Chinese surname - Knowledge (XXG)

2041:) or simplified. Historically there are close to 12,000 surnames recorded including those from non-Han Chinese ethnic groups, of which only about 3,100 are in current use, a factor of almost 4:1 (about 75%) reduction. A 2019 figure however put the total number of Chinese family names at 6,150. Of Han Chinese surnames, the largest number ever recorded was 6,363 (3,730 single-character surnames, 2,633 multiple-character surnames), around 2,000 of which are still in use. Chinese Surname extinction is due to various factors, such as people taking the names of their rulers, orthographic simplifications, taboos against using characters from an emperor's name, and others. A recent example of near surname extinction is the rare surname Shan (𢒉). The character may not be displayed on computer systems used by government officials, and people born after the system change as well as people who want to avoid possible problems changed their name to another character such as Xian (冼). The name is still used by the older people, but some people from the village are concerned that future generations will forget their name origin. 2857:

to promote surname identity. Clan cohesion was usually encouraged by successive imperial governments since it aided in social stability. During the Qing dynasty surname associations often undertook extrajudicial roles, providing primitive legal and social security functions. They played important roles in the Chinese diaspora to South-East Asia and elsewhere, providing the infrastructure for the establishment of trading networks. In southern China, however, clans sometimes engaged in armed conflict in competition for land. Clans continued the tradition of tracing their ancestry to the distant past as a matter of prestige. Most of these origin myths, though well established, are spurious.

3195: 2742: 3006: 2849:. To differentiate between different surnames, the Tang also choronyms before stating beforehand, for example Lǒngxī Lǐshì 隴西李氏, meaning Li of Longxi. These were generally the names of commanderies used prior to the reorganization during the Tang, so that they became exclusively associated to clans as their common use had died out. Cadet branches were also listed for further differentiation, such as Gūzāng Fáng 姑臧房, meaning Clan Li of Guzang. 2861:

San-Jiou-Lang who had no son, and he took the oath that he should be in the name of Liao when alive and should be in the name of Chang after death." In some places, there are additional taboos against marriage between people of the same surname, considered to be closely related. Conversely, in some areas, there are different clans with the same surname which are not considered to be related, but even in these cases surname

2802:. Chinese emperors sometimes passed their own surnames to subjects as honors. Unlike European practice in which some surnames are obviously noble, Chinese emperors and members of the royal family had regular surnames except in cases where they came from non-Han ethnic groups. This was a result of Chinese imperial theory in which a commoner could receive the 1410:. Those with a Western first name can write their name in English in various ways – some may add the Western first name in front and the Chinese given name last (the surname is therefore in the middle), or fully Westernised with both the Western and Chinese given names before the Chinese surname. Examples include 2856:

and his father. As competition for resources and positions in the bureaucracy intensified, individuals used their common ancestry and surname to promote solidarity. They established schools to educate their sons and held common lands to aid disadvantaged families. Ancestral temples were also erected

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In a 1990 study, the top 200 family names accounted for over 96% of a random sample of 174,900 persons, with over 500 other names accounting for the remaining 4%. In a different study (1987), which combined data from Taiwan and China (sample size of 570,000 persons), the top 19 names covered 55.6%,

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where the father's surname is passed on to his children, but more recently some people have opted to use both parents' surnames; although this practice has increased in recent times, it is still relatively uncommon in China, with those who adopted both parents' surnames numbering at only 1.1 million

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in which surnames are written last. Around 2,000 Han Chinese surnames are currently in use, but the great proportion of Han Chinese people use only a relatively small number of these surnames; 19 surnames are used by around half of the Han Chinese people, while 100 surnames are used by around 87% of

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Throughout most of Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite in their early developments, surnames were often used as symbols of nobility. Thus nobles would use their surnames to be able to trace their ancestry and compete

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proposed that there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. These may be names associated with a ruling dynasty such as the various titles and names of rulers, nobility and dynasty, or they may be place names of various territories, districts,

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The Tang dynasty was the last period when the great aristocratic families, mostly descended from the nobility of pre-Qin states, held significant centralized and regional power. The surname was used as a source of prestige and common allegiance. During the period many genealogical records called

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While new names have arisen for various reasons, this has been outweighed by old names disappearing. The most significant factor affecting the surname frequency is other ethnic groups identifying as Han and adopting Han names. In recent centuries some two-character surnames have often dropped a

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Some Chinese outside of mainland China, particularly those from the Chinese immigrant communities around the world and those who have acquired a Christian or Western first name, have adopted the Western convention when giving their name in English, placing their surname last. Examples of those

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Why the lack of surnames, then? The reason, according to Du Ruofu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is that all societies experience an 'evolutionary dwindling' of family names as less-common ones die out. Because the Chinese have used surnames for thousands of years (compared to just a few

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Due to the different pronunciations and romanizations, it is sometimes easy to tell whether a Chinese person has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, or Taiwan. Generally, people of Mainland descent will have their surnames and names in

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As a result of the importance of surnames, rules and traditions regarding family and marriage grew increasingly complex. For example, in Taiwan, there is a clan with the so-called "double Liao" surname. The story is that "Chang Yuan-zih of Liao's in Siluo married the only daughter of Liao

3150:(張簡) and Chiangfan (姜范). However, names in Taiwan show less diversity than China as a whole: the top ten comprise 52.63% of the Taiwanese population and the top hundred 96.11%. There were also only 1,989 surnames recorded by the Ministry's survey, against China's four or five thousand. 1430:). Some Chinese surnames that appear to be the same written in English may also be different in Chinese due to different characters having the same or similar pronunciations, dialectal differences, or non-standard romanizations (see section on variation in romanization below). 4398:

Only 3,100 surnames are now in use in China compared with nearly 12,000 in the past. An 'evolutionary dwindling' of surnames is common to all societies. ut in China, says, where surnames have been in use far longer than in most other places, the paucity has become

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Due to the different spelling conventions and dialects as well as the different spelling preferences in the various countries these Chinese find themselves in, many people of the same Chinese surname can appear differently when written in English, for example the

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of the surnames based on different languages and Chinese dialects. Countries that have adopted the system of Chinese surnames such as Vietnam and Korea also spell them according to their own pronunciations. As a result, it is common for the same surname to be

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sinogram could reflect the fact that in the royal court of Zhou, at least in the beginning, only females (wives married into the Zhou family from other clans) were called by their birth clan name, while the men were usually designated by their title or fief.

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cover 84.77% of China's population. The top 10 surnames each have populations greater than 20 million. The MPS survey revealed that the top 3 surnames in China have a combined population larger than Indonesia, the world's fourth-most-populous country.

2173:). Sima, Zhuge, and Ouyang also happen to be the surnames of four extremely famous premodern Chinese historical figures. There are family names with three or more characters, but usually those are not ethnically Han Chinese. For example, Aixinjueluo ( 1389:) and not "Wei Zhang". Chinese women generally retain their maiden name and use their name unchanged after marriage, but in modern times in some communities, some women may choose to attach their husband's surname to the front. Chinese surname is 799:: Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyang Village, whose descendants took the surname 1930:

has found that of all the people with a particular surname, there tends to be a population concentration in a certain province, as tabulated to the right. It does not show, however, the most common surnames in any one province.

777:: Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames in the present day such as 667:

towns, villages, and specific locations, the title of official posts or occupations, or names of objects, or they may be derived from the names of family members or clans, and in a few cases, names of contempt given by a ruler.

198:, and Chinese people may view their surnames as part of their shared kinship and Han Chinese identity. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except sometimes in places with more western influences such as 662:(風俗通姓氏篇), there are 9 origins of Chinese surnames: dynasty names, posthumous titles, ranks of nobility, state names, official positions, style names, places of residence, occupations, and events. Modern scholars such as 3089: – are similar to those in southeast China but differ somewhat from the distribution of names among all Han Chinese. According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese 2001:

dialect. As with the concentration of family names, this can also be explained statistically, as a person with an uncommon name moving to an unsettled area and leaving his family name to large number of descendants.

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and become emperor. Upon becoming emperor, the emperor would retain his original surname. Also as a consequence, many people also had the same surname as the emperor, but had no direct relation to the royal family.

2247:) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The spread of the 4484: 1907:

both on the provincial and county levels. Additionally, it was found that counties with the highest values of isonymy were distributed in the provinces with high proportions of ethnic minorities. According to the

2064:, which make up 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% respectively. Together they number close to 300 million and are easily the most common surnames in the world. In Chinese, the phrase "third son of Zhang, fourth son of Li" ( 1950:(Xiāo) was rather common while the surname 肖 (Xiào) was extremely rare, if not non-existent (it is mentioned only sporadically in historical texts). The first round of simplification in 1956 simplified 蕭 into 2919: 5061: 1958:

in 1977, which has long been abolished, merged 萧 and 肖 into 肖. Despite the retraction of the second round, some people have kept 肖 as their surname, so that there are now two separate surnames, 萧 and 肖.

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were not permitted to marry each other and a woman married into an aristocratic clan needed to be of a different name. Based on observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the

500:, however, are unconvinced by the matriarchy theory of Chinese surnames due to a lack of independent evidence. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed, suggesting that the use of female radical in 1997:), which is only the 47th most common overall, is much more common in San Francisco's Chinatown in the United States, although the surname is more often than not romanized as Fong, as based on the 252:(with the surname Feng), who was said to have established the system of Chinese surnames to distinguish different families and prevent marriage of people with the same family names. Prior to the 561:

and the surname was transmitted paternally, the practice continued, but it had changed to marriage between families of men on the paternal side being prohibited, but not on the maternal side.

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The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 38; Volume 101, Harry Houdini Collection, John Davis Batchelder Collection, Leavitt, Trow, & Company, 1883 p. 852

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languages. The younger generation from Singapore often has their surname in dialect ((Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese, Cantonese, and Hakka) and given names in English, Mandarin, or both.

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so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname "

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estimated that Zhang was the most common surname in the world, but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have omitted the claim.

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of surname distances, several clusters could be identified. Most provinces in a cluster were conterminous with one another. The one exception to this pattern could be explained by

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romanization. People from Southeast Asia (mainly Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) and Hong Kong usually base their romanization of surnames and names on the

4470: 2880:, surname culture was actively persecuted by the government with the destruction of ancestral temples and genealogies. Moreover, the influx of Western culture and forces of 4294: 4094: 2794:

Later, during the Han dynasty, these tables were used by prominent families to glorify themselves and sometimes even to legitimize their political power. For example,

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for a couple of millennia, passing from father to children. This system of patrilineal surnames is unusual in the world in its long period of continuity and depth of

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most common, which together make up less than 5% of those in existence, are shared by 85% of the population. The three most common surnames in Mainland China are

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with individuals having the same surname, often with a common male ancestor. They usually intermarry with others from nearby villages, creating genetic clusters.

1414:, originally named Cheng Yuet-ngor (Cheng is the surname), but who has acquired her husband's surname Lam and a Western first name as Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor. 1955: 585:

were created to distinguish between noble lineages according to seniority, though in theory they shared the same ancestor. In this way, a nobleman would hold a

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indicated a child born to the primary wife. These were sometimes adopted as surnames. Of these, Meng is the best known, being the surname of the philosopher

4378:, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, pp. 18–22 (History of Chinese surnames and sources of data for the present research), archived from 2982:

as the most common ones, with each shared by over 100 million people in China. Each of the most common 23 surnames in China has more than 10 million users.

2841:) were compiled to trace the complex descent lines of families or clans and their marriage ties to other families or clans. Many of these were collected by 821:: Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples, 200 of which are two-character surnames. Often an ancestor's 256:(fifth century BC), only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was a difference between ancestral clan names or 541:

indicating a clan or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean "lady of such or such clan". The structure of the

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Chinese Society in Singapore, The Study of Chinese Society: Essays, Maurice Freedman, George William Skinner, Stanford University Press, 1979, pp. 133

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During the Song dynasty, ordinary clans began to organize themselves into corporate units and produce genealogies. This trend was led by the poet

1231:), an old Chinese surname, when they were required to use Chinese surnames during the Ming dynasty as it sounded close to the first syllable of 4340: 2962:(周). The same names were also found (in slightly different orders) by a fairly comprehensive survey of 296 million people in 2006, and by the 3153:

As is typical of China as a whole, these surnames conflate many different lineages and origins, although tradition may bind them to the same

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The use of different systems of romanization based on different Chinese language variants from 1900~1970 also contributed to the variations.

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Of the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the modern era, most have either been lost (see

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may be appended to the surname of a person; for example, a man with the Zhang surname may be referred to respectfully as Zhang-

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Chinese surnames have a history of over 3,000 years. Chinese mythology, however, reaches back further to the legendary figure

4319: 4239:' Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology. The authoritative results of this survey were previously published on the 4105: 2987: 2824: 1243:

A ruler may bestow his own surname on those he considered to have given outstanding service to him; for example, the surname

679:: These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the ancient royal family, with collateral lineages taking their own 2045:

character. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, moreover, some surnames have been graphically simplified.

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and the top 100 names covered 87% of the sample. Other data suggest that the top 50 names comprise 70% of the population.

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in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes. Most surnames that survive to the present day were originally

1943: 434: 1892:, the most common surname is Lĭ (李), taking up 7.7%, followed by Wáng (王), Zhāng (张/張), Chan/Chén (陈/陳) and Liú (刘/劉). 377:

instead of his full name. It is used in particular for the paternal surname of a married woman, therefore in this case

75:, each shared by over 100 million people in China. The remaining eight of the top ten most common Chinese surnames are 4236: 2575: 2257: 2240: 2038: 1386: 1152: 4993: 1895:

A 1987 study showed over 450 family names in common use in Beijing, but there were fewer than 300 family names in

581:(feudal) society. As fiefdoms were divided and subdivided among descendants, so additional sub-surnames known as 4366: 3594: 4897: 4792: 1463: 704: 3218: 2101: 1298:. Others may modify their name in order to escape from their enemies at times of turmoil, for example Duanmu ( 1142: 808: 617: 613: 4442: 811:, but few have survived to the present. Some families acquired their surname during the Han dynasty from the 5050: 4080: 3249: 3142: 215: 4837: 4452: 4651: 4620: 3856: 2750: 2741: 2312:, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). In certain dialects, different surnames could be 2105: 1805: 1675: 972: 771:, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their original form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames. 303: 4943: 4711: 2321: 1510: 4832: 4661: 4646: 4462: 2500: 1168: 870:) were used to denote the second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family. For the first son 311: 253: 4938: 3835: 162:) branch lineage names. Later, the two terms began to be used interchangeably, and in the present day, 4255: 5018: 3590: 3173: 1330: 882: 497: 5013: 4923: 4337: 1348:

It may also have occurred through error, or changed due to a dissatisfaction with the name (e.g. Ai

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is believed to have been originally transmitted through women of noble birth, while noble men have

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Household Registration Administration Research Centre (公安部户政管理研究中心) (8 February 2021). 石璐言 (ed.).

3177: 3110: 2979: 2927: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2285: 2053: 1835: 1582: 1556: 1506: 1256: 908: 862: 760: 736: 72: 3617: 3327: 3223: 2504: 2345: 1917: 1370: 956: 812: 59: 4706: 1337:), or reducing from double or multiple character names to single character names, e.g. Duangan ( 3908: 3388: 2726:

Malaysia/Singapore/Indonesia/Philippines: various spellings are used depending on name origin.

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Liu, Y.; Chen, L.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, J. (2012). "A study of surnames in China through isonymy".

3914: 3884: 3814: 3775: 3769: 3715: 3684: 3659: 3567: 3561: 3521: 3491: 3352: 2803: 1618: 538: 4406: 3515: 3346: 5087: 4948: 4913: 4887: 4827: 4736: 4453:

The Ten-Thousand Families of Surnames from Netor (NETOR纪念:万家姓氏) (in simplified Chinese only)

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Chen, Jiawei; Chen, Liujun; Liu, Yan; Li, Xiaomeng; Yuan, Yida; Wang, Yougui (August 2019).

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Most commonly occurring Chinese family names have only one character; however, about twenty

2065: 1016: 980: 944: 900: 800: 416: 412: 299: 195: 143: 117: 43: 2798:, who forced the abdication of the last Han emperor in his favor, claimed descent from the 1844:

Surnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wáng (

236:, lit. "hundred surnames") are used in Chinese to mean "ordinary folks", "the people", or " 5033: 5028: 4867: 4787: 4731: 4610: 4605: 4535: 4515: 4344: 4298: 4275: 4206: 3443: 3414: 3280: 3243: 3106: 3102: 2947: 2931: 2868:

Surname identity and solidarity has declined markedly since the 1930s with the decline of

2605: 2416: 2305: 2273: 2187: 2061: 2010: 1913: 1830: 1714: 1658: 1535: 1527: 1514: 1492: 1484: 1476: 1459: 1378: 1134: 844: 446: 92: 76: 4958: 4746: 3093:'s Department of Population in February 2005, the ten most common surnames in Taiwan are 2308:(鄭/郑) can be romanized into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Tsang, Zeng or Zheng (in 1539: 2745:

Many village names in China are linked to surnames. Pictured is Jiajiayuan (贾家源), i.e. "

836:) as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames. 5023: 5003: 4978: 4928: 4877: 4857: 4822: 4751: 4696: 4681: 4676: 4666: 4550: 4540: 4530: 4525: 4505: 4268: 4183: 4003: 3971:"An index of Chinese surname distribution and its implications for population dynamics" 3970: 3130: 3114: 3094: 2975: 2959: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2923: 2884:

have also contributed to erode the previous sociological uses of the Chinese surnames.

2799: 2696: 2528: 2293: 2261: 2163: 2057: 1876:) is the most common, being shared by 10.6% of the population. Next are Lǐ (李), Huáng ( 1817: 1792: 1701: 1601: 1597: 1488: 1315: 1264: 1235:; it was also fitting for some of those who were caravaneers as the word means "horse". 1176: 1088: 984: 916: 872: 786: 307: 191: 104: 96: 88: 84: 68: 5076: 5008: 4988: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4933: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4862: 4847: 4842: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4777: 4756: 4701: 4691: 4615: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4570: 4560: 4431: 4392: 4199: 3621: 3595:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity" 3442:

Ebrey, Patricia (1996). "Surnames and Han Chinese Identity". In Melissa Brown (ed.).

3255: 3233: 3126: 3122: 3098: 2935: 2881: 2746: 2718: 2457: 2420: 2365: 2277: 2195: 1938:) appears to be very rare in Hong Kong. This is explained by the fact Hong Kong uses 1904: 1889: 1822: 1766: 1740: 1727: 1654: 1614: 1586: 1543: 1531: 1480: 1419: 1096: 1026: 992: 964: 822: 748: 720: 657: 640: 530: 454: 281: 170:

may refer either the clan or maiden name. The two terms may also be used together as

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centuries in many parts of Europe), this effect has become particularly significant.

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may be the more ancient surname that referred to the ancestral tribe or clan, while

4973: 4852: 4741: 4726: 4721: 4585: 4575: 4565: 4545: 3419:["2020 national report on personal names" published] (in Chinese). gov.cn. 3228: 3213: 3200: 3158: 3137: 3118: 2955: 2912: 2869: 2692: 2380: 2289: 2252: 2199: 2026: 2006: 1848:) is the most common surname, being shared by 9.9% of the population. Next are Lǐ ( 1779: 1688: 1671: 1631: 1291: 1272: 1224: 1188: 1160: 1156: 1066: 1046: 1038: 778: 663: 534: 521: 509: 286: 210: 100: 55: 27: 2479:

gate, gateway, mountain pass, originated as a title for guards in mountain passes

1141:), bestowed amongst other gifts to Kuang Yuping, previously Fang Yuping (方愈平), by 3705: 3636: 3260: 3082: 2649: 2427: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2269: 2191: 1998: 1399: 1390: 1338: 1299: 1252: 1212: 1124: 1108: 1074: 1012: 1000: 996: 988: 976: 968: 960: 952: 948: 940: 804: 572: 470: 382: 331: 315: 187: 23: 395: 3736: 3613: 3275: 3190: 3147: 2842: 2405: 2357: 2301: 2297: 1924: 1909: 1411: 1403: 1220: 1204: 1116: 1054: 826: 621: 481:

itself is composed of a female radical and the character for "give birth" (生,

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Many also changed their surnames throughout history for a number of reasons.

4232: 2873: 2762: 2758: 2265: 2225: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2022: 1983: 1971: 1927: 1471: 1423: 1008: 203: 199: 148: 122: 47: 4012: 3955: 2436:(some surnames have multiple origins, provided below are only one of many) 310:(同) and others. The distinction between the two began to be blurred by the 4372:

Chinese Surnames and the Genetic Differences between North and South China

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Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995 , 2000 and 2010

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The 2019 report by Chinese Ministry of Public Security gives the surnames

2769:, which contain tables recording the descent lines of noble houses called 1900: 280:

denoted a branch of the tribe or clan. For example, the ancestors of the

3208: 2313: 2021:) family, for example, migrated from the northern capital and settled in 1787: 1774: 1609: 1454: 1407: 1295: 1232: 577: 318:, name usage was standardised, commoners started to acquire a surname or 237: 51: 3810:

In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames

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In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames

3566:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency, LLC. pp. 140–141. 3331: 1325:

The name may also be changed by simplification of the writing, e.g. Mu (

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Two distinct types of Chinese surnames existed in ancient China, namely

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after the Song dynasty revolts. Villages are often made up of a single

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Others, however, may avoid using the name of a ruler, for example Shi (

1216: 1120: 1112: 1062: 1034: 936: 890: 880:) was meant for a child born to a secondary wife or a concubine, while 728: 505: 462: 438: 225: 39: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 1899:. Furthermore, a 2012 study found that there was the lowest amount of 1382: 1374: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1334: 1326: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1287: 1279: 1268: 1260: 1248: 1228: 1200: 1192: 1180: 1172: 1164: 1138: 1100: 1092: 1078: 1070: 1058: 1050: 1042: 1030: 932: 928: 924: 920: 912: 904: 886: 877: 867: 857: 849: 833: 830: 790: 782: 764: 756: 752: 744: 740: 732: 724: 716: 708: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 683:. The traditional description was what were known as the "Eight Great 466: 458: 450: 442: 269: 261: 233: 230: 3166: 2922:

on 24 April 2007, the ten most common surnames in mainland China are

2853: 2832: 2795: 2782: 2599: 2398: 2353: 2320:" are all Mandarin-based pinyin transliteration for the surnames Lí ( 2309: 2229: 2215: 2141: 2084: 1987: 1896: 1800: 1696: 1551: 1522: 1208: 1184: 1104: 1004: 829:

took the second character of his grandfather's courtesy name Boyuan (

537:: the 女 radical seems to appear during the Zhou period next to Shang 424: 153: 127: 1903:

in surnames among the population around middle and lower reaches of

807:). There are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of 999:, "minister of works", akin to minister of infrastructure), Sīshì ( 2740: 2203: 2123: 1975: 1722: 1709: 1649: 1639: 1564: 1283: 1196: 712: 394: 35: 4983: 4671: 3146:, as well as a number of relatively recently created names like 249: 4466: 2602:

was born in the woods during his family's exile, thus bestowed

2375:

Some people use non-standard romanizations, e.g. the Hong Kong

2224:), an extremely rare surname reportedly used by members of the 4918: 4580: 4520: 2916: 1986:, where it is usually romanized as Tan, and is also common in 1809: 1753: 1244: 385:, which a Chinese woman would continue to use after marriage. 80: 4443:

Chinese family name information from the US National Archives

2757:

for seniority in terms of hereditary rank. Examples of early

655:

According to the chapter on surnames in the Han dynasty work

4365:

Du, Ruofu; Yida, Yuan; Hwang, Juliana; Mountain, Joanna L.;

3910:

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

553:

were not permitted to marry each other, those with the same

206:

in that people tend to marry those with different surnames.

3907:

Patrick Hanks; Richard Coates; Peter McClure, eds. (2016).

2009:, surname distributions in China largely settled down. The 1888:) and Zhāng (张/張). Around the major crossing points of the 3081:

Names in Taiwan – both among the immigrant

2048:

Although there are thousands of Chinese family names, the

624:'s consort Lady Mujiang (穆姜), who bore the clan name (姓, 342:. The great majority of Han Chinese surnames (now called 219:, which lists over 400 names. The colloquial expressions 4256:

China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names

2629:

King or Prince, Used mainly by descendants of royalties

16:

Surnames used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups

1441:

Regions with high concentration of particular surnames

469:). This is taken as evidence that they originated from 2348:

which is usually omitted in foreign transliterations.

2206:

characters is Lunalouyugumuzheshuduotumuku'adebu'axi (

2162:, suggesting an Irish origin to English-speakers, and 1437: 1145:, upon making Yuping's daughter an imperial concubine. 209:

The most common Chinese surnames were compiled in the

4493:

100 most common family names in mainland China (2020)

2665:

Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Hee,See

1916:

migration observed where the Han Chinese migrated to

174:

for family names or surnames. Most Chinese surnames (

3136:

Taiwanese surnames include some local variants like

2296:

can appear as Chou, Chew, Jew and many others (e.g.

294:, but the descendants were subdivided into numerous 5042: 4906: 4770: 4634: 4498: 3913:. OUP Oxford. pp. 470, 484, 1583, 1591, 2991. 2985:A commonly cited fact from the 1990 edition of the 350:) that survive to modern times have their roots in 190:, but Han Chinese family name has been exclusively 5062:101–200 Most Common Family Names in mainland China 3543:"The complex origins of Chinese names demystified" 1155:sometimes took the name of their ethnic groups as 369:survives as a word to refer to the clan. The term 4407:"China's Identity Crisis: Many People, Few Names" 2521:Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Wong,Bong 3880:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition 3771:Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts 3714:]. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. ix. 3517:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition 3348:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition 2383:'s surname 邵 is spelt as Shaw (Shao in pinyin). 2104:have survived into modern times. These include 4438:Chinese-sounding surnames in the 1990 US census 2733:for the different spellings and more examples. 2685:Teo,Teow,Teoh,Tieu,Tiew / Teo,Teow,Teoh / Chong 4448:Meaning Behind 19 Most Common Chinese Surnames 4170:"Siluo Liao's Family Temple (3rd grade relic)" 3585: 3583: 2232:province, with seventeen characters in total. 670:The following are some of the common sources: 4478: 4278:". 12 December 2011. Accessed 28 March 2012. 4025: 3271:Naming laws in the People's Republic of China 2202:. The longest recorded surname written using 1365:Chinese surnames or family names are written 8: 4258:". 19 November 2004. Accessed 28 March 2012. 4241:National Citizen Identity Information Center 4186:." 14 November 2007. Accessed 26 March 2012. 2251:into all parts of the world resulted in the 1978:, where it is romanized as Chan. It is the 3563:Warp and Weft, Chinese Language and Culture 3445:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan 3318:Du Ruofu (June 1986). "Surnames in China". 767:) as the last one instead of Rèn. Of these 202:. Traditionally Chinese surnames have been 63:the population. A report in 2019 gives the 4485: 4471: 4463: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4194: 4192: 4077:"Sun Bin: Chinese and Korean Family Names" 3381:"Wang is the most common surname in China" 3161:. For example, some Taiwanese converts to 2424:(Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore/Philippines) 1954:, keeping 蕭/萧 and 肖 distinct. However the 639:After the states of China were unified by 557:can. By the Han dynasty when everyone had 4209:." 24 April 2007. Accessed 27 March 2012. 4063: 4002: 3975:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3936:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3902: 3900: 3712:Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames 3488:Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 2695:, surname bestowed upon fletchers by the 1934:The 55th most common family name "Xiào" ( 4347:." 8 June 2010. Accessed 31 March 2012. 3851: 3849: 3140:(塗), which do not even appear among the 3004: 2906:Sizes of the 20 largest Chinese surnames 2574:Gold, one of the five phases (metal) in 2391: 1970:) is perhaps the most common surname in 963:, "chief musician"), and in the case of 524:). In ancient times, people of the same 520:also did not exist in the Shang dynasty 223:(老百姓; lit. "old hundred surnames") and 4182:Xinhua News. 24 April 2007. "中国姓氏排行". " 4038: 4036: 3857:"A guide to names and naming practices" 3683:. Pelanduk Publications. pp. 1–3. 3509: 3507: 3297: 2911:According to a comprehensive survey of 3520:. McFarland & Co. pp. 18–19. 3172:) in honor of the Canadian missionary 2221:Lǔnàlóuyúgǔmǔzhēshúduōtǔmǔkǔ'ādébǔ'āxǐ 575:(3rd century BC), China was largely a 3883:. McFarland & Co. pp. 7–10. 415:. They generally contain a "female" ( 46:communities around the world such as 7: 3423:from the original on 8 February 2021 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 2431:(Hong Kong/Macau/Singapore/Malaysia) 1406:(Chinese name Choo Yeang Keat), and 4312:1990 Guinness Book of World Records 2897:For a more comprehensive list, see 1398:commonly known in the West include 1394:in 2018 (up from 118,000 in 1990). 842:: In ancient usage, the characters 597:, however, was more important than 3351:. McFarland & Co. p. 35. 3009:Distribution of Taiwanese surnames 2761:among the royalty can be found in 2093:) is used to mean "just anybody". 616:starting with women. For example: 14: 3749:from the original on 25 July 2022 3541:Wee Kek Koon (18 November 2016). 3001:List of common Taiwanese surnames 2288:may appear as Lee (an example is 1990:, where it is romanized as Chén. 1251:) was granted by emperors in the 1015:, "minister of bandits", akin to 951:, "grand historian"), Zhōngháng ( 797:Name of a fief or place of origin 178:) in current use were originally 4301:". 2009. Accessed 29 March 2012. 3836:"A basic guide to Chinese names" 3788:from the original on 3 July 2021 3379:Butcher, Asa (31 January 2019). 3193: 1385:) family is called "Zhang Wei" ( 1373:. Therefore, someone named Wei ( 1153:Non-Han Chinese peoples in China 979:, "minister of horses", akin to 403:with the female radical 女 in red 58:begin with surnames, unlike the 5057:List of common Chinese surnames 4458:Top 10 Chinese Surnames in 2019 3834:Wei, Shao (24 September 2018). 3768:Leif Manger (18 October 2013). 3266:List of common Chinese surnames 2899:List of common Chinese surnames 2731:List of common Chinese surnames 2473:Kwang,Kuang / Kweng,Kueng / Kan 2245:List of common Chinese surnames 1402:(Chinese name Chan Kong-sang), 1263:) during the Tang dynasty, and 995:", akin to treasurer), Sīkōng ( 3490:]. Clearfield. p. 3. 3320:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2988:Guinness Book of World Records 2876:in Mainland China. During the 2837: 2828: 2820: 2787: 2749:'s Spring", in Honggang Town, 2499:carry; what; how; why; which, 2260:differently. For example, the 2220: 2194:), was the family name of the 2089: 1940:traditional Chinese characters 504:may have arisen from the clan 429: 264:) and branch lineage names or 158: 132: 1: 4432:Chinese Surnames (Simplified) 4412:The Christian Science Monitor 4405:Cook, Steven (6 March 1997), 3866:. March 2006. pp. 58–62. 2712:Teow,Teo / Teh,Tay,Tey / Chao 2158:), occasionally romanized as 2102:double-character family names 1944:simplified Chinese characters 759:), though some sources quote 365:is the surname, but the word 4075:Sun Bin (19 December 2005). 3813:. Clearfield. pp. 8–9. 3704:Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2000). 3658:. Clearfield. pp. 4–7. 3480:Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2009). 2737:Sociological use of surnames 1422:(林) may also appear as Lam ( 825:would be used. For example, 65:most common Chinese surnames 4396:, p. 32, 3 June 1995, 4314:. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001. 4237:Chinese Academy of Sciences 4172:. Yunlin County Government. 3807:Sheau-yueh J. Chao (2009). 3735:褚興英, ed. (21 August 2021). 3652:Sheau-yueh J. Chao (2009). 3411:Ministry of Public Security 3087:indigenous Taiwanese people 2920:Ministry of Public Security 1980:most common Chinese surname 1149:Ethnic and religious groups 1131:Royal decree by the Emperor 840:Seniority within the family 651:Origins of Chinese surnames 136:) ancestral clan names and 5104: 3774:. Routledge. p. 132. 2998: 2903: 2896: 2241:Transliteration of Chinese 2236:Variations in romanization 2186:, also romanized from the 2039:extinction of family names 1946:. Originally, the surname 931:, "store manager"), Jiàn ( 927:, "granary manager"), Kù ( 411:were surnames held by the 166:refers to the surname and 5083:Chinese-language surnames 3614:10.1017/S0362502800004259 3165:adopted the name Kai (偕, 2778: 2503:(韩) misheard as He(何) in 2434:Surname meaning / origin 2211: 2069: 1448: 1445: 1440: 620:referred to Duke Xuan of 549:While people of the same 420: 147: 121: 4290:Badan Pusat Statistik. " 4274:22 February 2014 at the 4200:公安部统计：'王'成中国第一大姓有9288万人 4149:Humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk 4125:. 東方日報. 東網. 5 April 2015 3742: 3737: 3706: 3547:South China Morning Post 3482: 3415: 3219:Chinese compound surname 3091:Ministry of the Interior 2865:is generally practiced. 2623:Ong / Heng / Wung / Wong 2356:. Those from Taiwan use 2272:), Tan (Hokkien), Tang ( 1434:Distribution of surnames 1143:Emperor Xiaozong of Song 614:Spring and Autumn period 354:rather than the ancient 5051:Hundred Family Surnames 4367:Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca 4343:16 October 2013 at the 3877:Emma Woo Louie (2008). 3514:Emma Woo Louie (2008). 3345:Emma Woo Louie (2008). 3250:Hundred Family Surnames 3143:Hundred Family Surnames 2888:Common Chinese surnames 2872:and later, the rise of 2554:doctor Xu Jianbo (续简伯) 2550:Simple, descendants of 1868:). In the south, Chén ( 1356:, "heartfelt feeling"). 955:, "commander of middle 923:, "ice master"), Cāng ( 604:The difference between 508:system used during the 216:Hundred Family Surnames 4336:中华百家姓-千字文-国学经典-文化经典. " 4145:"ㄓㄠˋ [zhao4] " 4123:"中國最奇怪複姓「第五」最長複姓17個字" 3679:Russell Jones (1997). 3635:Kiang Kang-Hu (1934). 3078: 2753: 2751:Tongshan County, Hubei 2671:To allow, State of Xu 1127:, "Duke's grandchild") 993:minister of the masses 915:, "royal librarian"), 809:two-character surnames 687:s of High Antiquity" ( 612:became blurred in the 404: 4390:"O rare John Smith", 4252:People's Daily Online 3033: 張 Chang (5.26%) 3027: 黃 Huang (6.01%) 3015: 陳 Chen (11.06%) 3008: 2744: 2608:with the surname Lin 2598:Forest, Quan, son of 2450:Tan / Tan,Tang / Chin 2328:, 理 and 里); and Lì ( 1352:, "sorrow", to Zhong 967:'s "Five Officials" ( 398: 312:Warring States period 254:Warring States period 4297:18 July 2011 at the 4269:新'百家姓'图腾，快来看看您的尊姓啥模样 4231:It was conducted by 4205:4 March 2016 at the 4095:"Cultural Diversity" 4044:"电脑打不出来山东200村民被迫改姓" 3591:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 3560:Lee, Keekok (2008). 3174:George Leslie Mackay 3069: 楊 Yang (2.66%) 3063: 蔡 Tsai (2.91%) 3045: 王 Wang (4.12%) 2544:Kan / Kam,Kang / Kan 2264:can appear as Chan ( 2198:royal family of the 943:, "high official"), 819:Names of an ancestor 785:, 9th most common), 660:– Xingshi Pian 498:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 477:. The character for 334:, families only had 4385:on 20 November 2012 4111:on 13 January 2006. 3738:百家姓中為何沒有"鄺"？鄺姓源出何處？ 3075: Other (47.4%) 3057: 劉 Liu (3.17%) 3039: 李 Lee (5.11%) 3021: 林 Lin (8.28%) 2913:residential permits 2878:Cultural Revolution 2847:New History of Tang 2825:traditional Chinese 2493:Ho,Hoe,Hoh /Ho / Ho 2344:) depending on the 2033:Surnames at present 1023:General occupations 793:, 10th most common) 473:societies based on 4310:McFarlan, Donald. 3987:10.1002/ajpa.23863 3948:10.1002/ajpa.22055 3638:On Chinese Studies 3224:Chinese given name 3079: 3051: 吳 Wu (4.04%) 2817:simplified Chinese 2767:Historical Records 2754: 2284:) and others; the 2243:family names (see 1918:Northeastern China 1369:the first name or 1159:surnames, such as 1085:Titles of nobility 897:Official positions 405: 399:The character for 5070: 5069: 4229:on 21 April 2008. 3840:Asia Media Centre 3641:. pp. 127–8. 3451:. pp. 11–36. 3159:ban intermarriage 3155:ancestral temples 2804:Mandate of Heaven 2724: 2723: 2643:Goh,Go / Goh / Ng 2212:魯納婁于古母遮熟多吐母苦啊德補啊喜 1842: 1841: 1294:with the name of 1282:) was changed to 1007:", akin to chief 496:Scholars such as 475:maternal lineages 361:In modern usage, 186:surname might be 60:Western tradition 30:ethnic groups in 5095: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4420: 4401: 4386: 4384: 4377: 4351: 4350: 4334: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4265: 4259: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4225:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4212: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4104:. Archived from 4102:HM Land Registry 4099: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4083:on 2 March 2006. 4079:. Archived from 4072: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4006: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3599: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3391:on 8 August 2019 3387:. Archived from 3376: 3363: 3362: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3315: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 2915:released by the 2839: 2830: 2822: 2789: 2780: 2691:Verb, to draw a 2402:(Mainland China) 2392: 2294:Zhou (周) surname 2262:Chen (陳) surname 2249:Chinese diaspora 2222: 2213: 2091: 2082: 1438: 1167:, "barbarian"), 1017:attorney general 981:defence minister 907:, "historian"), 815:they resided in. 431: 422: 160: 151: 134: 125: 44:overseas Chinese 20:Chinese surnames 5103: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5038: 4902: 4766: 4630: 4494: 4491: 4428: 4423: 4404: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4348: 4345:Wayback Machine 4335: 4326: 4309: 4305: 4299:Wayback Machine 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276:Wayback Machine 4266: 4262: 4250: 4246: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207:Wayback Machine 4197: 4190: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4024: 4020: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3782: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3597: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3417: 3416:《二〇二〇年全国姓名报告》发布 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3378: 3377: 3366: 3359: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3317: 3316: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3281:Vietnamese name 3244:Generation name 3199: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3163:Presbyterianism 3157:and rituals or 3077: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2739: 2592:Lim / Lim / Lim 2568:Kim / Kim / Kim 2435: 2430: 2423: 2408: 2401: 2389:Some examples: 2238: 2226:Yi ethnic group 2188:Manchu language 2090:Zhāng sān Lǐ sì 2035: 1831:Northeast China 1436: 1363: 1003:, "minister of 939:"), Shàngguān ( 653: 569: 393: 306:(宋), Kong (空), 246: 196:written history 182:. The earliest 17: 12: 11: 5: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4427: 4426:External links 4424: 4422: 4421: 4402: 4387: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4324: 4303: 4283: 4260: 4244: 4214: 4188: 4175: 4161: 4136: 4114: 4086: 4067: 4064:Du et al. 1992 4056: 4032: 4018: 3981:(4): 608–618. 3961: 3926: 3920:978-0199677764 3919: 3896: 3890:978-0786438778 3889: 3869: 3845: 3826: 3820:978-0806349466 3819: 3799: 3780: 3760: 3727: 3720: 3696: 3690:978-9679786194 3689: 3671: 3665:978-0806349466 3664: 3644: 3627: 3579: 3573:978-1606932476 3572: 3552: 3533: 3527:978-0786438778 3526: 3503: 3497:978-0806349466 3496: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3434: 3402: 3364: 3358:978-0786438778 3357: 3337: 3326:(2): 315–328. 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3188: 3185: 3107:Chang or Zhang 3083:ethnic Chinese 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2999:Main article: 2996: 2993: 2894: 2893:Mainland China 2891: 2889: 2886: 2800:Yellow Emperor 2738: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2697:Yellow Emperor 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2529:State of Huang 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2286:Li (李) surname 2237: 2234: 2034: 2031: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1818:Inner Mongolia 1814: 1813: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1346: 1323: 1292:avoid conflict 1276: 1237: 1236: 1219:tribe). Many 1146: 1128: 1103:, "marquis"), 1082: 1045:, "butcher"), 1020: 959:"), Yuèzhèng ( 894: 837: 816: 794: 772: 652: 649: 568: 563: 437:, for example 392: 387: 245: 242: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5100: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393:The Economist 4388: 4381: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027:The Economist 4022: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3942:(3): 341–50. 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3800: 3787: 3783: 3781:9781136818578 3777: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3761: 3748: 3740: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3721:9780806349466 3717: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3681:Chinese names 3675: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3256:Japanese name 3254: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:Courtesy name 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2882:globalization 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2719:State of Zhao 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2688:Cheung/Cheong 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458:State of Chen 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Zheng surname 2304:); while the 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1905:Yangtze River 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310:), and Gong ( 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011:) and Sīkòu ( 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 895: 892: 888: 885: 884: 879: 875: 874: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 824: 823:courtesy name 820: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677: 673: 672: 671: 668: 665: 664:Kiang Kang-Hu 661: 659: 650: 648: 646: 642: 641:Qin Shi Huang 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 579: 574: 571:Prior to the 567: 564: 562: 560: 556: 552: 547: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531:Shang dynasty 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 426: 418: 414: 410: 402: 397: 391: 388: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 314:. During the 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 243: 241: 239: 235: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 155: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 129: 124: 119: 115: 114: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 61: 57: 56:Chinese names 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 32:Greater China 29: 25: 21: 5049: 4434:, with sound 4416: 4410: 4397: 4391: 4380:the original 4371: 4349:(in Chinese) 4311: 4306: 4286: 4280:(in Chinese) 4267:挑灯看剑踏雪寻梅. " 4263: 4251: 4247: 4227:the original 4217: 4211:(in Chinese) 4178: 4164: 4152:. Retrieved 4148: 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4117: 4106:the original 4101: 4089: 4081:the original 4070: 4059: 4047:. Retrieved 4026: 4021: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3909: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3839: 3829: 3809: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3770: 3763: 3751:. Retrieved 3730: 3711: 3699: 3680: 3674: 3654: 3647: 3637: 3630: 3605: 3601: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3536: 3516: 3487: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3444: 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3389:the original 3384: 3347: 3340: 3323: 3319: 3248: 3229:Chinese name 3214:Chinese clan 3201:China portal 3180: 3169: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3080: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2968:100 surnames 2910: 2870:Confucianism 2867: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2836: 2812: 2809: 2793: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2755: 2728: 2725: 2603: 2552:State of Jin 2395:Written form 2388: 2385: 2381:Run Run Shaw 2374: 2350: 2290:Lee Kuan Yew 2253:Romanization 2239: 2219: 2200:Qing dynasty 2159: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2027:patrilineage 2007:Song dynasty 2004: 1992: 1961: 1956:second-round 1942:rather than 1933: 1922: 1894: 1890:Yangzi River 1843: 1487:(邝/鄺), Chan/ 1416: 1396: 1366: 1364: 1273:Song dynasty 1238: 1223:adopted the 1148: 1130: 1084: 1077:") and Chú ( 1022: 896: 881: 871: 861: 853: 843: 839: 818: 796: 774: 768: 684: 680: 675: 674: 669: 656: 654: 644: 638: 633: 632:姜氏, " Jiang 629: 628:) Jiang, as 625: 609: 605: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 576: 570: 565: 558: 554: 550: 548: 542: 533:through the 525: 522:oracle bones 517: 513: 510:Zhou dynasty 501: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 428: 408: 407:The ancient 406: 400: 389: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 360: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 327: 326:also became 323: 319: 295: 291: 285: 277: 273: 265: 257: 247: 224: 220: 214: 211:Song dynasty 208: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 157: 138: 137: 131: 112: 111: 109: 22:are used by 19: 18: 4154:11 November 4049:1 September 3602:Early China 3395:15 November 3261:Korean name 2964:1982 census 2759:genealogies 2682:Chang/Zhang 2650:State of Wu 2578:Philosophy 2377:media mogul 2270:Jackie Chan 2258:transcribed 2192:Aisin Gioro 1923:A study by 1860:) and Liú ( 1511:Zhang/Chong 1505:Liang (梁), 1477:Liang/Leung 1420:Lin surname 1400:Jackie Chan 1391:patrilinear 1377:) from the 1341:) to Duan ( 1271:) from the 1253:Han dynasty 1221:Hui Muslims 1095:, "king"), 1057:"), Jiàng ( 755:) and Rèn ( 658:Fengsu Tong 573:Qin dynasty 512:(the words 471:matriarchal 413:noble clans 383:maiden name 332:Han dynasty 322:, and the 316:Qin dynasty 192:patrilineal 188:matrilinear 24:Han Chinese 5077:Categories 4320:189205101X 3707:尋根溯源中國人的姓氏 3483:尋根溯源中國人的姓氏 3287:References 3276:Onomastics 3178:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 3148:Changchien 2966:. The top 2904:See also: 2843:Ouyang Xiu 2747:Jia Family 2715:Chiu/Chiew 2606:Wu of Zhou 2406:Wade-Giles 2358:Wade-Giles 2302:Jimmy Choo 2298:Wakin Chau 2282:Vietnamese 2005:After the 1925:geneticist 1910:dendrogram 1852:), Zhāng ( 1493:Huang/Wong 1426:) or Lim ( 1412:Carrie Lam 1404:Jimmy Choo 1371:given name 1225:surname Ma 1205:Hui people 1133:, such as 1087:, such as 1081:, "cook"). 1025:, as with 971:), namely 899:, such as 827:Yuan Taotu 813:Commandery 775:State name 703:), namely 298:including 221:lǎobǎixìng 54:. Written 42:and among 4233:Yuan Yida 4184:天下第一大姓——王 3995:0002-9483 3622:162159081 3292:Citations 3129:(蔡), and 3111:Lee or Li 2958:(吴), and 2874:Communism 2763:Sima Qian 2505:Jianghuai 2456:Vintage, 2428:Cantonese 2370:Cantonese 2280:), Trần ( 2276:), Chin ( 2266:Cantonese 2166:(or Sito 2023:Guangdong 1984:Singapore 1972:Hong Kong 1928:Yuan Yida 1594:Shanghai 1472:Guangdong 1449:Surnames 1424:Cantonese 1302:) to Mu ( 1199:"), Huí ( 1197:Di people 1179:"), Mǎn ( 1157:sinicized 1063:craftsman 1009:ombudsman 539:sinograms 330:. By the 238:commoners 204:exogamous 200:Hong Kong 48:Singapore 28:Sinicized 4369:(1992), 4341:Archived 4338:中国台湾姓氏排行 4295:Archived 4272:Archived 4223:"人口数据统计" 4203:Archived 4013:31140593 3956:22460442 3786:Archived 3747:Archived 3608:: 1–27. 3593:(2000). 3421:Archived 3332:23767123 3209:Art name 3187:See also 2527:Yellow, 2507:Dialect 2409:(Taiwan) 2314:homonyms 2151:, simp. 2133:, simp. 2115:, simp. 1884:), Lín ( 1808:(董) and 1788:Shandong 1775:Xinjiang 1610:Zhejiang 1455:Liaoning 1408:Yo-Yo Ma 1296:Sima Shi 1233:Mohammad 743:), Yún ( 630:Jiangshi 578:fengjian 340:xing-shi 52:Malaysia 5088:Surname 5043:Related 5034:Cháng 常 5029:Xiàng 向 4898:Jiāng 江 4868:Xióng 熊 4793:Jiāng 姜 4788:Zhōng 钟 4732:Chéng 程 4707:Jiǎng 蒋 4611:Liáng 梁 4606:Zhèng 郑 4536:Huáng 黄 4516:Zhāng 张 4358:Sources 4235:of the 4129:26 July 4004:6771642 3792:22 July 3753:25 July 3427:24 July 3385:GBTimes 3239:Exogamy 2917:Chinese 2863:exogamy 2845:in his 2788:shìbiǎo 2775:Chinese 2771:shibiao 2668:Hui/Hua 2547:Kan/Gan 2417:Teochew 2413:Hokkien 2324:); Lǐ ( 2292:), the 2274:Teochew 2268:, e.g. 2208:Chinese 2160:O'Young 2066:Chinese 1901:isonymy 1762:Qinghai 1749:Shaanxi 1736:Ningxia 1684:Guizhou 1667:Sichuan 1657:(谭/譚), 1655:Tan/Tom 1644:Hu (胡) 1627:Jiangxi 1578:Jiangsu 1546:(谢/謝), 1542:(许/許), 1538:(黄/黃), 1530:(郑/鄭), 1509:(陆/陸), 1501:Guangxi 1491:(陈/陳), 1483:(罗/羅), 1462:(张/張), 1446:Region 1428:Hokkien 1217:Xianbei 1207:") and 1177:Jurchen 1121:Gōngsūn 1119:") and 1113:Marquis 1055:diviner 937:adviser 891:Mencius 636:" (!). 618:Chunqiu 506:exogamy 435:radical 417:Chinese 348:xingshi 290:(子) as 244:History 226:bǎixìng 172:xingshi 144:Chinese 118:Chinese 40:Vietnam 5024:Kǒng 孔 5004:Qián 钱 4984:Shào 邵 4979:Gōng 龚 4939:Lóng 龙 4929:Duàn 段 4907:76–100 4878:Mèng 孟 4858:Fāng 方 4823:Liào 廖 4818:Wāng 汪 4783:Shěn 沈 4752:Dīng 丁 4697:Yuán 袁 4687:Dǒng 董 4682:Tián 田 4677:Xiāo 萧 4672:Zēng 曾 4667:Péng 彭 4657:Féng 冯 4652:Dèng 邓 4626:Táng 唐 4621:Sòng 宋 4551:Zhōu 周 4541:Zhào 赵 4531:Yáng 杨 4526:Chén 陈 4506:Wáng 王 4399:acute. 4318: 4011: 4001: 3993: 3954: 3917: 3887: 3817: 3778: 3718: 3687: 3662: 3620: 3570: 3524: 3494: 3355: 3330: 3181:Má-kai 3167:pinyin 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 2995:Taiwan 2908:(2018) 2854:Su Shi 2835:: 2833:pinyin 2827:: 2819:: 2796:Cao Pi 2785:: 2783:pinyin 2777:: 2600:Bi Gan 2576:Wuxing 2399:Pinyin 2354:pinyin 2340:, and 2310:pinyin 2230:Yunnan 2218:: 2216:pinyin 2210:: 2196:Manchu 2142:Ouyang 2087:: 2085:pinyin 2068:: 1993:Fāng ( 1988:Taiwan 1962:Chén ( 1897:Fujian 1801:Shanxi 1782:(马/馬) 1769:(鲍/鮑) 1743:(万/萬) 1704:(杨/楊) 1697:Yunnan 1691:(吴/吳) 1678:(邓/鄧) 1661:(黄/黃) 1604:(杨/楊) 1552:Hainan 1523:Fujian 1517:(黄/黃) 1495:(黄/黃) 1367:before 1209:Mùróng 1185:Manchu 1105:Xiàhóu 1075:shaman 1035:potter 1005:yeomen 957:column 945:Tàishǐ 860:) and 801:Ouyang 589:and a 461:) and 427:: 425:pinyin 419:: 381:means 156:: 154:pinyin 146:: 130:: 128:pinyin 120:: 5014:Yán 严 5009:Dài 戴 4994:Qín 覃 4989:Wàn 万 4969:Hǎo 郝 4964:Máo 毛 4954:Táo 陶 4949:Shǐ 史 4934:Léi 雷 4924:Yán 阎 4919:Xuē 薛 4914:Yǐn 尹 4893:Hóu 侯 4888:Qiū 邱 4883:Qín 秦 4873:Bái 白 4863:Zōu 邹 4848:Xià 夏 4843:Jiǎ 贾 4838:Wéi 韦 4833:Jīn 金 4828:Shí 石 4813:Fàn 范 4803:Tán 谭 4798:Cuī 崔 4778:Yáo 姚 4771:51–75 4757:Rén 任 4737:Wèi 魏 4702:Cài 蔡 4692:Pān 潘 4662:Cáo 曹 4647:Hán 韩 4635:26–50 4616:Xiè 谢 4601:Gāo 高 4596:Luó 罗 4591:Lín 林 4581:Guō 郭 4571:Zhū 朱 4561:Sūn 孙 4521:Liú 刘 4383:(PDF) 4376:(PDF) 4109:(PDF) 4098:(PDF) 3864:FBIIC 3860:(PDF) 3710:[ 3618:S2CID 3598:(PDF) 3486:[ 3449:(PDF) 3328:JSTOR 3176:(馬偕, 3133:(楊). 3125:(劉), 3121:(吳), 3117:(王), 3113:(李), 3109:(張), 3105:(黃), 3103:Huang 3101:(林), 3097:(陳), 2954:(赵), 2950:(黄), 2948:Huang 2946:(杨), 2942:(陈), 2938:(刘), 2934:(张), 2932:Zhang 2930:(李), 2926:(王), 2838:pǔdié 2813:pudie 2703:赵 / 趙 2679:Zhang 2676:张 / 張 2656:许 / 許 2634:吴 / 吳 2541:Chien 2535:简 / 簡 2518:Huang 2515:Huang 2512:黄 / 黃 2464:关 / 關 2447:Ch'en 2441:陈 / 陳 2421:Hakka 2366:Hakka 2278:Hakka 2204:hanzi 2124:Zhuge 2062:Zhang 2011:Kuàng 1976:Macau 1914:demic 1723:Gansu 1715:Cheng 1710:Henan 1674:(何), 1659:Huang 1650:Hunan 1640:Hubei 1617:(毛), 1600:(王), 1585:(徐), 1565:Anhui 1536:Huang 1534:(林), 1528:Zheng 1515:Huang 1513:(章), 1485:Kuang 1479:(梁), 1464:Jiang 1460:Zhang 1379:Zhang 1361:Usage 1329:) to 1314:) to 1290:) to 1284:Shuai 1135:Kuang 965:Shang 845:zhong 705:Jiāng 483:shēng 447:Jiang 302:(殷), 282:Shang 213:work 93:Huang 77:Zhang 36:Korea 5019:Mò 莫 4999:Wǔ 武 4974:Gù 顾 4959:Hè 贺 4944:Lí 黎 4853:Fù 傅 4808:Lù 陆 4762:Lú 卢 4747:Lǚ 吕 4742:Sū 苏 4727:Yè 叶 4722:Dù 杜 4717:Yú 于 4712:Yú 余 4642:Xǔ 许 4586:Hé 何 4576:Hú 胡 4566:Mǎ 马 4556:Xú 徐 4546:Wú 吴 4511:Lǐ 李 4499:1–25 4316:ISBN 4156:2017 4131:2023 4051:2010 4029:1995 4009:PMID 3991:ISSN 3952:PMID 3915:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3815:ISBN 3794:2022 3776:ISBN 3755:2022 3716:ISBN 3685:ISBN 3660:ISBN 3568:ISBN 3522:ISBN 3492:ISBN 3429:2022 3397:2019 3353:ISBN 3131:Yang 3127:Tsai 3115:Wang 3095:Chen 3085:and 2978:and 2976:Wang 2960:Zhou 2952:Zhao 2944:Yang 2940:Chen 2924:Wang 2729:See 2709:Chao 2706:Zhao 2626:Wong 2620:Wang 2617:Wang 2565:Chin 2538:Jian 2524:Wong 2476:Kwan 2470:Kuan 2467:Guan 2453:Chan 2444:Chen 2379:邵逸夫 2368:and 2346:tone 2300:and 2164:Situ 2106:Sima 2060:and 2058:Wang 1974:and 1838:(于) 1825:(潘) 1812:(郭) 1806:Dong 1795:(孔) 1793:Kong 1756:(薛) 1730:(高) 1717:(程) 1702:Yang 1676:Deng 1634:(胡) 1621:(沈) 1619:Shen 1602:Yang 1598:Wang 1589:(朱) 1572:(汪) 1570:Wang 1559:(符) 1489:Chen 1466:(江) 1316:Gong 1306:and 1265:Zhao 1215:, a 1187:"), 1089:Wáng 1065:"), 1037:"), 985:Sītú 973:Sīmǎ 917:Líng 873:meng 787:Zhōu 769:xing 729:Yíng 685:Xing 676:Xing 626:xing 608:and 606:xing 595:Xing 591:xing 559:xing 551:xing 543:xing 535:Zhou 526:xing 516:and 514:xing 502:xing 487:Xing 485:). 479:xing 463:Yíng 409:xing 401:xing 390:Xing 363:xing 356:xing 344:xing 336:xing 328:xing 320:xing 308:Tong 304:Song 292:xing 284:had 274:Xing 258:xing 250:Fuxi 184:xing 176:xing 164:xing 133:xìng 113:xing 105:Zhou 103:and 97:Zhao 89:Yang 85:Chen 71:and 69:Wang 50:and 26:and 4254:. 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