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and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was
Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunhali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar, and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them. "Kunhali walked straight to the Samorin and delivered to him his sword in token of submission, throwing himself at his feet with much humility. Some say that the Samorin, inasmuch as he had promised him life, had secretly advised the Chief Captain, when Kunhali should deliver himself up, to lay hands upon him, as though he were taking him by force; and so the Chief Captain did. For, as the Samoriu was standing by him, Andre Furtado advanced, and, seizing him by the arm, pulled him aside; while the other gave a great lurch so as to get free. As he was then at the brink of a hole, the Chief Captain was in risk of falling therein, had not his arm been seized by Padre Fr. Diogo Horaen, a Religious of the Order of the Glorious Father S. Francisco, who stood on one side; Diogo Moniz Barreto, who was on the other, fell into the hole and skinned all his leg." A tumult now arose among the Nairs, which the Samorin with difficulty suppressed. In the midst of it, Chinale and Cotiale, the pirate-chief's nephew, and the other captains, attempted to escape, but were seized and manacled by the Portuguese soldiery. Kunhali himself was led off under a strong guard to the Portuguese lines. Furtado, after entering the fort hand-iu-hand with the Samorin, prudently gave up the place to be sacked by the
1389:
succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the
Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men. The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and dispatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp, 1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens. The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him 1 It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.
562:
357:
1973:
420:. A series of voluntary migrations of Chinese from China followed. This broadened the space of the newly established society and made it more multi-cultural and multi-ethnic as the migrants married local girls and settled down. Their physical features changed; the descendants forgot the Chinese language. Through sheer hard work and perseverance, the dislocated Chinese made a new life for themselves and prospered. Many 'China Patty,’ or small China towns, sprang up in different parts of Assam – of which the China Patty of
386:. The sugar mill that Atchew had set up in the patch of land near the town of Budge Budge drew other Chinese migrants and soon a small community had formed around it. By 1783, we know Atchew was dead – a letter shows an East India Company attorney trying to extract money from the executor of his estate. An advertisement in the Calcutta Gazette in 1804 announces that the sugar mill was up for sale. A temple and the grave of Tong Achew still remain and are visited by many Chinese who come from the city during the
257:
537:) wives also accompanied their husbands to China with their children. The interned people who were allowed to return to their places after a couple of years again faced a difficult situation. The property of most of the people had been auctioned as enemy property. There was no society and no government to support them. They were compelled to live in sheer misery and isolation. Most of them did not get to meet their deported family members ever again.
505:. After the war, India passed the Defence of India Act in December 1962, permitting the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person of being of hostile origin." The broad language of the act allowed for the arrest of any person simply for having a Chinese surname, a drop of Chinese blood, or a Chinese spouse. Under the draconian law, 10,000 people of Chinese origin were estimated to have been detained at the desert prison camp in
533:
a long, seven-day journey of utter suffering. Infants, pregnant women, the old and the sick were also arrested and sent to the camp, violating all human rights. After some time the
Government of India decided to deport the interned back to China in a few batches. In this process, the already divided families were divided again as the government selected the names randomly. The majority of them were deported to China. Many Indian (
408:, after the establishment of tea gardens in Assam, the British authorities encouraged the migration of Chinese labourers, artisans, tea growers and tea makers, who were then employed in the burgeoning British owned tea gardens. The migration started in 1838. They soon surmounted the language barrier and started intermingling, many of the Chinese married local women and established a new society in Assam. Instances of
348:
and said to have been the captive of a
Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunhali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them."
2385:
1983:
3458:
590:, sometimes referred to as the old Chinatown. The Chinese presence at Tiretti Bazaar and Tangra has dwindled. The older generation of this community works as tannery-owners, sauce manufacturers, shoeshop owners, restaurateurs and beauty parlours owners. The new generation have gone in large numbers to dentistry. Many of the shoe shops lining Bentick Street, near
1907:
2228:
513:. All of them were accused of being spies, but not a single charge has ever been proven. In 1964, many internees were forcibly and arbitrarily deported, resulting in the breakup of many families. The rest were released starting in 1965. The last internees were released from Deoli in mid-1967, after four and half years of captivity.
1149:
we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to
Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His
1235:
command of Andre
Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian
532:
area, they were picked up and packed into a cowshed, from where they were taken to the
Dibrugarh jail. In other parts they were arrested and brought to the police station and put in jails. They were then asked to board a closed train, which took them to the Deoli internment camp in Rajasthan. It was
1388:
withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark
1264:
allied forces the remnants of the garrison marched forth. "First came 400 Moors, many of them wounded, with their children and wives, in such an impoverished condition that they seemed as dead. These the
Samorin bade go where they pleased. Last of all came Kunhali with a black kerchief on his head,
638:
as an "upcoming hub" for
Chinese expats, who according to the newspaper "form close communities within themselves." Better integration of Chinese expats in their host communities is hampered by short time frames of stays, often durations only last for 2–3 years as part of a work contract. Also many
347:
after he reneged on a promise to let them go. Diogo do Couto, a
Portuguese historian, questioned the Kunjali and Chinali when they were captured. He was present when the Kunjali surrendered to the Portuguese, and was described: "One of these was Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca
1359:
He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with
516:
The Chinese population in Calcutta decreased by half, from 20,000 to 10,000. Those who remained were seen as enemies, and most could not hold any job except in the restaurant, tanning, and shoemaking businesses. Moreover, their movements were restricted. They were required to report to designated
1178:
and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were
1331:
Last of all came Kunjali with a black kerchief on his head, and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was Chinali a Chinese who had been servant at
339:. The Kunjali was very fond of him, and he became one of his most feared lieutenants, a fanatical Muslim and enemy of the Portuguese, terrorizing them in battle. The Portuguese were terrorised by the Kunjali and his Chinese right-hand man, eventually, after the Portuguese allied with
1360:
everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them."
299:
in the late 18th century. Achew set up a sugar cane plantation along with a sugar factory. Achew brought in a band of Chinese workers to work in his plantation and factory. This was the first Chinese settlement in India. Achew died shortly after and the Chinese settlers moved to
528:, Chinese people living in different places were rounded up by the armed forces and compelled to leave their houses. The administration told them they would be shifted to a safer place for two or three days. They were not allowed to take anything with them except papers. In the
247:
Separate from the multi-generation Han Chinese and Tibetan community, there are an estimated 5,000–7,000 Chinese expatriates working in India as of 2015, who generally work on two to three-year contracts for the growing number of brands and companies doing business in India.
381:
from the year 1778, "Achew was granted 650 bighas of land about 6 miles south of Budge – Budge for an annual rent of Rs 45". Many of the earliest Chinese immigrants worked on the Khidderpore docks. A police report in 1788 mentions a sizable Chinese population settled in the
520:
The situation was alleviated when India and China resumed diplomatic relations in 1976. However, it was not until 1998 that ethnic Chinese were allowed naturalized Indian citizenship. In 2005, the first road sign in Chinese characters was put up in Chinatown, Tangra.
606:
were ethnic Chinese. But in 2003 they comprised only about 15% of the 1500 students. Many of the Chinese of Kolkata are Christians due to the influence of missionary schools they studied in. Architecturally, a feature of the Chinese imprint on Kolkata are the
2248:
619:. The Chinese of Kolkata celebrate Chinese New Year with lion dance 舞狮 and dragon dance 舞龙. It is celebrated either in the end of January or early February each year in accordance to the rotating lunar calendar (农历) of the particular year.
574:
Today they are located in ethnic neighbourhoods in Kolkata and Mumbai. In Mumbai, the population of Chinese origin stood at 4,000 in 2015. In 2013, there were 2,000 Chinese-origin people at Kolkata while 200 Chinese of Indian ancestry
228:
and became more prominent in the late 19th century with a small number of arrivals working at the ports in Calcutta and Madras and has gone on to contribute to the social and economic life of Kolkata through manufacturing and trade of
1302:
Kunjali was led to the scaffold. He was fifty years of age, fair, thick set and broadbreasted. He was 'of a low stature, well-shaped and strong'. With him was Chinali, a Chinese youth whom Kunjali had rescued from a Portuguese
376:
Warren Hastings granted land to Achew to set up a sugar cane plantation and sugar factory in a place, currently called Achipur, located near the town of Budge-Budge on the banks of the River Hoogly. According to records of the
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1939:
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era; Chinese immigrants choose to go to Burma instead. One of the first persons of Chinese origin to arrive in Calcutta was Yang Tai Chow (a.k.a. Tong Achew and Yang Da Zhao) who arrived in 1778.
393:
A later British census found that there were only 362 Chinese people in Calcutta in 1837. A common meeting place was the Temple of Guan Yu, the god of war, located in the Chinese quarter near
1207:
Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high
2119:
2238:
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Though most of the local Chinese are Christians, they celebrate the traditional Chinese New Year with gusto and many who emigrated from Kolkata make it a point to return at this time.
2077:
937:
1961:
2201:
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from 1772 to 1911. Although it was also geographically the easiest accessible metropolitan area from China by land, there were few Chinese people in Calcutta until the late
1332:
Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunjali, who conceived such an affection for him that he
960:
2218:
1873:
3446:
860:
2759:
2072:
2223:
2371:
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788:
594:, are owned and operated by Chinese. The restaurants have given rise to fusions of Chinese and Indian culinary traditions in the widely available form of
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1911:
561:
2114:
818:
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721:
304:. The place came to be named as Achipur, after Tong Achew. Achew's grave and a Chinese temple is still seen in Achipur. After Tong Achew's death the
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police stations once a month, and until the mid-1990s, they had to apply for special permits to travel more than a few kilometres from their homes.
1954:
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2039:
356:
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343:'s Samorin, under Andre Furtado de Mendoça they attacked the Kunjali and Chinali's forces, and they were handed over to the Portuguese by the
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2013:
2003:
1739:
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1934:
1850:
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1077:
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1378:. Vol. II, PART II. LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 516
1254:. Vol. II, PART II. LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 523
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or Seong Pow 商报, but figures from 2005 show that sales have dwindled from 500 to 300 copies sold. At one time, 90% of the students of the
412:
grew to the point where it became hard to physically differentiate Chinese immigrants in Assam from the locals during the period of their
332:
fought against the Portuguese and raided their shipping. One of the Kunjali Marrakars (Kunjali IV) rescued a Chinese boy, called Chinali,
630:
Expatriate Chinese workers in India are concentrated in the cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Bangalore. The Mumbai neighbourhood of
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1947:
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3439:
3384:
2980:
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1633:
3246:
2291:
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1288:
1022:
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According to Alabaster, there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters. Running tanneries and working with
1925:
3852:
603:
3424:
3048:
2413:
2253:
2067:
492:
465:
2307:
1375:
The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2
1251:
The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2
1756:
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1817:
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2599:
2589:
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2029:
1881:
1517:
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461:
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3130:
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1998:
1488:
864:
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1607:
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3125:
3120:
2927:
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2579:
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2517:
2141:
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2034:
741:
608:
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1977:
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712:
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3214:
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2609:
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2008:
373:
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taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."
3545:
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3322:
3236:
3198:
3156:
3151:
2943:
2818:
2672:
2638:
2594:
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2532:
2211:
1316:
1046:"Xing – The Chinese Community in Calcutta: Preservation … - Miscellaneen - Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg"
469:
2344:
67:
2,000 Chinese people in Kolkata (2013) 189,000 including Chinese of Tibetan and Indian ancestry (0.01%, 2005)
616:
612:
3706:
3291:
3281:
2922:
2917:
2844:
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2189:
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256:
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2286:
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2099:
1611:
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546:
198:
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3357:
2322:
2184:
2104:
498:
129:
1794:
1465:
1085:
1575:
3857:
3800:
3627:
3043:
2615:
336:
3816:
3726:
3660:
3605:
3595:
3562:
3555:
3406:
3352:
2965:
2869:
2813:
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2743:
2736:
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587:
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origin and settlement. There are permanent communities descended from immigrants and refugees from
3784:
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3500:
3317:
3077:
2859:
2839:
2834:
2707:
579:
378:
237:
819:"Latest India-China border clash turns spotlight on Tibetan refugees in Special Frontier Force"
3847:
3763:
3753:
3701:
3510:
2992:
2953:
2948:
2854:
2771:
2730:
2697:
2664:
2349:
1735:
1373:
1344:
1284:
1249:
1018:
784:
549:(Chindian cuisine), which is now an integral part of the Indian culinary scene. In particular
241:
117:
1536:
1402:
1108:
3743:
3620:
3615:
3583:
3578:
3550:
3538:
3505:
3394:
3389:
3374:
3031:
2849:
2692:
2687:
2621:
2429:
1710:
1045:
771:
756:
736:
583:
506:
387:
333:
329:
325:
277:
190:
149:
141:
121:
113:
62:
56:
3082:
894:"Why India remains a difficult terrain for 7,000 Chinese expatriates living in the country"
666:, Badminton player; Gutta's mother is of Chinese mixed Indian ancestry and father is Indian
244:, the population of Chinese people, many who have multi-generation roots, is around 4,000.
3731:
3696:
3364:
3251:
2987:
2970:
2281:
2062:
1929:
751:
550:
534:
502:
477:
417:
3092:
982:
842:
3686:
3670:
3097:
3087:
2677:
2339:
766:
669:
656:
383:
309:
214:
194:
622:
An exhaustive study of the Kolkata Chinese by Zhang Xing has recently been published.
3877:
3821:
3748:
3600:
3014:
2722:
2164:
2159:
1537:"Glimpses from Calcutta's Old Chinatown: The Oldest Chinatown outside Southeast Asia"
1403:"Glimpses from Calcutta's Old Chinatown: The Oldest Chinatown outside Southeast Asia"
1109:"Glimpses from Calcutta's Old Chinatown: The Oldest Chinatown outside Southeast Asia"
986:
675:
652:
409:
137:
1922:
578:
The most visible Chinese community in India is found in Kolkata where there are two
460:
where contraband was readily available. Opium, however, was not illegal until after
397:. They are all men and came to help assist the British carpentry business after the
295:
The first recorded Chinese settler in India is Tong Achew, a trader who landed near
3060:
2354:
1637:
473:
464:
in 1947. Immigration increased significantly in the 1930s and 1940s because of the
432:
170:
125:
17:
1225:. Original from the University of California Digitized 9 January 2007. p. 456
1197:. Original from the University of California Digitized 9 January 2007. p. 456
1168:. Original from the University of California Digitized 9 January 2007. p. 456
2249:
Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs
1278:
1163:
276:
in the 5th century AD. Because of influences from other languages, many words in
3758:
3002:
2154:
1764:
1672:
776:
681:
663:
611:. The Chinese New Year / Lunar New Year 农历新年 remains widely observed as well as
591:
449:
398:
394:
369:
365:
296:
225:
210:
452:, one that the Chinese were able to fulfill. Alabaster also mentions licensed
3070:
3053:
3024:
2997:
2975:
2149:
1715:
1698:
699:
687:
639:
in order to comply with visa regulations must routinely exit and leave India.
413:
284:, the Bengali word for "sugar" comes from the word for China, and words like
1923:'Legend of Fat Mama', a 23 minute documentary on Chinatown by Rafeeq Illiyas
510:
453:
340:
305:
289:
133:
101:
1136:
Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550-1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao
1906:
3065:
2361:
1429:"The legend of Tong Atchew, the 'first ancestor of the Chinese in India'"
726:
717:
648:
313:
174:
162:
1277:
T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics (2000).
3036:
3019:
2329:
2179:
1877:
1219:
Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939).
1191:
Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939).
1162:
Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939).
693:
448:. There was a high demand, however, for high quality leather goods in
428:
344:
301:
230:
97:
84:
2334:
2244:
Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question
2169:
794:
731:
444:
435:
273:
269:
261:
166:
93:
88:
1699:"Creation of Indian–Chinese cuisine: Chinese food in an Indian city"
2398:
2269:
2229:
Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
2174:
1982:
1972:
780:
631:
560:
529:
525:
421:
405:
355:
255:
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as well as an expatriate community in India on a temporary basis.
218:
178:
145:
80:
961:"Mumbai's 3rd generation Chinese eye global jobs, learn Mandarin"
2274:
431:
was traditionally not considered a respectable profession among
3428:
2402:
1943:
1935:
Interview with the Principal of Grace Ling Liang English School
480:, where they set up leather tanneries and Chinese restaurants.
1283:. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 161.
545:
Chinese Indians also contributed to the development of fusion
1372:
Pyrard, François; Pierre de Bergeron; Bignon, Jérôme (1890).
1248:
Pyrard, François; Pierre de Bergeron; Bignon, Jérôme (1890).
272:, a monk who temporarily visited Tampralipta, in what is now
1014:
The Chinese Community in Calcutta: Preservation and Change
938:"Assamese of Chinese origin facing severe identity crisis"
2239:
India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
1917:
598:. There is one Chinese newspaper published in Kolkata,
280:
can be attributed to Chinese influences. For example,
2078:
Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
364:
Kolkata, then known as Calcutta, was the capital of
3830:
3809:
3793:
3772:
3719:
3679:
3643:
3571:
3526:
3519:
3493:
3467:
3345:
3300:
3274:
3207:
3181:
3174:
3139:
3108:
2936:
2910:
2889:
2882:
2827:
2801:
2721:
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2567:
2541:
2510:
2474:
2443:
2436:
2300:
2262:
2140:
2055:
2022:
1991:
184:
156:
107:
73:
49:
42:
399:destruction from British colonial famines in India
224:The immigrant community of workers started during
1671:. Inter Press Service News Agency. Archived from
2219:Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
991:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1511:
1509:
1349:. Concept Publishing Company. 1978. p. 138
1757:"Kolkata's only Chinese daily on shaky ground"
1064:The Origin and Development of Bengali Language
3440:
2414:
2073:1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
1955:
1150:eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain
976:
974:
972:
970:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
8:
2224:Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
1561:
1559:
1557:
1006:
1004:
586:and an earlier Chinatown was established at
35:
1665:"Little China Stays Alive in Eastern India"
1658:
1656:
1654:
1634:"India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp"
836:
834:
832:
789:Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture
3523:
3447:
3433:
3425:
3178:
2886:
2660:
2440:
2421:
2407:
2399:
2234:Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
1962:
1948:
1940:
1321:(2 ed.). Asia Pub. House. p. 133
955:
953:
951:
233:products and running Chinese restaurants.
34:
2998:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
1714:
722:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
360:Entrance of Nam Soon Church 南顺会馆, Kolkata
268:The first record of travel from China is
27:People of Chinese origin settled in India
1816:Ramduari, Charukesi (1 September 2013).
1458:"Next weekend you can be at ... Achipur"
1078:"Next weekend you can be at ... Achipur"
438:, and work was relegated to lower caste
3409:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
2040:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1451:
1449:
1017:. Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg.
810:
647:Notable Chinese origin persons include
1606:Mazumdar, Jaideep (20 November 2010).
600:The Overseas Chinese Commerce in India
497:Chinese in India faced accusations of
69:5,000–7,000 Chinese expatriates (2015)
1608:"The 1962 jailing of Chinese Indians"
1315:Odayamadath Kunjappa Nambiar (1963).
1066:, University of Calcutta Press, 1926.
551:Chinese influences on Bengali cuisine
7:
1872:Sheela Narayanan (17 October 2008).
1516:Chowdhury, Rita (18 November 2012).
1487:CHOWDHURY, RITA (18 November 2012).
911:Chowdhury, Rita (18 November 2012).
841:Krishnan, Murali (17 October 2013).
747:Internment of Chinese-Indians (1962)
74:Regions with significant populations
1818:"City Scope: Dancing to a new tune"
1793:. 18 September 2003. Archived from
1912:People of India of Chinese descent
1632:Schiavenza, Matt (9 August 2013).
292:china hint at Chinese influences.
25:
2292:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1849:. 31 January 2014. Archived from
1568:"Go for a slight change of route"
1318:The Kunjalis, admirals of Calicut
702:, dancer, choreographer and actor
240:numbered around 2,000 in 2013 In
3884:Indian people of Chinese descent
3456:
2384:
2383:
2202:Differing perceptions of the LAC
1981:
1971:
1905:
1734:. Popular Prakashan. p. 7.
787:who originated from present day
1787:"Loss for law, gain for school"
1755:Sardar, Aninda (3 April 2005).
1456:Datta, Rangan (19 March 2006).
1076:Datta, Rangan (19 March 2006).
604:Grace Ling Liang English School
565:Chinese Breakfast at the Bazar.
476:community was relocated to the
2389:Category:China–India relations
2254:Border Personnel Meeting Point
2068:Origins of the Sino-Indian War
1918:Kolkata Chinese Community Blog
1843:"Chinese New Year Celebration"
1697:Sankar, Amal (December 2017).
1280:A handbook of Kerala, Volume 1
493:Persecution of Chinese Indians
1:
3485:National Register of Citizens
2088:Internment of Chinese-Indians
2014:Ambassadors of India to China
2004:Ambassadors of China to India
1566:Sen, Tansen (13 April 2005).
1524:– via www.thehindu.com.
995:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
843:"India's dwindling Chinatown"
672:, legal researcher and lawyer
384:vicinity of Bow Bazaar Street
264:at the ruins of Ashoka palace
3889:Social groups of West Bengal
2554:Democratic Republic of Congo
2030:Greater East Asia Conference
1874:"Go ahead, call me Chindian"
1518:"The Assamese Chinese story"
1489:"The Assamese Chinese story"
1222:T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9
1194:T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9
1165:T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9
1133:Charles Ralph Boxer (1948).
913:"The Assamese Chinese story"
456:run by native Chinese and a
2095:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
1999:Embassy of China, New Delhi
3915:
3475:Detention centres in Assam
3468:Relevant issues and events
2142:Sino-Indian border dispute
2047:2007 Delhi security summit
2035:Sino-Indian Agreement 1954
1732:Chinese Cooking ( Non-Veg)
989:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
742:Chinese temples in Kolkata
501:by the Indians during the
490:
472:. In the early 1900s, the
466:Japanese invasion of China
3894:Chinese diaspora in India
3403:
2380:
2308:Hong Kong–India relations
2009:Embassy of India, Beijing
1716:10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.002
1139:. M. Nijhoff. p. 225
374:Governor-General of India
189:
161:
112:
78:
54:
1822:South China Morning Post
1663:Biswas, Ranjita (2005).
981:Haraprasad, Ray (2012).
823:South China Morning Post
651:people who are of mixed
236:The community living in
2372:Tamil–Chinese relations
2367:Chola–Chinese relations
2190:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
2125:Chinese Order of battle
1730:Sanjeev Kapoor (2007).
1703:Journal of Ethnic Foods
963:. TOI. 3 November 2015.
762:Tibetan people in India
617:Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节
613:Zhong Yuan Festival 中元节
503:Sino Indian war of 1962
207:Chinese people in India
36:Chinese people in India
3853:Foreigner registration
2313:India–Taiwan relations
2287:BCIM Economic Corridor
2197:Line of Actual Control
2130:Indian Order of battle
1847:The New Indian Express
752:Sino-Indian War (1962)
596:Indian Chinese cuisine
566:
547:Indian Chinese cuisine
541:Indian Chinese cuisine
361:
265:
260:Chinese Buddhist monk
3863:Bureau of Immigration
2323:Five Fingers of Tibet
2318:India–Tibet relations
2185:Trans-Karakoram Tract
2105:2013 Depsang standoff
1978:China–India relations
1427:Chakravarty, Ipsita.
713:China–India relations
564:
499:anti-Indian sentiment
359:
334:who had been enslaved
259:
226:British Colonial rule
185:Related ethnic groups
130:Southwestern Mandarin
92:Chinese expatriates:
3858:Visa policy of India
3462:Immigration to India
3162:United Arab Emirates
3054:Straits-Born Chinese
2115:2020–2021 skirmishes
2110:2017 border standoff
1914:at Wikimedia Commons
1011:Zhang, Xing (2015).
634:is described by the
337:on a Portuguese ship
328:, the Indian Muslim
3843:Illegal immigration
3407:overseas department
2713:Trinidad and Tobago
2345:China–India railway
1675:on 18 February 2006
993:(Second ed.).
825:. 4 September 2020.
800:Mongolians in India
462:Indian independence
308:community moved to
209:are communities of
79:Chinese community:
39:
18:Chinese of Calcutta
3899:Diasporas in India
3415:Hong Kong Diaspora
2683:Dominican Republic
2263:Economic relations
1928:3 May 2019 at the
1853:on 7 February 2014
1761:The Indian Express
1578:on 3 February 2013
1535:Neogi, Tathagata.
1401:Neogi, Tathagata.
1107:Neogi, Tathagata.
1062:Suniti Chatterji.
942:The Economic Times
898:The Economic Times
867:on 4 January 2011.
779:- Ethnic group in
696:, football manager
678:, actor and singer
567:
379:East India Company
362:
266:
3871:
3870:
3838:Human trafficking
3715:
3714:
3422:
3421:
3361:
3341:
3340:
3260:
3170:
3169:
3049:Chinese nationals
2976:Peranakan Chinese
2878:
2877:
2791:by city and state
2787:
2780:
2746:
2739:
2652:
2651:
2559:Republic of Congo
2396:
2395:
2350:China Study Group
1910:Media related to
1884:on 21 August 2009
1797:on 4 January 2013
1741:978-81-7991-310-9
1468:on 5 January 2013
1088:on 5 January 2013
900:. 28 August 2015.
785:Arunachal Pradesh
424:was the biggest.
330:Kunjali Marakkars
204:
203:
63:Tibetan community
57:Tibetan community
16:(Redirected from
3906:
3524:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3385:Papua New Guinea
3355:
3256:
3179:
2887:
2783:
2776:
2750:British Columbia
2742:
2735:
2661:
2441:
2430:Overseas Chinese
2423:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2387:
2386:
1992:Diplomatic posts
1986:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1574:. Archived from
1563:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1541:Immersive Trails
1532:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1464:. Archived from
1453:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1407:Immersive Trails
1398:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1209:
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1202:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1113:Immersive Trails
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:. Archived from
1073:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1008:
999:
998:
978:
965:
964:
957:
946:
945:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
908:
902:
901:
890:
869:
868:
863:. Archived from
857:
851:
850:
838:
827:
826:
815:
772:Sikkimese people
757:Tibetan diaspora
737:Indians in China
582:. One exists in
553:are pronounced.
416:during the 1962
388:Chinese New Year
326:Portuguese India
320:Portuguese India
278:Bengali language
50:Total population
40:
21:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3826:
3805:
3789:
3768:
3711:
3675:
3639:
3567:
3515:
3489:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3399:
3337:
3296:
3270:
3203:
3166:
3135:
3104:
2981:Bangka-Belitung
2971:Benteng Chinese
2932:
2906:
2874:
2823:
2797:
2717:
2648:
2563:
2537:
2506:
2470:
2432:
2427:
2397:
2392:
2376:
2296:
2258:
2136:
2063:Sino-Indian War
2051:
2018:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1930:Wayback Machine
1902:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1767:on 3 April 2005
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1676:
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1630:
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1605:
1604:
1591:
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1471:
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1314:
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1309:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1236:Diogo do Couto.
1228:
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1200:
1198:
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909:
905:
892:
891:
872:
859:
858:
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839:
830:
817:
816:
812:
808:
709:
645:
628:
609:Chinese temples
572:
559:
543:
495:
489:
487:Sino-Indian War
483:
418:Sino-Indian War
354:
322:
254:
91:
60:
45:
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3912:
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3855:
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3569:
3568:
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3521:
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3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
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3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:from Hong Kong
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Czech Republic
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:from Hong Kong
3252:United Kingdom
3249:
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3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
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3191:
3185:
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3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
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3141:
3137:
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3128:
3123:
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3112:
3110:
3106:
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3056:
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3007:
3006:
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2990:
2985:
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2956:
2946:
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2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
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2904:
2899:
2893:
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2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
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2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2778:from Hong Kong
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2740:
2737:from Hong Kong
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
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2649:
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2636:
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2587:
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2359:
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2347:
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2340:Cheena Bhavana
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2327:
2326:
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2207:Infrastructure
2204:
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2083:Forward policy
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2049:
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2011:
2006:
2001:
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1988:
1969:
1967:
1966:
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1937:
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1920:
1915:
1901:
1900:External links
1898:
1896:
1895:
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1778:
1747:
1740:
1722:
1709:(4): 268–273.
1689:
1650:
1624:
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1393:
1364:
1346:Indian Pirates
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987:Islam, Sirajul
983:"Chinese, The"
966:
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929:
903:
870:
852:
847:Deutsche Welle
828:
809:
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769:
767:Ladakhi people
764:
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715:
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697:
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684:, restaurateur
679:
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643:Notable people
641:
636:Economic Times
627:
624:
588:Tiretta Bazaar
571:
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558:
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491:Main article:
488:
485:
468:and resulting
450:colonial India
353:
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318:
310:Tiretta Bazaar
253:
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202:
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195:Tibetan People
191:Chinese people
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159:
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110:
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76:
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3808:
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3773:North America
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2772:United States
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2188:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Depsang Bulge
2163:
2161:
2160:Dehra Compass
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2131:
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2126:
2123:
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2101:
2100:1987 skirmish
2098:
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2038:
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2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1924:
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1796:
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1791:The Telegraph
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1573:
1572:The Telegraph
1569:
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1523:
1519:
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1463:
1462:The Telegraph
1459:
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1304:
1292:
1290:81-85692-27-0
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1151:
1138:
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1114:
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1100:
1087:
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1082:The Telegraph
1079:
1072:
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1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1024:9783869771045
1020:
1016:
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1007:
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676:Meiyang Chang
674:
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512:
508:
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494:
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481:
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475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Cheena Bazaar
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:intermarriage
407:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
380:
375:
371:
367:
366:British India
358:
352:British India
351:
349:
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327:
319:
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315:
311:
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196:
192:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:Hakka Chinese
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
77:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
48:
41:
30:
19:
3666:Singaporeans
3591:Bangladeshis
3533:
3410:
2632:Johannesburg
2627:South Africa
2614:
2382:
2355:Tan Yun-Shan
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:
1801:26 September
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1781:
1771:26 September
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1760:
1750:
1731:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1684:
1679:26 September
1677:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1668:
1641:. Retrieved
1638:The Atlantic
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1582:26 September
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1571:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1530:
1521:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:
1482:
1472:26 September
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1387:
1380:. Retrieved
1374:
1367:
1358:
1351:. Retrieved
1345:
1339:
1330:
1323:. Retrieved
1317:
1310:
1301:
1294:. Retrieved
1279:
1272:
1263:
1256:. Retrieved
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:. Retrieved
1221:
1214:
1206:
1199:. Retrieved
1193:
1186:
1177:
1170:. Retrieved
1164:
1157:
1148:
1141:. Retrieved
1135:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1081:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1013:
990:
941:
932:
920:. Retrieved
916:
906:
897:
865:the original
855:
846:
822:
813:
646:
635:
629:
621:
599:
577:
573:
544:
523:
519:
515:
496:
482:
457:
443:
439:
426:
403:
392:
363:
323:
294:
285:
281:
267:
246:
235:
223:
206:
205:
171:Christianity
126:Amdo Tibetan
66:
38:Sino-Indians
32:Ethnic group
29:
3801:Australians
3628:Sri Lankans
3556:in Varanasi
3380:New Zealand
3247:Netherlands
3071:Phuket Baba
3032:Philippines
3003:Sino-Native
2785:from Taiwan
2744:from Taiwan
2703:Puerto Rico
2155:Dakpa Sheri
1643:17 November
1617:17 November
1438:18 November
777:Ahom people
690:, historian
682:Nelson Wang
664:Jwala Gutta
626:Expatriates
592:Dharmatolla
557:Communities
478:Tangra area
433:upper-caste
395:Dharmatolla
370:British Raj
297:Budge Budge
211:Han Chinese
3878:Categories
3817:Brazilians
3759:Portuguese
3661:Malaysians
3606:Pakistanis
3596:Maldivians
3563:Mongolians
3116:Bangladesh
3083:Minh Hương
2961:East Timor
2902:Kyrgyzstan
2897:Kazakhstan
2809:Costa Rica
2622:Seychelles
2605:Mozambique
2590:Madagascar
2482:Cape Verde
2150:Aksai Chin
1857:1 February
1827:4 February
1092:1 February
922:29 January
861:"僑委會全球資訊網"
700:Jason Tham
688:Anand Yang
659:ancestry.
580:Chinatowns
454:opium dens
414:internment
3785:Canadians
3780:Americans
3692:Armenians
3656:Filipinos
3644:Southeast
3501:Nigerians
3480:NRC Assam
3353:Australia
3131:Sri Lanka
3044:Singapore
2966:Indonesia
2937:Southeast
2870:Venezuela
2835:Argentina
2814:Nicaragua
2754:Vancouver
2665:Caribbean
2600:Mauritius
2056:Conflicts
2023:Diplomacy
1888:8 October
1546:16 August
1522:The Hindu
1493:The Hindu
1433:Scroll.in
1412:16 August
1118:16 August
917:The Hindu
570:Long term
511:Rajasthan
306:Cantonese
290:porcelain
286:Chinamati
199:Bhutanese
134:Cantonese
108:Languages
102:Bangalore
44:印度華人/印度华人
3848:Refugees
3831:See also
3822:Guyanese
3764:Russians
3754:Italians
3732:Scottish
3702:Israelis
3546:Japanese
3539:Tibetans
3511:Ugandans
3411:See also
3308:Bulgaria
3287:Portugal
3275:Southern
3182:Northern
3126:Pakistan
3066:Chin Haw
3061:Thailand
2993:Malaysia
2949:Cambodia
2928:Mongolia
2860:Suriname
2708:Suriname
2657:Americas
2644:Zimbabwe
2580:Botswana
2568:Southern
2549:Cameroon
2528:Tanzania
2518:Ethiopia
2362:Zhengyou
2120:Timeline
1926:Archived
1669:IPS News
791:in China
727:Chindian
718:Xuanzang
707:See also
649:Chindian
535:Assamese
314:Calcutta
175:Hinduism
163:Buddhism
157:Religion
118:Assamese
61:150,000
3794:Oceania
3744:Germans
3727:Britons
3651:Burmese
3621:Sindhis
3616:Pathans
3601:Nepalis
3584:Pathans
3579:Afghans
3551:Koreans
3534:Chinese
3506:Somalis
3346:Oceania
3318:Romania
3301:Eastern
3242:Ireland
3237:Hungary
3232:Germany
3215:Belgium
3208:Western
3194:Finland
3189:Denmark
3098:San Diu
3078:Vietnam
3037:Sangley
3020:Panthay
3010:Myanmar
2954:Hokkien
2890:Central
2865:Uruguay
2802:Central
2760:Toronto
2698:Jamaica
2616:Réunion
2610:Namibia
2585:Lesotho
2542:Central
2502:Senegal
2497:Nigeria
2466:Morocco
2451:Algeria
2330:Chindia
2301:Related
2180:Sirijap
1878:AsiaOne
1382:2 March
1353:2 March
1325:2 March
1296:2 March
1258:2 March
1229:2 March
1201:2 March
1172:2 March
1143:2 March
1050:uvhw.de
694:Yan Law
657:Chinese
445:chamars
429:leather
345:Samorin
341:Calicut
302:Kolkata
252:History
238:Kolkata
231:leather
215:Tibetan
150:Marathi
142:Bengali
122:Tibetan
114:English
98:Gurgaon
85:Kolkata
65:(2011)
55:85,000
3739:French
3720:Europe
3697:Iraqis
3633:Tamils
3611:Baloch
3494:Africa
3370:Hawaii
3333:Turkey
3328:Serbia
3323:Russia
3264:London
3220:France
3199:Sweden
3175:Europe
3157:Turkey
3152:Israel
3015:Kokang
2944:Brunei
2850:Guyana
2840:Brazil
2819:Panama
2767:Mexico
2731:Canada
2688:Guyana
2673:Belize
2639:Zambia
2595:Malawi
2575:Angola
2533:Uganda
2437:Africa
2335:Chinas
2170:Doklam
1738:
1498:17 May
1287:
1030:8 June
1021:
795:Bhutia
732:Chinas
720:&
653:Indian
584:Tangra
440:muchis
436:Hindus
274:Tamluk
270:Faxian
262:Faxian
242:Mumbai
167:Taoism
94:Mumbai
89:Mumbai
59:(2018)
3749:Irish
3707:Turks
3687:Arabs
3671:Thais
3572:South
3395:Tonga
3390:Samoa
3375:Palau
3292:Spain
3282:Italy
3225:Paris
3121:India
3109:South
3025:Pashu
2923:Korea
2918:Japan
2845:Chile
2828:South
2723:North
2693:Haiti
2523:Kenya
2487:Ghana
2461:Libya
2456:Egypt
2444:North
2282:BASIC
2270:BRICS
2212:Roads
2175:Dolam
1303:ship.
985:. In
806:Notes
781:Assam
632:Powai
530:Makum
526:Assam
507:Deoli
474:Hakka
422:Makum
406:Assam
282:chini
219:China
179:Islam
146:Hindi
81:Assam
3680:West
3527:East
3520:Asia
3365:Fiji
3147:Iran
3140:West
3093:Nùng
3088:Ngái
2988:Laos
2911:East
2883:Asia
2855:Peru
2678:Cuba
2511:East
2492:Mali
2475:West
2275:BRIC
1890:2009
1859:2014
1829:2014
1803:2006
1773:2006
1736:ISBN
1681:2006
1645:2014
1619:2014
1612:OPEN
1584:2006
1548:2024
1500:2014
1474:2006
1440:2018
1414:2024
1384:2012
1355:2012
1327:2012
1298:2012
1285:ISBN
1260:2012
1231:2012
1203:2012
1174:2012
1145:2012
1120:2024
1094:2014
1032:2020
1019:ISBN
924:2020
783:and
655:and
615:and
442:and
288:for
213:and
3405:An
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524:In
470:war
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