29:
1123:
748:. The travel agency business is another one in which intra-ethnic networks have proven valuable; Chinese travel agencies in Germany sell primarily to other Chinese making return trips to their country of origin. Estimates of the number of Chinese travel agencies in Germany range between thirty-five and a few hundred. In contrast, marine-based industries no longer employ a very large proportion of the Chinese community; by 1986, Chinese formed no more than 2%, or 110 individuals, of the foreign workforce on German vessels.
430:, and lubricators, began showing up in ports such as Hamburg and Bremen around 1870. Forty-three lived in Hamburg by 1890, 207 persons in 1910, mostly former seamen. Hamburg boasted the only Chinatown in Germany (actually only one or two streets). In the 1890s, many shipping companies began to replace their white crews with much cheaper Chinese (also Indian and African) labour, esp. for the extremely tiresome work in the engine rooms (often at more than 40 °C temperature). Among the 47,780 registered members of the
680:. Regardless, numbers of PRC and ROC nationals in Germany continued to increase, with 477 from the former and 1,916 from the later by 1967. In addition to individual migrants, both the PRC and the ROC provided workers with specific skills to Germany under bilateral agreements. The ROC sent a total of 300 nurses in the 1960s and 1970s. In the case of the PRC, the agreement signed in 1986 for China to provide 90,000 industrial trainees to East Germany was barely implemented by the time the
1137:
1059:; they form one of the few obvious communities of Chinese national minorities in Europe. Though they are Chinese citizens or formerly held Chinese citizenship, their ethnic and political identity is defined largely by opposition to China, and for the most part they do not consider themselves part of the Chinese community. The initial Uyghur migrants to Germany came by way of Turkey, where they had settled after going into exile with the hope of one day
1151:
462:, provided the necessary labour there but German emigration from these areas, higher Polish fertility and an increasing political mobilisation of the Polish minority stoked anxieties about their "infiltration", esp. through mixing with the local Germans. Some observers saw a solution in introducing a totally alien ethnic element which would be easier to segregate (e.g.
649:; a year later, those numbers had grown to 275 and 72, respectively. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China and its subsequent recognition by East Germany, many traders moved to East Berlin, expecting that there they would be better protected there by their homeland's new government. West Germany did not formally recognise the
568:(against 373 Germans). Tensions with the Chinese government about the brutal treatment of workers never fully ceased. The Chinese were never given the same rights as whites, but were treated similar to the natives due to their supposedly "inferior level of culture". There were, however, also efforts to prevent mixing with the natives.
1032:
racism towards the
Chinese, instead focusing mainly on the newspaper itself and the fact that it had published false statements which harmed people's businesses and livelihoods, in an effort to avoid alienating the mainstream community. They eventually achieved what one scholar described as a "meagre victory": a retraction by
685:
and by 1985 had grown to 6,178, versus only 3,993 ROC nationals. By just eight years later, their numbers had more than quintupled; 31,451 PRC nationals lived in
Germany, as opposed to only 5,626 ROC nationals. There were also tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese not included in either of the above categories, primarily
684:
fell; out of the 90,000 whom the
Chinese agreed to send, barely 1,000 went, and all but 40 had gone back home by December 1990. Immigration from the PRC to West Germany was much larger than that to East Germany; in 1983, the number of PRC nationals living there surpassed the number of ROC nationals,
1031:
he had seen boiling in a
Chinese restaurant kitchen. Chinese caterers and restaurants suffered huge declines in business, as well as personal vilification by their German neighbours. The protests which the various Chinese associations organised in response carefully sidestepped the issue of German
788:
living in
Germany, a 35% increase over 2013. The number of Taiwanese citizens living in the country stood at 5,885 (as of 2013). In addition, there is a large number of Chinese people who naturalized as German citizens or who are natively born in the country. Between 2004 and 2007 alone, 4,213 PRC
976:
After 1989, the number of illegal mainland
Chinese immigrants who arrived in Germany by way of Eastern Europe began to increase, only to decrease in the mid-1990s; on average, authorities caught 370 each year in the late 1990s, though they believe the actual extent of illegal migration to be much
764:
stressed his desire to diversify the destinations of
Chinese students going overseas, aiming to send a larger proportion to Europe and a smaller proportion to the United States. By 2000, Chinese formed the largest group of foreign students in German universities, with 10,000 in 2002 and 27,000 in
732:
Food service has remained a dominant means of making a livelihood in the
Chinese community. For example, in Tilburg, the restaurant industry employs roughly 60% of the Chinese population. Even students in Germany who earned doctorates in the sciences have ended up starting restaurants or catering
640:
After the war, the
Chinese government sent officials to organise repatriation for the few hundred Chinese who remained in Germany. Of the 148 from Hamburg, only one, a survivor of Langer Morgen, declined repatriation; he opened the Peace Restaurant, Hamburg's first post-war Chinese restaurant.
498:. After receiving a comprehensive report from Beijing in 1895, the Office concluded on the grounds of transport and wage costs that such plans were not promising success. A new wave of proposals came in 1906/07 but failed similarly after a statement by German colonial authorities from
442:
on 30 October 1898 stating that
Chinese could not be employed on shipping routes to Australia, and could be employed on routes to China and Japan only in positions that whites would not take because they were detrimental to health. Mass layoffs of Chinese seafarers resulted.
765:
2007. Schools aimed at the children of Germany's Chinese residents have been set up as well; as early as 1998, there were two Chinese schools in Berlin, one run by the city government, and the other privately established by a group of parents.
718:
offered "to provide the GDR with the number and qualification of workers as desired." As this proposal came only days before the collapse of the East German regime however, it was quickly made obsolete by the rapid political changes.
617:'s statistics showed 1,800 Chinese still living in Germany; more than one thousand of these were students in Berlin, while another few hundred were seafarers based in Hamburg. However, this number shrank to 1,138 by 1939.
1202:
1253:
1013:. In actuality, the community is wracked by internal divisions, largely of political allegiances; pro-Taiwan (Republic of China) vs. pro-Mainland (People's Republic of China), supporters vs. opposers of the
559:
did not permit further emigration. Another focus of migration were the Pacific colonies where Chinese workers were deemed indispensable for the lucrative plantations. In 1914, there were 1,377 Chinese in
2201:
Leung, Maggi (2005), "The working of networking: Ethnic networks as social capital among Chinese migrant businesses in Germany", in Spaan, Ernst; Hillmann, Felicitas; van Naerssen, A. L. (eds.),
605:
to the Japanese, but because so much of the Chinese community had ties to leftist movements, they fell under increased official scrutiny regardless, and many left the country, either heading to
1001:, or obtaining a forged passport from a country with a large Asian population whose nationals are granted visa-free travel to Germany), or they may be smuggled across the Czech-German border.
1795:
1840:
677:
2084:
Cheng, Xi (2002), "Non-Remaining and Non-Returning: The Mainland Chinese Students in Japan and Europe since the 1970s", in Nyíri, Pál; Savelev, Igor Rostislavovich (eds.),
582:
Chinese formed the fourth largest group of foreign students in Germany by the mid-1920s. Many became involved with radical politics, especially in Berlin; they joined the
628:
launched mass arrests of Chinese Germans and Chinese nationals across Germany, In 1942, the 323 who still lived in Berlin were all arrested and sent to the Langer Morgen
598:
remained active in the late 1920s and early 1930s; Liao succeeded in organising a strike among Chinese sailors in Hamburg to prevent the shipment of armaments to China.
977:
larger. Many illegal migrants work in restaurants, whose managers sponsor their migration costs and require them to pay them back. Such costs usually amount between to
2303:
1293:
1206:
1769:
997:; they are mostly men between twenty and forty years old. Migrants may come as tourists and then overstay (either by applying for a tourist visa on their genuine
3031:
577:
2244:
Giese, Karsten (2003), "New Chinese Migration to Germany: Historical Consistencies and New Patterns of Diversification within a Globalized Migration Regime",
1009:
Germans generally perceive the Chinese as a monolithic group, owners of grocery stores, snack bars, and Chinese restaurants, and sometimes as criminals and
3433:
2692:
1319:
28:
1109:
390:
486:
in 1889. Public and administrative opinion was "almost totally negative", due to unfavorable opinions in the English-speaking world at the time (cf.
2954:
1017:, etc. One rare example of the various strands of the community coming together in support of a common cause arose in April 1995, when Berlin daily
438:
strongly disapproved of their presence; their 1898 boycott of Chinese crews, motivated by racial concerns, resulted in the passage of a law by the
410:
Though not well known even to local Chinese communities which formed later, the earliest Chinese in Germany, Feng Yaxing and Feng Yaxue, both from
3711:
2830:
1822:
714:
in the summer of 1989. In return, when increasing emigration deepened the GDR's socio-economic crisis in autumn 1989, the PRC Minister of Housing
1657:
1077:
beginning in the 1960s. Most worked in semi-skilled trades, with some privileged ones of a political bent achieving positions in the U.S.-funded
3529:
3062:
3025:
1866:
998:
776:
Second-generation Chinese students were more likely to attend a Gymnasium (college preparatory school) than their ethnic German counterparts.
769:
boasts one such school as well; however, Chinese graduate students who intend to return to China after graduation typically choose instead to
3021:
2273:
2228:
2210:
2192:
2174:
2156:
2138:
2111:
2093:
2075:
1089:
505:
Aside from seafarers, students formed the other major group of Chinese living in Germany at the turn of the century. In 1904, at the time of
3716:
3584:
2984:
2296:
1060:
552:
3721:
2573:
614:
389:
citizens of Chinese descent. The German Chinese community is growing rapidly and, as of 2016, was estimated to be around 212,000 by the
3706:
3656:
3252:
2974:
1174:
435:
394:
2129:
Gütinger, Erich (1998), "A Sketch of the Chinese Community in Germany: Past and Present", in Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (eds.),
3518:
793:. In addition to that, the Chinese community in Germany also consists of tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese from countries such as
673:
632:. Many were tortured or worked to death by the Gestapo. By the end of World War II, every Chinese restaurant in Hamburg had closed.
2183:
Leung, Maggi W. H. (2003), "Notions of Home among Diaspora Chinese in Germany", in Ma, Laurence J. C.; Cartier, Carolyn L. (eds.),
676:. Other re-migrants came from Italy, Portugal, and Spain. German authorities generally preferred not to issue residence permits to
2033:
1203:"BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt"
703:
2341:
2289:
1100:
in the country. In 2005, only 3,142 Chinese, or 4.3%, were born in Germany, far below the average of 20% for all non-citizens.
1078:
1297:
1036:. However, the success of the protests laid some foundation for further professional cooperation among Chinese restaurateurs.
3320:
2685:
2633:
2605:
351:
276:
239:
164:
2454:
1027:; the story appears to have been sparked by an off-color quip by a German official during a press conference about a pot of
3641:
3038:
2383:
1544:
1453:
Conrad, Sebastian (2003). ""Kulis" nach Preußen? Mobilität, chinesische Arbeiter und das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1890-1914".
1407:
Conrad, Sebastian (2003). ""Kulis" nach Preußen? Mobilität, chinesische Arbeiter und das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1890-1914".
1376:
Conrad, Sebastian (2003). ""Kulis" nach Preußen? Mobilität, chinesische Arbeiter und das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1890-1914".
1357:
Conrad, Sebastian (2003). ""Kulis" nach Preußen? Mobilität, chinesische Arbeiter und das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1890-1914".
1093:
1010:
785:
773:
their children in accordance with China's national curriculum, to aid their re-integration into the public school system.
602:
295:
183:
3387:
3232:
3173:
3168:
3080:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2753:
2600:
2444:
2336:
1731:
2903:
1164:
3535:
3402:
690:
3686:
3579:
3558:
3496:
3491:
3397:
3392:
3199:
2915:
2851:
2820:
2799:
2789:
2568:
2486:
1048:
1014:
784:
The German Chinese community has seen a rapid growth in recent years. In 2016, there were 201,000 nationals of the
583:
3513:
3486:
3465:
3460:
3281:
3136:
2881:
2856:
2825:
2773:
2768:
2737:
2722:
2678:
2203:
Asian Migrants and European Labour Markets: Patterns and Processes of Immigrant Labour Market Insertion in Europe
756:
Students also continue to form a large portion of Germany's Chinese population. In comments to German chancellor
439:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3508:
3470:
3428:
3423:
3215:
3090:
2944:
2910:
2866:
2846:
2804:
2659:
2016:
1169:
474:
times). The Chinese were seen as especially resistant to cultural assimilation, on the basis of experiences in
2120:
Giese, Karsten (1999), "Patterns of Migration from Zhejiang to Germany", in Pieke, Frank; Malle, Hein (eds.),
1796:"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten"
482:. Estate owners therefore pushed for their immigration or at least a consideration of such proposals, e.g. in
737:
3563:
3553:
3194:
3189:
3116:
2794:
2758:
2732:
2727:
2543:
2449:
2388:
707:
458:'s extensive eastern provinces characterised by large agricultural estates. Usually Eastern Europeans, esp.
3651:
3418:
2898:
2763:
2312:
790:
621:
540:
491:
434:(roughly Seamen's Insurance Society) around 1900, more than 3,000 were Chinese. The labour unions and the
3629:
2628:
2590:
2459:
2423:
2398:
2363:
2348:
658:
745:
3315:
2887:
2623:
2558:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2439:
2418:
2403:
2378:
2353:
2326:
741:
641:
However, those who departed were soon replaced by new immigrants. In 1947, there were 180 Chinese in
83:
3678:
3624:
3237:
3141:
3085:
3056:
3049:
3015:
3008:
2466:
2408:
2373:
2368:
2331:
548:
423:
715:
3589:
3349:
3131:
3111:
3106:
2979:
2585:
2580:
2563:
2548:
2527:
2491:
2480:
989:). Due to network effects, illegal Chinese migrants to Germany largely come from the vicinity of
711:
544:
2221:
Global Spaces of Chinese Culture: Diasporic Chinese Communities in the United States and Germany
543:, similar to British and French practices. Until 1894, about 1,000 "coolies" were recruited for
816:, while in 2018 there were about 1136. The number does not include naturalized German Chinese.
3264:
3225:
3220:
3126:
3043:
3002:
2969:
2936:
2471:
2358:
2269:
2224:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2152:
2134:
2107:
2089:
2071:
1313:
650:
610:
561:
556:
495:
58:
3666:
3661:
3646:
3303:
3121:
2964:
2959:
2893:
2701:
2654:
2496:
2476:
2413:
2393:
2253:
1074:
1044:
986:
982:
698:
378:
323:
211:
144:
107:
87:
3354:
2149:
Die Geschichte Der Chinesen in Deutschland: Ein Überblick über die ersten 100 Jahre ab 1822
1823:"Publikation - Bevölkerung - Ausländische Bevölkerung - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)"
3636:
3523:
3259:
3242:
1056:
669:
467:
463:
103:
3364:
3369:
3359:
2949:
1156:
770:
510:
382:
2041:
397:
had estimated there were 110,000 people of Chinese descent living in Germany in 2008.
3700:
3286:
2994:
2595:
1142:
1096:
nationals living in Germany, making them the second-largest group of immigrants from
895:
761:
595:
479:
459:
3332:
2649:
1871:
1128:
1069:
1028:
1023:
published a huge feature item alleging that Chinese restaurants in the city served
665:
629:
565:
514:
487:
471:
427:
330:
218:
124:
3274:
757:
681:
646:
642:
517:
506:
415:
305:
302:
286:
283:
193:
190:
174:
171:
99:
696:
In East Germany, there were slight less than 1,000 Chinese "contract workers" (
520:
he organised in Berlin. There were also groups of travelling entertainers from
3342:
3325:
3296:
3269:
3247:
1118:
686:
499:
451:
132:
95:
1067:
as a small part, numbering perhaps fifty individuals, out of the millions of
2257:
1867:"Germany's 'China City': how Duisburg became Xi Jinping's gateway to Europe"
1097:
947:
908:
882:
802:
794:
766:
551:
and the tropical climate were so severe the British colonial authorities in
483:
475:
419:
411:
344:
232:
62:
2104:
Chinatown, Europe: An Exploration of Overseas Chinese Identity in the 1990s
3337:
2281:
1082:
1052:
1024:
994:
990:
978:
813:
809:
798:
525:
521:
253:
120:
620:
After the Chinese government declared war on Nazi Germany following the
586:, and were responsible for setting up its Chinese-language section, the
3308:
3291:
1040:
960:
869:
625:
455:
386:
128:
91:
70:
808:
The growth of the Chinese community can be exemplified by the city of
2020:
1085:
migration directly from Xinjiang to Germany, also centred on Munich.
1064:
934:
856:
843:
733:
services, rather than engaging in any work related to their studies.
654:
591:
533:
529:
447:
66:
54:
2670:
668:
in the 1960s and 1970s was drawn primarily from the communities of
613:
that was raging there, or returning to China. As late as 1935, the
1841:"Naturalised persons, by selected countries of former citizenship"
921:
606:
2266:
Chinese Migration in Germany: Making Home in Transnational Space
1019:
2674:
2285:
2019:
Turkey and Russia; the FSO included those two countries in the
2034:"Foreign population on 31 December 2004 by country of origin"
446:
Since the 1880s, there were debates about employing Chinese "
2040:, Germany: Federal Statistical Office, 2004, archived from
2185:
The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity
2122:
Internal and International Migration: Chinese Perspectives
1939:
1937:
356:
258:
244:
2124:, Surrey, United Kingdom: Curzon Press, pp. 199–214
2086:
Globalizing Chinese Migration: Trends in Europe and Asia
1658:"So wollte China 1989 in letzter Minute die DDR retten"
659:
establish relations with the People's Republic of China
490:) and fears of racial miscegenation. Nevertheless, the
1566:
1564:
1562:
1770:"Ostdeutsche Vietnamesen überflügeln ihre Mitschüler"
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
335:
223:
736:
In Berlin, many Chinese restaurants can be found in
702:) from the People's Republic in the late 1980s. The
466:, later director of the Reich Labour Bureau in late
3617:
3572:
3546:
3479:
3453:
3446:
3411:
3380:
3208:
3182:
3161:
3154:
3099:
3073:
2993:
2935:
2928:
2839:
2813:
2782:
2746:
2715:
2708:
2642:
2616:
2536:
2505:
2432:
2319:
528:, who came to Germany overland, travelling through
350:
343:
329:
322:
317:
294:
275:
270:
252:
238:
231:
217:
210:
205:
182:
163:
154:
138:
114:
76:
48:
38:
494:made inquiries, e.g. about Chinese workers in the
33:Distribution of Chinese citizens in Germany (2021)
414:, first came to Berlin in 1822 by way of London.
812:. In 2010 there were 568 citizens of the PRC in
1600:
1598:
601:The Nazis, who came to power in 1933, did not
2686:
2297:
1081:. Their numbers were later bolstered by post-
578:Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany
300:
281:
188:
169:
8:
2268:, Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation,
2187:, Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 237–260,
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1604:
564:(against 1,137 whites) and 2,184 Chinese on
513:countries, more than twenty joined the anti-
21:
1847:, Germany: Federal Statistical Office, 2008
1682:
1656:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (19 December 2022).
1627:
1625:
1545:"Gedenktafel Chinesenviertel Schmuckstraße"
1260:, Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2006
1240:
3450:
3158:
2932:
2712:
2693:
2679:
2671:
2304:
2290:
2282:
539:Chinese workers were also employed in the
314:
202:
27:
20:
3270:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1424:
1422:
1197:
1195:
1110:Category:German people of Chinese descent
603:classify the Chinese as racially inferior
391:Federal Institute for Population Research
2088:, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 158–172,
1643:
1631:
1589:
1570:
1531:
1519:
1483:
1440:
1394:
1344:
1332:
1228:
818:
706:leadership signalled its support to the
418:-speaking seafarers, employed on German
3681:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
1738:, Germany: Federal Foreign Office, 2007
1191:
393:. In comparison to that, the Taiwanese
1507:
1495:
1471:
1428:
1318:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1311:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1039:Germany also boasts a small number of
151:
2068:Chinese Migrants and Internationalism
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1755:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1616:
1254:"Chinese Buddhist centers in Germany"
636:Division and reunification of Germany
7:
1845:Foreign Population - Naturalisations
687:Vietnamese people of Chinese descent
49:Regions with significant populations
1865:Oltermann, Philip (1 August 2018).
823:Number of Chinese in larger cities
615:Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission
2066:Benton, Gregor (2007), "Germany",
1547:. Wikimedia Commons. 17 March 2013
1175:Sino-German cooperation until 1941
385:expatriates living in Germany and
377:form one of the smaller groups of
14:
1061:achieving independence from China
1005:Community relations and divisions
524:, with a smaller proportion from
1149:
1135:
1121:
1088:In 2005, figures from Germany's
572:Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
381:in Europe, consisting mainly of
2205:, Routledge, pp. 309–331,
2133:, Macmillan, pp. 199–210,
2102:Christiansen, Flemming (2003),
2023:total rather than that for Asia
1079:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
664:Migration of ethnic Chinese to
357:
259:
245:
3712:Chinese expatriates in Germany
1768:Mai, Marina (7 October 2008).
791:naturalised as German citizens
588:Zirkel für chinesische Sprache
509:'s visit to Germany and other
336:
301:
282:
224:
189:
170:
1:
2264:Leung, Maggi Wai-han (2004),
2169:, Stanford University Press,
2070:, Routledge, pp. 30–37,
689:and Hong Kong residents with
590:. Chinese communists such as
2826:Democratic Republic of Congo
2219:Van Ziegert, Sylvia (2006),
2167:Germany and republican China
981:60,000 and 120,000, paid to
3717:Chinese diaspora by country
1732:"China: Cultural relations"
1075:came from Turkey to Germany
691:British National (Overseas)
406:19th century to World War I
3738:
3722:Chinese diaspora in Europe
2165:Kirby, William C. (1984),
2017:transcontinental countries
1107:
1094:People's Republic of China
1090:Federal Statistical Office
1015:Chinese democracy movement
821:
786:People's Republic of China
674:Chinese in the Netherlands
584:Communist Party of Germany
575:
3707:Asian diaspora in Germany
3675:
375:Chinese people in Germany
368:
313:
201:
159:
143:
119:
81:
53:
43:
26:
22:Chinese people in Germany
2147:Gütinger, Erich (2004),
1258:World Buddhist Directory
1170:Germany-Taiwan relations
1049:ethnic minority of China
645:, and another 67 in the
541:German overseas colonies
277:Traditional Chinese
271:Alternative Chinese name
165:Traditional Chinese
2258:10.1111/1468-2435.00245
2246:International Migration
1800:Statistisches Bundesamt
1165:China–Germany relations
738:Walther Schreiber Platz
643:Berlin's western sector
496:Netherlands East Indies
492:Prussian Foreign Office
436:Social Democratic Party
432:Seeberufsgenossenschaft
296:Simplified Chinese
184:Simplified Chinese
2313:Immigration to Germany
622:attack on Pearl Harbor
2131:The Chinese in Europe
1108:Further information:
1063:; they remigrated to
518:Chinese United League
450:" as farm workers in
139:Related ethnic groups
3434:United Arab Emirates
3326:Straits-Born Chinese
2433:From the Middle East
84:varieties of Chinese
3679:overseas department
2985:Trinidad and Tobago
1736:Bilateral relations
1209:on 9 December 2017.
972:Illegal immigration
740:, as well as along
710:'s handling of the
549:corporal punishment
23:
3687:Hong Kong Diaspora
2955:Dominican Republic
2151:, Waxmann Verlag,
1931:, pp. 245–246
1919:, pp. 206–207
1895:, pp. 199–200
1709:, pp. 162–163
1300:on 18 October 2013
712:Tiananmen massacre
657:(ROC) and did not
545:German East Africa
260:Dak1gwok3 Waa4jan4
3694:
3693:
3633:
3613:
3612:
3532:
3442:
3441:
3321:Chinese nationals
3248:Peranakan Chinese
3150:
3149:
3063:by city and state
3059:
3052:
3018:
3011:
2924:
2923:
2831:Republic of Congo
2668:
2667:
2617:From the Americas
2537:From Asia-Pacific
2275:978-3-88939-712-6
2230:978-0-415-97890-3
2212:978-0-415-36502-4
2194:978-0-7425-1756-1
2176:978-0-8047-1209-5
2158:978-3-8309-1457-0
2140:978-0-312-17526-9
2113:978-0-7007-1072-0
2095:978-0-7546-1793-8
2077:978-0-415-41868-3
2004:Christiansen 2003
1992:Christiansen 2003
1980:Christiansen 2003
1968:Christiansen 2003
1956:Christiansen 2003
1944:Christiansen 2003
1605:Christiansen 2003
969:
968:
651:Republic of China
562:German New Guinea
536:to reach Berlin.
401:Migration history
372:
371:
364:
363:
352:Yale Romanization
324:Standard Mandarin
266:
265:
240:Yale Romanization
212:Standard Mandarin
150:
149:
110:not widely spoken
59:Frankfurt am Main
3729:
3657:Papua New Guinea
3627:
3528:
3451:
3159:
3055:
3048:
3022:British Columbia
3014:
3007:
2933:
2713:
2702:Overseas Chinese
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2278:
2260:
2233:
2215:
2197:
2179:
2161:
2143:
2125:
2116:
2098:
2080:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2030:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1683:Van Ziegert 2006
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:, pp. 31–32
1469:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1296:. Archived from
1290:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1241:Van Ziegert 2006
1238:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1205:. Archived from
1199:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1051:who live in the
987:people smugglers
819:
746:Grunewaldstrasse
699:Vertragsarbeiter
661:PRC until 1972.
609:to fight in the
511:Western European
379:overseas Chinese
360:
359:
339:
338:
315:
309:
308:
290:
289:
262:
261:
248:
247:
227:
226:
203:
197:
196:
178:
177:
152:
145:Overseas Chinese
39:Total population
31:
24:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3671:
3609:
3568:
3542:
3475:
3438:
3407:
3376:
3253:Bangka-Belitung
3243:Benteng Chinese
3204:
3178:
3146:
3095:
3069:
2989:
2920:
2835:
2809:
2778:
2742:
2704:
2699:
2669:
2664:
2638:
2612:
2532:
2501:
2428:
2315:
2310:
2276:
2263:
2243:
2240:
2238:Further reading
2231:
2218:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2182:
2177:
2164:
2159:
2146:
2141:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2101:
2096:
2083:
2078:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1827:www.destatis.de
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1294:"Archived copy"
1292:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1057:northwest China
1007:
974:
782:
754:
742:Albrechtstrasse
730:
725:
670:British Chinese
638:
580:
574:
464:Friedrich Syrup
408:
403:
358:Dākgwok Wàhkìuh
246:Dākgwok Wàhyàhn
86:(predominantly
34:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:from Hong Kong
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Czech Republic
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3530:from Hong Kong
3524:United Kingdom
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3050:from Hong Kong
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3012:
3009:from Hong Kong
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2261:
2252:(3): 155–185,
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2216:
2211:
2198:
2193:
2180:
2175:
2162:
2157:
2144:
2139:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2099:
2094:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2044:on 10 May 2007
2025:
2015:Excluding the
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1857:
1832:
1813:
1787:
1760:
1748:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1648:
1636:
1621:
1609:
1594:
1575:
1558:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1445:
1433:
1418:
1399:
1387:
1368:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1285:
1270:
1245:
1233:
1212:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:Germany portal
1146:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1104:Notable people
1102:
1092:showed 71,639
1006:
1003:
973:
970:
967:
966:
963:
958:
954:
953:
950:
945:
941:
940:
937:
932:
928:
927:
924:
919:
915:
914:
911:
906:
902:
901:
898:
893:
889:
888:
885:
880:
876:
875:
872:
867:
863:
862:
859:
854:
850:
849:
846:
841:
837:
836:
833:
830:
826:
825:
781:
778:
753:
750:
729:
726:
724:
723:Socioeconomics
721:
647:eastern sector
637:
634:
576:Main article:
573:
570:
407:
404:
402:
399:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
354:
348:
347:
345:Yue: Cantonese
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:Transcriptions
311:
310:
298:
292:
291:
279:
273:
272:
268:
267:
264:
263:
256:
250:
249:
242:
236:
235:
233:Yue: Cantonese
229:
228:
221:
215:
214:
208:
207:
206:Transcriptions
199:
198:
186:
180:
179:
167:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:Chinese German
148:
147:
141:
140:
136:
135:
117:
116:
112:
111:
79:
78:
74:
73:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3734:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
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3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
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3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:United States
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
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2978:
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2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
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2946:
2943:
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2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
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2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
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2511:
2510:
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2495:
2493:
2490:
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2473:
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2437:
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2402:
2400:
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2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
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2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2223:, CRC Press,
2222:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:, Routledge,
2105:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1970:, p. 163
1969:
1964:
1961:
1958:, p. 162
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:, p. 164
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:, p. 202
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1758:, p. 165
1757:
1752:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1721:, p. 163
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:, p. 324
1696:
1691:
1688:
1685:, p. 153
1684:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1646:, p. 205
1645:
1644:Gütinger 1998
1640:
1637:
1634:, p. 204
1633:
1632:Gütinger 1998
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:, p. 245
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:, p. 203
1591:
1590:Gütinger 1998
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:, p. 199
1572:
1571:Gütinger 1998
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1534:, p. 202
1533:
1532:Gütinger 1998
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:Gütinger 1998
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:, p. 201
1485:
1484:Gütinger 1998
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:Gütinger 2004
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1397:, p. 197
1396:
1395:Gütinger 1998
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:Gütinger 2004
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:Gütinger 2004
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1243:, p. 162
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:, p. 206
1230:
1229:Gütinger 1998
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1144:
1143:Taiwan portal
1133:
1130:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:triad members
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
971:
964:
962:
959:
956:
955:
951:
949:
946:
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
779:
777:
774:
772:
768:
763:
762:Deng Xiaoping
759:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
727:
722:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
694:
692:
688:
683:
679:
678:PRC nationals
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
635:
633:
631:
627:
624:in 1941, the
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
596:Liao Chengzhi
593:
589:
585:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:North America
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:coal trimmers
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
367:
355:
353:
349:
346:
342:
337:Déguó Huáqiáo
334:
332:
328:
325:
321:
316:
312:
307:
304:
299:
297:
293:
288:
285:
280:
278:
274:
269:
257:
255:
251:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
222:
220:
216:
213:
209:
204:
200:
195:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
146:
142:
137:
134:
133:Non-adherence
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:
25:
16:
3682:
3503:
2904:Johannesburg
2899:South Africa
2886:
2650:Afro-Germans
2553:
2450:Azerbaijanis
2389:Montenegrins
2265:
2249:
2245:
2220:
2202:
2184:
2166:
2148:
2130:
2121:
2103:
2085:
2067:
2046:, retrieved
2042:the original
2037:
2028:
2011:
2006:, p. 35
1999:
1994:, p. 36
1987:
1982:, p. 34
1975:
1963:
1951:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:The Guardian
1870:
1860:
1849:, retrieved
1844:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1780:26 September
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1763:
1751:
1740:, retrieved
1735:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1639:
1612:
1607:, p. 28
1549:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:
1515:
1510:, p. 35
1503:
1498:, p. 33
1491:
1479:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1443:, p. 59
1436:
1431:, p. 31
1412:
1408:
1402:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1347:, p. 60
1340:
1335:, p. 63
1328:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1288:
1283:, p. 30
1262:, retrieved
1257:
1248:
1236:
1207:the original
1129:China portal
1087:
1070:gastarbeiter
1068:
1038:
1034:Bild-Zeitung
1033:
1029:mystery meat
1020:Bild-Zeitung
1018:
1008:
999:PRC passport
975:
822:
807:
783:
775:
755:
735:
731:
716:Lin Hanxiong
697:
695:
666:West Germany
663:
639:
619:
600:
587:
581:
538:
504:
488:Yellow Peril
445:
431:
409:
374:
373:
331:Hanyu Pinyin
225:Déguó Huárén
219:Hanyu Pinyin
127:, Conscious
125:Christianity
18:Ethnic group
15:
3652:New Zealand
3519:Netherlands
3343:Phuket Baba
3304:Philippines
3275:Sino-Native
3057:from Taiwan
3016:from Taiwan
2975:Puerto Rico
2544:Australians
2506:From Africa
2384:Macedonians
2379:Lithuanians
2320:From Europe
1821:publisher.
1802:(in German)
1776:(in German)
1774:Der Spiegel
1668:21 December
1664:(in German)
1508:Benton 2007
1496:Benton 2007
1472:Benton 2007
1461:(4): 90–93.
1429:Benton 2007
1415:(4): 81–86.
1304:26 February
1281:Benton 2007
771:home-school
758:Helmut Kohl
693:passports.
682:Berlin Wall
507:Sun Yat-sen
3701:Categories
3388:Bangladesh
3355:Minh Hương
3233:East Timor
3174:Kyrgyzstan
3169:Kazakhstan
3081:Costa Rica
2894:Seychelles
2877:Mozambique
2862:Madagascar
2754:Cape Verde
2629:Brazilians
2601:Vietnamese
2591:Pakistanis
2574:Düsseldorf
2518:Ghanaians
2424:Ukrainians
2399:Portuguese
2364:Hungarians
2349:Bulgarians
2048:22 October
2038:Population
1929:Leung 2003
1917:Giese 1999
1905:Giese 1999
1893:Giese 1999
1851:21 October
1756:Cheng 2002
1742:21 October
1719:Cheng 2002
1707:Cheng 2002
1695:Leung 2005
1617:Leung 2003
1455:Comparativ
1409:Comparativ
1384:(4): 89 f.
1378:Comparativ
1365:(4): 89 f.
1359:Comparativ
1264:12 October
1181:References
1055:region in
1047:-speaking
983:snakeheads
896:Düsseldorf
789:nationals
780:Population
728:Employment
500:Kiautschou
452:East Elbia
420:steamships
3625:Australia
3403:Sri Lanka
3316:Singapore
3238:Indonesia
3209:Southeast
3142:Venezuela
3107:Argentina
3086:Nicaragua
3026:Vancouver
2937:Caribbean
2872:Mauritius
2624:Americans
2559:Filipinos
2523:Moroccans
2513:Eritreans
2455:Georgians
2445:Assyrians
2440:Armenians
2419:Spaniards
2404:Romanians
2354:Croatians
2327:Albanians
1806:4 January
1098:East Asia
985:(Chinese
948:Karlsruhe
909:Stuttgart
883:Frankfurt
803:Indonesia
795:Singapore
767:Stuttgart
760:in 1987,
752:Education
630:work camp
611:Civil War
557:Hong Kong
553:Singapore
502:, China.
484:Pomerania
476:Australia
440:Reichstag
416:Cantonese
412:Guangdong
100:Cantonese
82:Numerous
77:Languages
63:Ruhr Area
3683:See also
3580:Bulgaria
3559:Portugal
3547:Southern
3454:Northern
3398:Pakistan
3338:Chin Haw
3333:Thailand
3265:Malaysia
3221:Cambodia
3200:Mongolia
3132:Suriname
2980:Suriname
2929:Americas
2916:Zimbabwe
2852:Botswana
2840:Southern
2821:Cameroon
2800:Tanzania
2790:Ethiopia
2634:Mexicans
2569:Japanese
2487:Lebanese
2467:Iranians
2409:Russians
2374:Latvians
2369:Italians
2332:Bosniaks
1878:1 August
1314:cite web
1115:See also
1083:Cold War
1053:Xinjiang
1025:dog meat
995:Zhejiang
991:Qingtian
814:Duisburg
810:Duisburg
799:Malaysia
526:Zhejiang
522:Shandong
254:Jyutping
121:Buddhism
115:Religion
88:Mandarin
3618:Oceania
3590:Romania
3573:Eastern
3514:Ireland
3509:Hungary
3504:Germany
3487:Belgium
3480:Western
3466:Finland
3461:Denmark
3370:San Diu
3350:Vietnam
3309:Sangley
3292:Panthay
3282:Myanmar
3226:Hokkien
3162:Central
3137:Uruguay
3074:Central
3032:Toronto
2970:Jamaica
2888:Réunion
2882:Namibia
2857:Lesotho
2814:Central
2774:Senegal
2769:Nigeria
2738:Morocco
2723:Algeria
2586:Nepalis
2581:Koreans
2564:Indians
2554:Chinese
2549:Afghans
2528:Somalis
2492:Syrians
2481:Yazidis
2337:Britons
2060:Sources
1041:Uyghurs
961:Cologne
870:Hamburg
848:13,293
835:People
626:Gestapo
456:Prussia
454:, i.e.
448:coolies
424:stokers
383:Chinese
129:Atheism
108:English
92:Hokkien
71:Hamburg
44:212,000
3642:Hawaii
3605:Turkey
3600:Serbia
3595:Russia
3536:London
3492:France
3471:Sweden
3447:Europe
3429:Turkey
3424:Israel
3287:Kokang
3216:Brunei
3122:Guyana
3112:Brazil
3091:Panama
3039:Mexico
3003:Canada
2960:Guyana
2945:Belize
2911:Zambia
2867:Malawi
2847:Angola
2805:Uganda
2709:Africa
2606:Berlin
2596:Tamils
2472:Iraqis
2359:Greeks
2272:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2173:
2155:
2137:
2110:
2092:
2074:
2021:Europe
1065:Munich
1045:Turkic
965:2,198
952:2,542
939:2,791
935:Aachen
926:3,047
913:3,134
900:4,175
887:4,632
874:6,235
861:9,240
857:Munich
844:Berlin
655:Taiwan
592:Zhu De
534:Poland
530:Russia
468:Weimar
387:German
104:German
98:, and
67:Munich
55:Berlin
3667:Tonga
3662:Samoa
3647:Palau
3564:Spain
3554:Italy
3497:Paris
3393:India
3381:South
3297:Pashu
3195:Korea
3190:Japan
3117:Chile
3100:South
2995:North
2965:Haiti
2795:Kenya
2759:Ghana
2733:Libya
2728:Egypt
2716:North
2655:Arabs
2643:Other
2497:Turks
2477:Kurds
2414:Serbs
2394:Poles
2342:Irish
1551:4 May
1186:Notes
922:Essen
607:Spain
566:Samoa
460:Poles
3637:Fiji
3419:Iran
3412:West
3365:Nùng
3360:Ngái
3260:Laos
3183:East
3155:Asia
3127:Peru
2950:Cuba
2783:East
2764:Mali
2747:West
2660:Roma
2460:Lazs
2270:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2050:2008
1880:2018
1853:2008
1808:2022
1782:2012
1744:2008
1670:2022
1662:WELT
1553:2016
1320:link
1306:2014
1266:2008
1073:who
1043:, a
832:City
801:and
744:and
672:and
594:and
555:and
547:but
532:and
515:Qing
478:and
472:Nazi
470:and
395:OCAC
3677:An
2254:doi
979:RMB
957:10.
708:CCP
704:SED
653:on
422:as
102:),
3703::
3685::
2250:41
2248:,
2036:,
1936:^
1869:.
1843:,
1825:.
1798:.
1772:.
1734:,
1660:.
1624:^
1597:^
1578:^
1561:^
1459:13
1457:.
1421:^
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1382:13
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1363:13
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1316:}}
1312:{{
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918:7.
905:6.
892:5.
879:4.
866:3.
853:2.
840:1.
805:.
797:,
426:,
306:华侨
303:德国
287:華僑
284:德國
194:华人
191:德国
175:華人
172:德國
131:,
123:,
106:;
96:Wu
94:,
90:,
69:,
65:,
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1308:.
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