359:
399:
30:
269:. These sojourners stayed in Ghana for periods ranging from a few years to several decades, but they never came to consider Ghana their home. The migrants consisted largely of men who came to Ghana alone and worked as employees in Chinese-owned factories, while their families remained behind in Hong Kong. Originally, they were concentrated in western Ghana, but after Ghana achieved independence, the
304:
began arriving just as the Hong Kong migrants were flowing out. Migration from mainland China intensified in the 1990s; some came as employees, but most were independent traders running import-export businesses or restaurants. The sources of migration have also expanded; whereas earlier migrants came
386:
arrested over 100 Chinese people in a single day, due to
Chinese engagement in illegal gold mining; in response, forty-one Chinese businesspeople signed an open letter of protest to the Immigration Department. They attributed the sudden crackdown to the government's desire to protect local merchants
381:
Local traders have protested against the influx of
Chinese traders selling imported goods, and accuse them of breaking investment laws. In late 2007, local traders organised protests in Accra which accused the Chinese of unfair competition and trading in fields for which they were not qualified. In
369:
The
Chinese population in Ghana itself are largely transitory, and there is some resistance among them to the idea that they belong to a "community". Most of the migrants came with the intention of seeing the world and making money, rather than settling down in Ghana. In order to obtain Ghanaian
337:
producing cooking implements, and imitation wax print clothing. The owners of these ventures rarely visited Ghana. In the 1990s and 2000s, large
Chinese companies became active in Ghana's construction sector, while individual Chinese traders gained a large amount of influence in retailing of
291:
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, some of the Hong Kong migrants began to bring their wives and children over to Ghana. Migrants from
Shanghai also began to arrive round this time. Due to further political unrest in the 1970s and 1980s, including two coups by
284:(PRC) for a brief period in the 1960s. The PRC provided a variety of military assistance to Ghana in the 1960s, including a loan for an arms factory in 1962 (which was never constructed) and the dispatch of military advisors in 1964. After the
729:
Ghana: Whether a
Chinese citizen who has resided in Ghana since 1991 can obtain Ghanaian citizenship without the knowledge of a Ghanaian language; treatment of Chinese in Ghana and any available protection
915:
584:
814:
Kohnert, Dirk (11–17 July 2010), "Drivers of change or cut-throat competitors? Challenging
Cultures of Innovation of Chinese and Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs in West Africa",
1968:
342:
300,000, as long as it employs 10 local citizens, subject to maintenance of a certain minimum volume of trade. More recently, other
Chinese are engaged in small-scale
338:
textiles, electrical appliances, and daily-use goods. Under the Ghana
Investment Promotion Act of 1994, any foreigner can open a retail business with an investment of
841:
1281:
734:
2326:
288:
which overthrew
Nkrumah's government, Ghana expelled 430 PRC nationals, including three intelligence officers and thirteen guerrilla warfare specialists.
1683:
942:
358:
1204:
273:
government began implementing plans to promote development in the eastern part of the country, and as a result, they began moving towards Accra and
750:
1080:
1779:
1312:
1275:
1271:
1961:
1834:
1234:
893:
2321:
709:
592:
1906:
1502:
1224:
784:
1768:
2311:
2316:
1977:
1954:
1570:
935:
347:
136:
1891:
1288:
617:
281:
150:
1637:
1482:
1423:
1418:
1330:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1003:
285:
1153:
785:"Gemeinschaften im Fluss: Chinesische Netzwerke in Ghana/The Doing and Undoing of Community: Chinese networks in Ghana"
495:
382:
turn, Chinese migrants complain of arbitrary treatment by Ghana's police. On one day in February 2009, officers of the
1785:
1652:
2263:
1936:
1829:
1808:
1746:
1741:
1647:
1642:
1449:
1165:
1101:
1070:
1049:
1039:
761:
417:
1763:
1753:
1736:
1715:
1710:
1531:
1386:
1131:
1106:
1075:
1023:
1018:
987:
972:
928:
383:
370:
nationality, one must be married to a citizen of Ghana or be able to speak and understand one of the indigenous
2278:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1758:
1720:
1678:
1673:
1465:
1340:
1194:
1160:
1116:
1096:
1054:
863:
815:
375:
1813:
1803:
1444:
1439:
1366:
1044:
982:
977:
265:
origin. They began arriving in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when both territories were still part of the
1901:
1668:
1148:
1013:
727:
330:
1879:
765:
297:
329:
The earliest Hong Kong migrants were employed in a variety of industries in Ghana, including a failed
1565:
1137:
422:
339:
1928:
1874:
1487:
1391:
1335:
1306:
1299:
1265:
1258:
713:
622:
1839:
1599:
1381:
1361:
1356:
1229:
867:
371:
2120:
1514:
1475:
1470:
1376:
1293:
1252:
1219:
1186:
835:
796:
314:
675:
1916:
1911:
1896:
1553:
1371:
1214:
1209:
1143:
951:
173:
90:
80:
64:
1604:
2283:
2187:
2167:
1886:
1773:
1509:
1492:
412:
206:
198:
95:
1614:
471:
29:
2268:
2248:
2147:
2088:
2083:
2041:
1619:
1609:
1199:
363:
301:
293:
266:
250:
911:
2305:
2253:
2192:
2177:
2115:
2051:
2031:
2026:
2006:
1536:
1244:
871:
404:
270:
224:
216:
100:
2288:
2258:
2243:
2233:
2182:
2172:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2093:
2073:
2061:
2056:
1996:
1991:
1582:
180:
105:
296:, many of the Chinese migrants returned to Hong Kong. However, with the economic
2238:
2212:
2068:
2046:
2021:
2001:
1524:
343:
280:
Aside from individual migrants, there was also an official contingent from the
2202:
2108:
2098:
1592:
1575:
1546:
1519:
1497:
394:
800:
374:. The Chinese who have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired
306:
305:
mostly from Hong Kong or Shanghai, later Chinese migrants have arrived from
262:
246:
85:
627:
703:
2197:
2157:
2152:
2103:
2078:
1946:
1587:
334:
472:"加纳商界的上海人朱亦念/Zhu Yinian, a Shanghai person in Ghana's world of commerce"
2162:
1558:
1541:
318:
56:
920:
2036:
2016:
2011:
357:
310:
52:
2217:
2207:
274:
60:
1950:
924:
906:
866:
one is required to be able to speak and understand one of the
618:"Ghana: 'You Have To Speak Up When Competition Destroys You'"
912:
Pictures from the 2009 Chinese New Year celebration in Ghana
751:"Living Transitions: A Primer to Chinese Presence in Ghana"
261:
The earliest ethnic Chinese migrants to Ghana were of
185:
245:
dates back to the 1940s. Originally, most came from
2226:
1984:
1867:
1822:
1796:
1729:
1703:
1696:
1661:
1630:
1458:
1432:
1411:
1404:
1349:
1323:
1243:
1185:
1178:
1089:
1063:
1032:
996:
965:
958:
223:
215:
205:
197:
179:
172:
167:
149:
135:
130:
121:
70:
46:
36:
890:Living in Liminality: Chinese Migrancy in Ghana
578:
576:
378:, which is granted without any discrimination.
1962:
936:
735:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
674:Yan, Shanjun; Zhang, Yaoqing (2 April 2009),
155:
141:
8:
646:
644:
22:
1969:
1955:
1947:
1700:
1408:
1182:
962:
943:
929:
921:
840:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
164:
21:
1520:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
585:"China and India conquering Ghana market"
496:"Africa-China Relationship: Gains So Far"
1931:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
907:Ghana Central-China Chamber of Commerce
855:
650:
519:
438:
833:
702:Berry, La Verle, ed. (November 1994),
611:
609:
551:
549:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
465:
463:
461:
387:in the face of the worsening economy.
118:
749:Ho, Conal Guan-Yow (February 2008a),
662:
567:
448:
446:
444:
442:
7:
894:University of California, Santa Cruz
47:Regions with significant populations
42:Various speculative estimates, 7,000
555:
540:
452:
346:, as well as providing funding and
2327:Ghanaian people of Chinese descent
14:
616:Kokutse, Francis (31 July 2008),
397:
28:
16:Ethnic Chinese who live in Ghana
916:PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs
583:Ameyaw, Debra (19 April 2008),
186:
156:
142:
1:
470:Aosa, Liuying (August 2006),
1076:Democratic Republic of Congo
783:Ho, Conal Guan-Yow (2008b),
888:Ho, Conal Guan-Yow (2012),
2345:
2322:Chinese diaspora in Africa
762:University of Stellenbosch
300:in the PRC, migrants from
282:People's Republic of China
1925:
354:Integration and community
253:began only in the 1980s.
235:
163:
126:
75:
51:
41:
27:
2279:Gold Coast Euro-Africans
137:Traditional Chinese
2312:Asian diaspora in Ghana
817:17th ISA World Congress
325:Business and employment
243:Chinese people in Ghana
151:Simplified Chinese
122:Chinese people in Ghana
23:Chinese people in Ghana
2317:Ethnic groups in Ghana
1978:Ethnic groups in Ghana
892:, Ph.D. dissertation,
764:: 9–11, archived from
476:Xinhua Monthly Tianxia
384:Immigration Department
366:
333:venture, a factory in
823:, Goethenburg, Sweden
418:China–Ghana relations
361:
298:reform and opening up
1684:United Arab Emirates
1576:Straits-Born Chinese
864:Ghanaian citizenship
423:Chinatowns in Africa
376:Ghanaian citizenship
364:taking taxi in Ghana
1929:overseas department
1235:Trinidad and Tobago
714:Library of Congress
623:Inter Press Service
595:on 1 September 2011
24:
1937:Hong Kong Diaspora
1205:Dominican Republic
868:languages of Ghana
630:on 21 January 2009
502:, 17 November 2009
372:languages of Ghana
367:
2297:
2296:
2264:African Americans
1944:
1943:
1883:
1863:
1862:
1782:
1692:
1691:
1571:Chinese nationals
1498:Peranakan Chinese
1400:
1399:
1313:by city and state
1309:
1302:
1268:
1261:
1174:
1173:
1081:Republic of Congo
862:In order to gain
758:The China Monitor
712:, United States:
350:to other miners.
315:Republic of China
257:Migration history
249:; migration from
239:
238:
193:
192:
174:Standard Mandarin
117:
116:
2334:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1907:Papua New Guinea
1877:
1778:
1701:
1409:
1305:
1298:
1272:British Columbia
1264:
1257:
1183:
963:
952:Overseas Chinese
945:
938:
931:
922:
896:
875:
870:, predominately
860:
845:
839:
831:
830:
828:
822:
810:
809:
807:
779:
778:
776:
770:
755:
745:
744:
742:
723:
722:
720:
690:
689:
688:
686:
676:"金融危机来袭非洲华商近况堪忧"
671:
665:
660:
654:
648:
639:
638:
637:
635:
626:, archived from
613:
604:
603:
602:
600:
591:, archived from
589:Voices of Africa
580:
571:
565:
559:
553:
544:
538:
523:
517:
511:
510:
509:
507:
492:
486:
485:
484:
482:
467:
456:
450:
407:
402:
401:
400:
189:
188:
165:
159:
158:
145:
144:
119:
65:Sekondi-Takoradi
37:Total population
32:
25:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2222:
1980:
1975:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1921:
1859:
1818:
1792:
1725:
1688:
1657:
1626:
1503:Bangka-Belitung
1493:Benteng Chinese
1454:
1428:
1396:
1345:
1319:
1239:
1170:
1085:
1059:
1028:
992:
954:
949:
903:
887:
884:
882:Further reading
879:
878:
861:
857:
852:
832:
826:
824:
820:
813:
805:
803:
782:
774:
772:
771:on 26 July 2011
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710:Country Studies
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500:ModernGhana.com
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413:Ghanaian people
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348:heavy equipment
331:tobacco-growing
327:
313:as well as the
259:
230:
113:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
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2295:
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2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2227:Non-indigenous
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
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2145:
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2106:
2096:
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2081:
2076:
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2066:
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2054:
2049:
2044:
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2034:
2029:
2024:
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2014:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
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1966:
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1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:from Hong Kong
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:Czech Republic
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1780:from Hong Kong
1774:United Kingdom
1771:
1766:
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1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
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1507:
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1478:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
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1442:
1436:
1434:
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1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
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1394:
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1379:
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1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1300:from Hong Kong
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1262:
1259:from Hong Kong
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
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1169:
1168:
1163:
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901:External links
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737:, October 2001
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302:mainland China
294:Jerry Rawlings
267:British Empire
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251:mainland China
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1838:
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1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
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1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
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1728:
1722:
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1714:
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1699:
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1677:
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1654:
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1598:
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1577:
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1567:
1564:
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1533:
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1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1508:
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1501:
1499:
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1481:
1477:
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1472:
1469:
1467:
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1457:
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1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
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1410:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
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1348:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:United States
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
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1233:
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1228:
1226:
1223:
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1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
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1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
927:
926:
923:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
873:
872:Akan language
869:
865:
859:
856:
849:
843:
837:
819:
818:
812:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:China Aktuell
786:
781:
767:
763:
759:
752:
747:
736:
732:
731:
725:
715:
711:
707:
706:
700:
699:
695:
681:
677:
670:
667:
664:
659:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
629:
625:
624:
619:
612:
610:
606:
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
501:
497:
491:
488:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
445:
443:
439:
433:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:Africa portal
395:
390:
388:
385:
379:
377:
373:
365:
360:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
271:Kwame Nkrumah
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
241:Migration of
234:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:Sino-Ghanéens
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
166:
162:
154:
152:
148:
140:
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
35:
31:
26:
2299:
2273:
1932:
1154:Johannesburg
1149:South Africa
1136:
1008:
889:
858:
825:, retrieved
816:
804:, retrieved
795:(3): 46–77,
792:
788:
773:, retrieved
766:the original
757:
739:, retrieved
728:
717:, retrieved
704:
683:, retrieved
679:
669:
658:
653:, p. 11
651:Kohnert 2010
632:, retrieved
628:the original
621:
597:, retrieved
593:the original
588:
563:
558:, p. 46
543:, p. 10
522:, p. 10
520:Kohnert 2010
515:
504:, retrieved
499:
490:
479:, retrieved
475:
380:
368:
328:
290:
279:
260:
242:
240:
229:Nkɔmbɔtwetwe
187:Jiānà Huárén
181:Hanyu Pinyin
131:Chinese name
19:Ethnic group
1902:New Zealand
1769:Netherlands
1593:Phuket Baba
1554:Philippines
1525:Sino-Native
1307:from Taiwan
1266:from Taiwan
1225:Puerto Rico
914:, from the
730:(1999-2001)
455:, p. 9
344:gold mining
231:China Gaana
2306:Categories
2121:Ga-Adangbe
2109:Avenor Ewe
1985:Indigenous
1638:Bangladesh
1605:Minh Hương
1483:East Timor
1424:Kyrgyzstan
1419:Kazakhstan
1331:Costa Rica
1144:Seychelles
1127:Mozambique
1112:Madagascar
1004:Cape Verde
663:UNHCR 2001
568:Berry 1994
429:References
1875:Australia
1653:Sri Lanka
1566:Singapore
1488:Indonesia
1459:Southeast
1392:Venezuela
1357:Argentina
1336:Nicaragua
1276:Vancouver
1187:Caribbean
1122:Mauritius
850:Footnotes
801:0943-7533
680:Sina News
307:Guangdong
286:1966 coup
263:Hong Kong
247:Hong Kong
86:Cantonese
71:Languages
2198:Tallensi
2188:Mamprusi
2168:Konkomba
2158:Karamogo
2153:Jakhanke
2104:Anlo Ewe
2079:Chumburu
1933:See also
1830:Bulgaria
1809:Portugal
1797:Southern
1704:Northern
1648:Pakistan
1588:Chin Haw
1583:Thailand
1515:Malaysia
1471:Cambodia
1450:Mongolia
1382:Suriname
1230:Suriname
1179:Americas
1166:Zimbabwe
1102:Botswana
1090:Southern
1071:Cameroon
1050:Tanzania
1040:Ethiopia
836:citation
556:Ho 2008b
541:Ho 2008a
453:Ho 2008a
391:See also
362:Chinese
335:Takoradi
81:Mandarin
2284:Indians
2274:Chinese
2249:Soninke
2163:Kassena
2148:Gurunsi
2089:Dagomba
2084:Dagaaba
2042:Avatime
2032:Ashanti
1868:Oceania
1840:Romania
1823:Eastern
1764:Ireland
1759:Hungary
1754:Germany
1737:Belgium
1730:Western
1716:Finland
1711:Denmark
1620:San Diu
1600:Vietnam
1559:Sangley
1542:Panthay
1532:Myanmar
1476:Hokkien
1412:Central
1387:Uruguay
1324:Central
1282:Toronto
1220:Jamaica
1138:Réunion
1132:Namibia
1107:Lesotho
1064:Central
1024:Senegal
1019:Nigeria
988:Morocco
973:Algeria
806:3 April
775:3 April
741:3 April
719:6 April
696:Sources
685:6 April
634:6 April
599:6 April
570:, Ch. 5
506:22 June
481:1 April
91:English
79:Mainly
2254:Yoruba
2193:Nafana
2178:Kusasi
2116:Frafra
2069:Bimoba
2052:Evalue
2027:Ahanta
2007:Abidji
1892:Hawaii
1855:Turkey
1850:Serbia
1845:Russia
1786:London
1742:France
1721:Sweden
1697:Europe
1679:Turkey
1674:Israel
1537:Kokang
1466:Brunei
1372:Guyana
1362:Brazil
1341:Panama
1289:Mexico
1253:Canada
1210:Guyana
1195:Belize
1161:Zambia
1117:Malawi
1097:Angola
1055:Uganda
959:Africa
827:6 July
799:
760:(26),
319:Taiwan
207:French
199:French
110:Others
96:French
57:Kumasi
2289:Tabom
2269:Arabs
2259:Zarma
2244:Mossi
2234:Hausa
2183:Logba
2173:Krobo
2141:Kyode
2136:Gonja
2131:Efutu
2126:Guang
2094:Dyula
2074:Bissa
2062:Nzema
2057:Fante
2037:Assin
2017:Akyem
2012:Ahafo
1997:Agave
1992:Adele
1917:Tonga
1912:Samoa
1897:Palau
1814:Spain
1804:Italy
1747:Paris
1643:India
1631:South
1547:Pashu
1445:Korea
1440:Japan
1367:Chile
1350:South
1245:North
1215:Haiti
1045:Kenya
1009:Ghana
983:Libya
978:Egypt
966:North
821:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
754:(PDF)
705:Ghana
434:Notes
311:Henan
53:Accra
2239:Fula
2218:Yeji
2213:Wala
2208:Tshi
2047:Bono
2022:Anyi
2002:Akan
1887:Fiji
1669:Iran
1662:West
1615:Nùng
1610:Ngái
1510:Laos
1433:East
1405:Asia
1377:Peru
1200:Cuba
1033:East
1014:Mali
997:West
842:link
829:2012
808:2009
797:ISSN
793:2008
777:2009
743:2009
721:2009
687:2009
636:2009
601:2009
508:2012
483:2009
340:US$
309:and
275:Tema
225:Akan
219:name
217:Akan
201:name
157:加纳华人
143:加納華人
101:Akan
61:Tema
2203:Tem
2099:Ewe
1927:An
317:on
106:Twi
2308::
1935::
838:}}
834:{{
791:,
787:,
756:,
733:,
708:,
678:,
643:^
620:,
608:^
587:,
575:^
548:^
527:^
498:,
474:,
460:^
441:^
321:.
277:.
63:,
59:,
55:,
1970:e
1963:t
1956:v
1882:)
1878:(
1278:)
1274:(
944:e
937:t
930:v
874:.
844:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
