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4101:Relations with Ming
4071:Relations with Song
4043:Relations with Tang
3981:European exploration
3868:Project Blue Sword-B
3808:Sino-Indian Standoff
3796:Sino-Indian skirmish
2860:(2006) Grove Press.
2733:Feigon, Lee (1996).
2360:Shakya 1999, pg. 45.
2186:Berkeley, California
2010:, pp. 37, 41–43
1984:Melvin C. Goldstein,
1953:on 30 September 2022
1678:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
1473:on 21 September 2018
1408:China's Tibet Policy
1044:. When the fighting
957:Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
411:European exploration
365:Ming–Tibet relations
330:Era of Fragmentation
171:Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
4710:Regional Government
4687:CIA Tibetan program
4670:Serfdom controversy
4554:Traditional regions
4405:Simla Accord (1914)
4327:2008 Tibetan unrest
4151:List of Qing ambans
4096:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3844:Sino-Vietnamese War
3680:Yijiangshan Islands
3632:Cross-Taiwan Strait
3333:Second United Front
3253:Nanjing–Wuhan split
3201:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
3050:National Government
2369:Feigon 1996, p.144.
2277:Shakya 1999 p.28-32
2127:Goldstein 1997 p.44
1971:Shakya 1999 p.20;
1890:Shakya 1999 p.5,7,8
1559:, pp. 54–55;
1405:Dawa Norbu (2001).
503:a military conflict
483:Government of Tibet
340:Phagmodrupa dynasty
189:Lhalu Tsewang Dorje
5024:(ceremonial scarf)
4995:Dzong architecture
4812:Imperial Preceptor
4682:Sovereignty debate
4628:Etymology of Tibet
4240:Lhasa riot of 1750
4235:Jinchuan campaigns
4220:Battle of Dartsedo
4138:Qing dynasty rule
4081:Yuan dynasty rule
4055:(9th–13th century)
3856:Battle of Fakashan
3686:Dachen Archipelago
3642:(after 1 Oct 1949)
3273:Guangzhou Uprising
3211:First United Front
2709:The New York Times
2408:Laird, 2006 p.306.
1820:Shakya 1999 p.5,11
1498:The New York Times
1380:Xinhua News Agency
1057:17 Point Agreement
1025:
969:
961:
942:
896:Invasion of Chamdo
781:
772:
679:. Attempts by the
646:independent polity
560:the forces of the
519:Chinese government
46:PLA marching into
5109:
5108:
5074:
5073:
4766:
4765:
4730:
4729:
4633:Foreign relations
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4434:
4433:
4290:Qinghai–Tibet War
4260:Sikkim expedition
4250:Dogra–Tibetan War
4245:Sino-Nepalese War
4180:political leaders
4158:Post-Qing to 1950
4111:Rinpungpa dynasty
4022:(7th–9th century)
3910:
3909:
3885:
3884:
3862:Battle of Laoshan
3643:
3615:Xinjiang conflict
3585:Chinese Civil War
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3435:Liaoshen campaign
3417:Yu Zisan Incident
3384:Peiping rape case
3353:
3352:
3265:Nanchang uprising
3261:Little Long March
3249:Shanghai massacre
3039:Nationalist Party
3017:Chinese Civil War
2946:Library resources
2934:978-0-19-581570-2
2926:Captured in Tibet
2908:978-0-7126-6533-9
2852:978-1-891620-18-8
2837:978-1-56324-713-2
2828:978-0-7656-3455-9
2800:978-0-520-21951-9
2781:978-0-520-06140-8
2772:978-0-520-91176-5
2582:978-0-520-93332-3
2515:978-93-80359-47-2
2154:978-0-8047-9764-1
2079:Shakya 1999 p.4,5
2049:, pp. 41, 45
1839:. 16 April 2021.
1756:Feigon 1996 p.119
1418:978-0-7007-0474-3
1361:978-90-04-17732-1
1319:978-0-520-24464-1
1288:. 18 April 1959.
1268:978-0-7656-3455-9
1245:Shakya 1999, p.43
1236:Laird 2006 p.301.
1119:Tibet (1912–1951)
815:Chinese Civil War
756:Reting conspiracy
634:Xinhai Revolution
574:Republic of China
472:
471:
345:Rinpungpa dynasty
272:
271:
107:
106:
85:Chinese victory
16:(Redirected from
5149:
5142:1950 in politics
5094:
5087:
5025:
4802:Tibetan Buddhism
4775:
4741:
4611:
4601:
4449:
4445:
4307:Battle of Chamdo
4285:Sino-Tibetan War
4141:
4104:
4084:
4074:
4056:
4046:
4033:List of emperors
4023:
4005:
3986:Historical money
3961:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3724:
3641:
3609:Tibetan uprising
3603:Battle of Chamdo
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3449:Pingjin campaign
3445:Huaihai campaign
3394:Marshall Mission
3359:
3358:
3245:Shanghai Commune
3241:Nanking incident
3194:
3193:
3179:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3133:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3077:ROC Armed Forces
3071:
3070:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2919:
2891:
2839:
2811:
2783:
2748:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2399:Shakya 1999 p.49
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2349:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2113:Shakya 1999 p.3.
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:Shakya 1999 p.26
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:Shakya 1999 p.12
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:on 31 March 2019
1909:
1903:
1902:, pp. 328–.
1900:Goldstein (1991)
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1809:
1808:, pp. 34–35
1802:
1796:
1795:Shakya 1999 p.11
1793:
1787:
1776:Sir Charles Bell
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1600:China: A History
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1146:Sino-Tibetan War
1104:History of Tibet
1093:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1001:
902:Battle of Chamdo
624:
623:
619:
591:
586:Xuantong Emperor
531:Tibetan diaspora
509:area of western
481:(PRC) after the
464:
457:
450:
438:China portal
436:
435:
434:
425:
424:
401:Historical money
302:
292:
274:
265:
263:
262:
252:
250:
249:
232:
231:
230:
221:
220:
219:
210:
209:
208:
199:
198:
197:
187:
186:
185:
177:
169:
168:
167:
158:
157:
156:
139:
137:
136:
129:
125:
123:
122:
56:
55:
44:
32:
21:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5070:
5023:
4930:
4762:
4726:
4696:
4609:
4582:
4549:
4526:Tibetan Plateau
4521:Rongbuk Glacier
4507:Yarlung Tsangpo
4430:
4343:
4270:Batang uprising
4192:
4186:
4139:
4133:Khoshut Khanate
4121:Ganden Phodrang
4116:Tsangpa dynasty
4102:
4082:
4072:
4054:
4044:
4021:
4015:Yarlung dynasty
4003:
3990:
3950:
3941:
3911:
3906:
3881:
3838:Paracel Islands
3819:
3784:Sino-Indian War
3769:
3742:
3715:
3674:Dongshan Island
3640:
3634:
3626:
3571:
3565:Armed conflicts
3562:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3497:
3493:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3460:Taiping Steamer
3447:
3433:
3382:
3368:
3354:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3139:New Fourth Army
3110:Soviet Republic
3101:Communist Party
3093:
3083:
3065:
3042:
3019:
3014:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:Further reading
2909:
2894:
2888:
2872:Lin, Hsiao-ting
2870:
2856:Laird, Thomas.
2829:
2821:, M.E. Sharpe,
2814:
2801:
2786:
2773:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2508:Wayback Machine
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2342:Wayback Machine
2331:Wayback Machine
2319:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2251:W. D. Shakabpa,
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2196:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2155:
2147:. p. 149.
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:Shakya 1999 p.5
2069:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1780:Hugh Richardson
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1731:Shakya 1999 p.4
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:, pp. 7–8.
1571:
1567:
1555:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1218:14th Dalai Lama
1210:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1046:spread to Lhasa
1017:
1011:
934:
904:
898:
829:of Britain and
823:
787:
764:
746:was the acting
736:14th Dalai Lama
697:
681:13th Dalai Lama
677:Medieval Europe
617:
589:
562:Dzungar Khanate
550:
491:14th Dalai Lama
468:
432:
430:
427:Asia portal
419:
360:Ganden Phodrang
355:Khoshut Khanate
350:Tsangpa dynasty
320:Yarlung dynasty
310:Neolithic Tibet
290:
283:
260:
258:
247:
245:
228:
226:
225:
217:
215:
214:
206:
204:
203:
195:
193:
183:
181:
180:
165:
163:
162:
154:
152:
134:
132:
120:
118:
117:
99:
76:
63:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5039:
5027:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4973:wall paintings
4970:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4904:Tibetan people
4901:
4899:Social classes
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4536:Nature Reserve
4523:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:PRC annexation
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4063:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:List of rulers
3973:
3967:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3790:Chola incident
3787:
3780:
3778:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3698:Burmese border
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3617:(1980–present)
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3577:Mainland China
3573:
3572:
3567:involving the
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:Xi'an Incident
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3135:8th Route Army
3126:Liberated Area
3032:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2923:Robert W. Ford
2920:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2868:
2854:
2840:
2827:
2812:
2799:
2784:
2771:
2756:
2751:Ford, Robert.
2749:
2743:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2695:
2672:
2646:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2591:
2581:
2561:
2530:
2518:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2456:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2350:
2310:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2235:
2233:vol.2, p.48-9.
2222:
2209:
2194:
2168:
2153:
2129:
2115:
2106:
2094:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
1999:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1934:
1904:
1892:
1883:
1871:
1856:
1847:
1822:
1810:
1797:
1788:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1697:
1690:
1670:
1663:
1643:
1636:
1616:
1610:978-0872209152
1609:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1546:
1523:
1484:
1454:
1442:
1424:
1417:
1397:
1367:
1360:
1340:
1318:
1298:
1274:
1267:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1204:
1189:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1064:
1061:
1010:
1007:
933:
930:
900:Main article:
897:
894:
822:
819:
806:Penghu Islands
763:
760:
711:and a copy to
696:
693:
580:signed by the
549:
546:
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
416:
415:
414:
413:
408:
406:List of rulers
403:
398:
390:
389:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Tibetan Empire
322:
317:
312:
304:
303:
295:
294:
285:
284:
277:
270:
269:
256:
242:
241:
240:Units involved
237:
236:
191:
149:
148:
144:
143:
130:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
93:
92:
82:
78:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:
60:
52:
51:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5154:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:1950 in China
5135:
5133:
5132:1950 in Tibet
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:South Vietnam
3822:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:United States
3745:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3720:International
3718:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3662:Hainan Island
3660:
3657:
3656:Dengbu Island
3654:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3348:Dixie Mission
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:0-231-11814-7
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2887:9780774859882
2883:
2880:. UBC Press.
2879:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:0-8021-1827-5
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2809:0-520-21254-1
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2744:1-56663-089-4
2740:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2430:0-9815378-4-7
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:9780520249417
2191:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1718:9780804750011
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1691:9789629372910
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1664:9789629373214
1660:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1637:9780742578159
1633:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:Feigon (1996)
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:0-349-10462-X
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:0-521-38755-8
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1004:
997:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
973:
965:
958:
954:
953:Tenth Panchen
950:
946:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
903:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
876:
875:
868:
866:
865:priest-patron
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
807:
803:
802:Hainan Island
799:
798:Taiwan Island
795:
794:feudal system
792:
786:
776:
768:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Regent Taktra
741:
737:
734:In 1950, the
732:
730:
726:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
645:
639:
635:
630:
628:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
445:
443:
442:
439:
428:
423:
418:
417:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
301:
297:
296:
293:
286:
281:
275:
268:
257:
255:
244:
243:
238:
235:
224:
213:
202:
192:
190:
178:
172:
161:
151:
150:
145:
142:
131:
128:
116:
115:
110:
102:
97:
96:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5041:
5034:
5020:
4968:sand mandala
4960:
4953:
4894:Sinicization
4866:Panchen Lama
4861:Lhamo La-tso
4844:Ganden Tripa
4638:Human rights
4512:Grand Canyon
4492:Namcha Barwa
4485: /
4174:
4163:Tibetan Army
4061:Guge kingdom
3896:
3852:(1979–1991)
3668:Nanri Island
3470:
3459:
3428:
3405:
3257:715 Incident
3094:
2950:
2925:
2897:
2876:
2857:
2843:
2817:
2789:
2761:
2752:
2734:
2712:. Retrieved
2708:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2627:
2622:, p. 53
2615:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2571:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
2528:, p. 51
2521:
2496:
2484:
2479:, p. 47
2472:
2464:
2459:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2390:, p. 45
2383:
2374:
2365:
2346:china.com.cn
2345:
2322:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2179:
2171:
2139:
2132:
2109:
2104:, p. 41
2097:
2089:
2088:Dawa Norbu,
2084:
2075:
2066:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1975:, p. 42
1967:
1957:28 September
1955:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1946:
1937:
1927:28 September
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1916:
1907:
1895:
1886:
1881:, p. 36
1874:
1869:, p. 37
1850:
1834:
1825:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1736:
1727:
1707:
1700:
1680:
1673:
1653:
1646:
1626:
1619:
1599:
1592:
1587:, p. 9.
1580:
1568:
1537:. Retrieved
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1457:
1427:
1407:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1370:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1328:. Retrieved
1308:
1301:
1277:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1176:
1171:
1077:China portal
1054:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1002:
988:
981:
974:
970:
955:(left), and
913:Zhang Guohua
908:Jinsha River
905:
881:
878:
870:
824:
788:
733:
729:Tibetan Army
717:
698:
672:
670:
666:
652:and Eastern
643:
631:
570:protectorate
554:Qing dynasty
551:
535:
522:
514:
473:
254:Tibetan Army
223:Zhang Guohua
112:Belligerents
84:
29:
4978:wall murals
4882:Catholicism
4466:Environment
4140:(1720–1912)
4103:(1368–1644)
4083:(1270–1350)
4004:(Neolithic)
4002:Prehistory
3816:(2020-2021)
3798:(1986-1987)
3766:(1965–1973)
3764:Vietnam War
3760:(1950–1953)
3599:(1950–1958)
3593:(1949–1961)
3221:Canton Coup
2901:, Pimlico,
2714:21 February
2688:21 February
2665:21 February
2659:history.com
2639:21 February
2422:Claude Arpi
1539:21 February
1516:15 February
1434:, pp.
1330:15 November
1148:(1930–1932)
1091:Asia portal
1038:land reform
977:El Salvador
827:governments
685:aristocrats
540:, when the
485:signed the
289:History of
212:Liu Bocheng
98:Territorial
5127:Annexation
5116:Categories
5061:Tibetology
5030:Literature
4849:Dalai Lama
4702:Government
4660:Tibet Area
4655:Golden Urn
4621:Parliament
4146:Lifan Yuan
4073:(960–1279)
4010:Zhangzhung
3995:Chronology
3758:Korean War
3751:and allies
3404:Operation
3313:Long March
2554:2 February
1743:, p.
1158:References
1050:March 1959
1013:See also:
951:(Middle),
949:Mao Zedong
804:, and the
791:theocratic
721:small arms
713:Mao Zedong
705:Golden Urn
662:Kuomintang
632:After the
594:five races
566:suzerainty
548:Background
542:Dalai Lama
489:which the
315:Zhangzhung
201:Mao Zedong
5043:Chronicle
5005:Festivals
4817:Dpon-chen
4787:Languages
4782:Education
4531:Changtang
4473:Mountains
4440:Geography
4348:Documents
4193:conflicts
4045:(618–907)
3964:Overviews
3712:(1995–96)
3700:(1960–61)
3650:Kuningtou
3587:(1927–50)
3512:1961–1972
3502:1950–1958
3441:1948–1949
3406:Beleaguer
3400:1945–1949
3390:1945–1947
3329:1937–1946
3309:1934–1936
3299:1933–1934
3289:1931–1934
3279:1930–1934
3227:1927–1949
3186:Post-1945
3029:campaigns
2163:939553543
1681:政治憲法與未來憲制
1506:0362-4331
1477:16 August
1390:16 August
1163:Citations
1009:Aftermath
855:romanized
851:Hong Kong
847:Singapore
835:Kalimpong
525:" by the
517:" by the
370:Qing rule
335:Yuan rule
5101:Category
4985:Calendar
4919:Diaspora
4792:Religion
4596:Politics
4497:Tanggula
4487:Changtse
4191:Wars and
4066:Tsongkha
4028:Timeline
3971:Timeline
3948:articles
3890:See also
3704:Dong-Yin
3473:Incident
3471:Amethyst
3462:Incident
3431:incident
3182:Pre-1945
3119:Red Army
2874:(2011).
2548:Archived
2504:Archived
2338:Archived
2327:Archived
2204:76167591
1841:Archived
1510:Archived
1384:Archived
1324:Archived
1290:Archived
1187:. p.100.
1063:See also
1000:和平解放西藏地方
752:minority
740:majority
673:de facto
644:de facto
558:expelled
529:and the
499:military
429:•
396:Timeline
388:See also
380:PRC rule
280:a series
278:Part of
234:Fan Ming
69:Location
48:Kangding
5085:Outline
5049:writers
4990:Cuisine
4955:thangka
4936:Culture
4909:Changpa
4824:Nyingma
4771:Society
4736:Economy
4571:Ü-Tsang
4545:Valleys
4503:Rivers
4478:Kailash
4038:Lönchen
4020:Empire
3956:History
3830:Vietnam
3429:Kiangya
2727:Sources
2444:21 June
996:Chinese
926:Beijing
640:became
625:). The
614:Tibetan
505:in the
173: (
100:changes
50:, Tibet
5036:Annals
5000:Emblem
4962:tsakli
4834:Jonang
4483:Lhotse
4427:(2008)
4126:Kashag
3946:
3876:(1988)
3870:(1986)
3864:(1984)
3858:(1981)
3846:(1979)
3840:(1974)
3810:(2017)
3804:(2013)
3792:(1967)
3786:(1962)
3739:(1969)
3706:(1965)
3694:(1958)
3688:(1955)
3682:(1955)
3676:(1953)
3670:(1952)
3664:(1950)
3658:(1949)
3652:(1949)
3637:Taiwan
3623:(1989)
3611:(1959)
3605:(1950)
3166:
2948:about
2932:
2915:
2905:
2884:
2864:
2850:
2835:
2825:
2807:
2797:
2779:
2769:
2741:
2579:
2513:
2428:
2202:
2192:
2161:
2151:
1715:
1688:
1661:
1654:憲法何以中國
1634:
1607:
1535:. Time
1504:
1415:
1358:
1316:
1265:
1224:
1183:
998::
886:Chamdo
882:per se
779:Tibet.
618:
612:, and
606:Mongol
598:Manchu
590:
588:: "...
507:Chamdo
282:on the
264:
251:
138:
124:
81:Result
5092:Index
5056:Music
5021:Khata
4924:Names
4914:Yolmo
4887:Islam
4839:Gelug
4829:Kagyu
4807:Sakya
4610:(TAR)
4576:Ngari
4461:Fauna
4456:Flora
3944:Tibet
3776:India
1293:(PDF)
1286:(PDF)
922:Lhasa
920:, to
918:Ngabo
860:Delhi
831:India
811:Qamdo
742:, so
689:monks
475:Tibet
291:Tibet
127:Tibet
74:Tibet
5010:Flag
4949:rugs
4871:list
4854:list
4643:LGBT
4566:Kham
4561:Amdo
3729:USSR
3635:(vs
3487:1950
3455:1949
3423:1948
3413:1947
3376:1946
3362:1945
3344:1944
3319:1936
3237:1927
3217:1926
3207:1924
3197:1923
3143:etc.
2930:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2716:2021
2690:2021
2667:2021
2641:2021
2577:ISBN
2556:2019
2544:中国军网
2511:ISBN
2446:2021
2426:ISBN
2200:OCLC
2190:ISBN
2159:OCLC
2149:ISBN
1959:2022
1929:2022
1836:Sohu
1778:and
1713:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1541:2021
1518:2020
1502:ISSN
1479:2017
1413:ISBN
1392:2017
1356:ISBN
1332:2015
1314:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1181:ISBN
748:head
687:and
654:Kham
650:Amdo
568:(or
511:Kham
59:Date
4944:Art
4797:Bon
3824:vs
3774:vs
3747:vs
3727:vs
3427:SS
1745:815
1439:740
1436:679
1048:in
849:or
610:Hui
602:Han
176:POW
5118::
3639:)
3156:)
3141:,
3137:,
3121:)
3103:/
3079:)
3061:)
3041:/
2911:,
2831:,
2803:,
2775:,
2707:.
2657:.
2585:.
2546:.
2437:.
2432:;
2420:,
2353:^
2344:,
2313:^
2198:.
2157:.
2118:^
2054:^
1945:.
1915:.
1859:^
1833:.
1813:^
1549:^
1508:.
1500:.
1496:.
1465:.
1445:^
1382:.
1378:.
1334:.
1322:.
1216:,
928:.
867::
817:.
800:,
731:.
642:a
608:,
604:,
600:,
596:,
533:.
3936:e
3929:t
3922:v
3828:/
3557:e
3550:t
3543:v
3339:)
3335:(
3158:→
3146:→
3128:(
3123:→
3112:(
3081:→
3075:(
3063:→
3052:(
3009:e
3002:t
2995:v
2977:,
2890:.
2747:.
2718:.
2692:.
2669:.
2643:.
2558:.
2454:.
2448:.
2206:.
2165:.
1961:.
1931:.
1721:.
1694:.
1667:.
1640:.
1613:.
1543:.
1520:.
1481:.
1421:.
1394:.
1364:.
1271:.
660:(
463:e
456:t
449:v
179:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
