513:
981:; quote: "To cope with the ubiquitous hong huzi, the Khudyakovs erected watchtowers, dug underground bunkers, and kept their power dry, enabling them to repulse periodic assaults. Less provident homesteaders took fatal risks. One day in 1879 a Finnish sea captain, Fridolf Heeck, returned to his home at Sidemi on an Amur Bay peninsula opposite Vladivostok to find the house in ruins, his common-law wife and manservant slaughtered, and his seven-year-old son abducted. What befell the Khudayakov and Heeck families threatened isolated southern Primorye settlements well into the twentieth century."
912:; quote: "Probably the first clash between the Russians and Chinese occurred in 1868. It was called the Manza War, Manzovskaia voina. "Manzy" was the Russian name for the Chinese population in those years. In 1868, the local Russian government decided to close down goldfields near Vladivostok, in the Gulf of Peter the Great, where 1,000 Chinese were employed. The Chinese decided that they did not want to go back, and resisted. The first clash occurred when the Chinese were removed from Askold Island, ..."
524:, merely 34,500 residents of Russia (both Russian and foreign citizens) self-identified as ethnic Chinese, about half of them in Western Russia (mostly Moscow). In the opinion of many Russian demographers, the census number may be an undercount; Russian demographers consider the estimate of 200,000 to 400,000, or at the very most 500,000, as the most reliable. For example, Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya, the chief of the Population Migration Laboratory of the National Economic Forecasting Institute of
1782:"МИГРАЦИЯ ВЫШЛА ИЗ ТЕНИ. На вопросы Виталия КУРЕННОГО отвечает заведующая лабораторией миграции населения Института народно-хозяйственного прогнозирования РАН Жанна ЗАЙОНЧКОВСКАЯ (Migration has left the shadows. Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya, Director of the Population Migration Laboratory of the National Economy Forecasting Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, answers Vitaly Kurrenoy's questions)"
1904:
170:
385:
451:, who were already considered a separate ethnic group. This was accompanied by a broader campaign to raise literacy among Chinese workers, estimated at just one-third in 1923. By the 1930s, there were ten state elementary schools, one vocational secondary school, one college, and two evening schools using Chinese as their medium of instruction.
592:, where they form an important part of the province's strategy to gain access to natural resources in Russia to fuel their own economic development. Between 1988 and 2003, 133,000 contract workers from Heilongjiang went to work in Russia; most were employed in construction and agriculture. Though some immigrants come from
553:
and those in the
Russian Far East. The community in Moscow was believed to have been the largest as of 2002, numbering 20,000 to 25,000 people; Chinese community leaders give even higher estimates in the 30,000 to 40,000 range. They come from most provinces of China. Moscow has the highest proportion
666:
by the
Russians. Russian newspapers began to publish speculation that between two and five million Chinese migrants actually resided in the Russian Far East, and predicted that half of the population of Russia would be Chinese by 2050. Russians typically believe that Chinese come to Russia with the
646:
rolled on fruitlessly, Chinese civilians made frequent incursions into territory and especially waters controlled by the USSR. However, both sides' military forces refrained from the use of lethal force in asserting their border rights until a March 1969 incident in which both sides claim the other
619:
Aside from resident contract workers, 1.1 million
Chinese also went to the border areas of the Russian Far East on tourist visas from 1997 to 2002. Despite the perception that many remain illegally in Russia, since 1996, over 97% of Chinese arriving on tourist visas departed on time by the same
264:
when the
Russians tried to shut off gold mining operations and expel Chinese workers there. The Chinese resisted a Russian attempt to take Askold Island and in response, 2 Russian military stations and 3 Russian towns were attacked by the Chinese, and the Russians failed to oust the Chinese.
400:, conducted in 1926, 100,000 respondents declared that they held Chinese nationality or that Chinese was their primary language; three-quarters of these were in the Russian Far East. Vladivostok was 22% Chinese, and even Moscow had a community of roughly 8,000 Chinese, largely of
608:. Population pressure and overcrowding on the Chinese side of the border are one motivation for emigration, while the chance to earn money doing business in Russia is described as the major pull factor. Over one hundred million people live in the three provinces of
427:
Few
Chinese women migrated to Russia; many Chinese men, even those who had left wives and children behind in China, married local women in the 1920s as a result, especially those women who had been widowed during the wars and upheavals of the previous decade. Their
485:. There was a great deal of factional infighting among them. From 1950 until 1965, roughly 9,000 Chinese students went to the Soviet Union for further studies; all but a few hundred eventually returned to China, though they often faced persecution from the
335:. One of the most successful Chinese in late 19th century Russia, the prosperous Khabarovsk merchant Ji Fengtai (紀鳳台), better known under the Russified name Nikolay Ivanovich Tifontai, had his first naturalization petition rejected by Governor
323:
bandits raided
Russian settlers in the far east region during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in one incident, the Honghuzi attacked the Heeck family, kidnapping Fridolf Heeck's son, and killing his servant and wife in 1879.
141:
claiming 998,000 in 2004 and 2005, and
Russian demographers generally accepting estimates in the 200,000–400,000 range as of 2004. Temporary migration and shuttle trade conducted by Chinese merchants are most prevalent in Russia's
2514:
528:, estimated in 2004 the total number of Chinese present in Russia at any given point (as resident or visitors) at about 400,000 persons, much smaller than ill-educated guess of 2 million that had been given by
928:; quote: "... in the Gulf of Peter the Great. They organized themselves and raided three Russian villages and two military posts. For the first time, this attempt to drive the Chinese out was unsuccessful."
343:; his second application was approved in 1894, despite the applicants Manchu hairstyle, as the authorities took into account the fact that his son, and the heir of his fortune, was born in Russia and was a
655:
soldiers lost their lives; however, they retained control over the island. The Soviet government feared that the fighting marked a prelude to a large-scale
Chinese incursion into the Russian Far East.
367:
331:
would be able to become
Russian subjects. It is reported that, at least during one period, only persons who had been married to a Russian subject and had become Christian would be eligible for
458:
in 1937 for fear that their communities could be infiltrated by
Japanese spies. Roughly 11,000 Chinese were arrested beginning that year, with 8,000 forced to resettle in the north of Russia.
433:
1972:
573:, though in 2002, the total combined Chinese population in those three cities is less than that in Moscow. In Ussuriysk, a large proportion of the Chinese migrants working as traders are
674:
was quoted as saying "If we do not take practical steps to advance the Far East soon, after a few decades, the Russian population will be speaking Chinese, Japanese, and Korean."
246:
2273:
3615:
4997:
3774:
440:, while others took on Russian surnames, and a large proportion also invented new surnames using their father's entire family name and given name as the new surname.
1892:
474:
1810:
4312:
3769:
2421:
2290:
620:
border crossing through which they entered Russia, and many of the remaining 3% either departed by other border crossings, or were arrested and deported.
4992:
4714:
3973:
3278:
2727:
2716:
455:
397:
379:
2528:
534:. If popular media estimates such as the 2003 figure of 3.26 million were correct, Chinese would form Russia's fourth largest ethnic group after the
4235:
1762:
Yu, Miin-ling (2002), "A reassessment of Chiang Kaishek and the policy of alliance with the Soviet Union, 1923-1927", in Leutner, Mechthild (ed.),
447:
developed for them; it was used to publish a number of periodicals. A separate, different, Latin-based writing system was simultaneously developed
4111:
4810:
4343:
4306:
1624:
424:. The wave of Chinese migration to the Soviet Union lasted as late as 1929; the border remained relatively porous even up until the mid-1930s.
4302:
2266:
1977:
1614:
512:
5007:
4865:
4265:
190:
1870:
226:
5012:
1885:
4937:
4533:
4255:
504:
signed a visa-free tourism agreement. However, the Russian government terminated the visa-free travel agreement just six years later.
256:
The Manza War in 1868 was the first attempt by Russia to expel the Chinese from territory it controlled. Hostilities broke out around
134:
1299:
4987:
4799:
1771:
1753:
1708:
1552:
1515:
1488:
1470:
1433:
249:(though not sovereignty over the territory itself); however, Russian troops massacred Qing subjects from the territory during the
5002:
2259:
454:
However, many Chinese migrant workers were repatriated to China in 1936. Those Chinese who remained in the Russian Far East were
1718:
1424:
Alekseev, Mikhail (2006), "In the Shadow of the "Asian Balkans": Anti-Chinese Alarmism and Hostility in the Russian Far East",
245:, the Qing ceded even the far bank of the Amur River to Russia. They retained administrative rights over the residents of the
4601:
3966:
3494:
1878:
1585:"How the Sino-Russian Boundary Conflict Was Finally Settled: From Nerchinsk 1689 to Vladivostok 2005 via Zhenbao Island 1969"
1386:
443:
In the late 1920s and the early 1930s, the Soviet Chinese people, like most sizable ethnic groups in the early USSR, had a
4922:
4319:
3831:
3564:
2980:
2153:
1999:
1323:
1848:
1831:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. (General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897)"
1479:
Gelbras, Vilya G. (2002), "Contemporary Chinese Migration to Russia", in Nyíri, Pál; Rostislavovič Savelev, Igor (eds.),
4668:
4513:
4454:
4449:
4361:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4034:
3520:
3202:
1594:, 21st Century COE Program Slavic Eurasian Studies, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 47–72
613:
143:
4184:
1202:
1011:""Русский китаец" Николай Иванович Тифонтай (Цзи Фэнтай)/The "Russian Chinese" Nikolay Ivanovich Tifontai (Ji Fengtai)"
315:
of 1897 showed a total of 57,459 Chinese speakers (47,431 male and 10,028 female), of whom 42,823 (74.5%) lived in the
4816:
4683:
3804:
2224:
1816:
735:
643:
525:
652:
1506:
Larin, Victor (2006), "Chinese in the Russian Far East: Regional views", in Akaha, Tsuneo; Vassilieva, Anna (eds.),
229:
during the 1670s and 1680s; in 1685 the two sides agreed to meet for boundary negotiations. The result was the 1689
4967:
4860:
4839:
4777:
4772:
4678:
4673:
4480:
4196:
4132:
4101:
4080:
4070:
2059:
210:
4794:
4784:
4767:
4746:
4741:
4562:
4417:
4162:
4137:
4106:
4054:
4049:
4018:
4003:
3959:
3706:
3559:
2148:
2024:
1572:, Crossroads in Northeast Asia, vol. 1, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 67–93
715:
685:, and a widespread folk belief states that the Chinese migrants remember the exact locations of their ancestors'
677:
Some Russians perceive hostile intent in the Chinese practise of using different names for local cities, such as
500:
and approved the resumption of cross-border trade; immigration remained sluggish until 1988, when China and the
4885:
4880:
4789:
4751:
4709:
4704:
4496:
4371:
4225:
4191:
4147:
4127:
4085:
3869:
2537:
1962:
4844:
4834:
4475:
4470:
4397:
4075:
4039:
4013:
4008:
3589:
2282:
2181:
2105:
720:
348:
98:
1562:
4932:
4699:
4179:
4044:
3350:
3179:
2199:
2110:
2100:
1584:
629:
486:
297:
2509:
2049:
693:
concern against the Chinese influx is described as less prevalent in the east, where most of the Chinese
146:, but most go back and forth across the border without settling down in Russia; the Chinese community in
4910:
3642:
3355:
3326:
3263:
2014:
2004:
1942:
1908:
690:
521:
312:
130:
408:
shops, as well as engaging in streetside peddling. Outside of the cities, others engaged in mining and
2054:
150:
has a higher proportion of long-term residents. Their number in Russia has been shrinking since 2013.
4596:
4168:
3789:
2614:
2085:
2064:
1989:
1952:
1947:
257:
222:
1655:
4959:
4905:
4518:
4422:
4366:
4337:
4330:
4296:
4289:
3657:
3647:
3634:
3452:
3345:
3331:
2523:
2095:
2090:
2029:
1967:
1957:
1922:
760:
668:
633:
413:
230:
4870:
4630:
4412:
4392:
4387:
4260:
3940:
3864:
3809:
3701:
3628:
3544:
3051:
2214:
2134:
2044:
2009:
1673:
1647:
1391:
811:
585:
462:
363:
1695:. See section "Japanese Communities within the Russian Far East and Their Economic Activities".
4545:
4506:
4501:
4407:
4324:
4283:
4250:
4217:
3575:
3569:
3549:
3505:
3316:
3058:
2204:
2158:
2129:
2080:
2039:
1935:
1767:
1749:
1704:
1610:
1548:
1511:
1484:
1466:
1429:
1396:
1317:
997:
639:
466:
444:
389:
340:
94:
978:
925:
909:
233:, under which the Qing relented from their earlier claims of territory all the way up to the
4947:
4942:
4927:
4584:
4402:
4245:
4240:
4174:
3982:
3930:
3794:
3652:
3596:
3380:
3253:
3104:
2908:
2870:
2677:
2219:
2194:
2174:
2034:
1639:
1064:
730:
578:
558:
478:
437:
328:
308:
242:
214:
118:
74:
70:
58:
4635:
3400:
1443:
841:
4917:
4804:
4540:
4523:
3935:
3884:
3859:
3779:
3735:
3683:
3609:
3217:
3164:
3144:
3139:
3124:
3017:
2855:
2840:
2621:
2209:
2189:
2019:
1010:
952:
698:
609:
482:
448:
359:
250:
218:
182:
4645:
2883:
1570:
Siberia and the Russian Far East in the 21st Century: Partners in the "Community of Asia"
596:
as well, the provincial government there is more interested in developing relations with
272:
did not begin until the late 19th century. From 1878 until the early 1880s, thousands of
520:
The total ethnic Chinese population in Russia is a somewhat controversial topic. In the
17:
4650:
4640:
4230:
3849:
3839:
3539:
3499:
3465:
3434:
3427:
3365:
3291:
3268:
3197:
3134:
3109:
2860:
2740:
2698:
2628:
2416:
2390:
2385:
1994:
1060:
671:
648:
405:
332:
316:
269:
268:
Large-scale migration from Qing territories to lands actually under the control of the
186:
581:); their total population there is estimated at perhaps two or three thousand people.
4981:
4567:
4275:
3874:
3825:
3711:
3667:
3623:
3512:
3447:
3442:
3420:
3395:
3375:
3258:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3129:
3044:
3037:
3023:
2845:
2826:
2821:
2808:
2691:
2566:
2457:
2426:
2240:
2121:
1982:
1930:
1730:
710:
694:
198:
1781:
4613:
3925:
3662:
3248:
3169:
3119:
3094:
2965:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2816:
2760:
2664:
2651:
2586:
2498:
2493:
2479:
2328:
659:
647:
fired first. The fighting escalated into a Soviet attempt to drive the Chinese off
589:
554:
of long-term residents (those living in Russia for more than three years), at 34%.
501:
293:
206:
202:
90:
1856:
1526:"Сколько в России китайских мигрантов? (How many Chinese migrants are in Russia?)"
1525:
1426:
Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States
1210:
1059:, p. 42. He points out that these naming practises are not unique to Russia;
1607:
Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational era
651:, a then-disputed island under de facto Chinese control. On the Chinese side, 51
4555:
3915:
3905:
3844:
3761:
3583:
3479:
3337:
3174:
3114:
3030:
2970:
2955:
2850:
2593:
2503:
2395:
2300:
2167:
1830:
725:
682:
663:
605:
601:
566:
417:
355:
336:
273:
261:
4623:
4606:
4577:
4550:
4528:
3784:
3717:
3691:
3677:
3472:
3370:
3311:
3004:
2960:
2780:
2770:
2485:
2431:
1746:
To the Harbin Station: the liberal alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898-1914
612:, while across the border, the population of the 6.2 million square kilometer
562:
543:
493:
470:
429:
238:
234:
1674:"Dangerous Rapprochement: Russia and Japan in the First World War, 1914-1916"
1400:
516:
Chinese demonstration in 1932 in Moscow against Japanese aggression in China.
358:, several thousand of the Russian Empire's Chinese residents were brought to
3920:
3750:
3725:
3604:
3458:
3321:
3286:
2993:
2878:
2832:
2684:
2580:
2572:
2446:
2441:
2341:
2313:
570:
530:
289:
169:
164:
2251:
658:
Additionally, the expanding Chinese presence in the area began to lead to
237:, in exchange for the destruction of Russian forts and settlements in the
4618:
3745:
3554:
3360:
3240:
3233:
3081:
2988:
2940:
2922:
2893:
2795:
2765:
2607:
2601:
2545:
2401:
2371:
2361:
2334:
2320:
2306:
535:
492:
The most recent wave of immigration traces its origin back to 1982, when
401:
320:
277:
178:
86:
4589:
4572:
3900:
3879:
3799:
3740:
3696:
3222:
3190:
3184:
3089:
3071:
3066:
2898:
2790:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2659:
2551:
2464:
2436:
2366:
2356:
2348:
1651:
1463:
China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism
686:
421:
384:
344:
301:
285:
1849:"Национальный состав населения (Ethnic composition of the population)"
469:, many aspiring Chinese Communists went to study in Moscow, including
3854:
3755:
3730:
3390:
3385:
3227:
3212:
2916:
2785:
2775:
2735:
2706:
2669:
2645:
2637:
2558:
2474:
2451:
2408:
2140:
1903:
616:
declined from roughly nine million in 1991 to seven million in 2002.
550:
539:
497:
174:
147:
138:
106:
54:
1643:
339:
in the late 1880s on the grounds of the applicant's still wearing a
217:
until it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1858–1860 through the
3951:
1815:, Taipei: Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, 2005, archived from
1545:
The Communist Party of China and Marxism 1921-1985: A Self-Portrait
1508:
Crossing National Borders: human migration issues in Northeast Asia
3672:
3526:
3486:
3414:
3406:
3099:
3012:
2998:
2930:
2888:
2801:
2377:
597:
593:
511:
409:
383:
307:
Separately, other groups of Chinese-speaking migrants went to the
281:
168:
102:
1764:
The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster
1625:"Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia"
3910:
1539:. This is a survey article, with links to original publications.
189:) in 1893. This photo of him was taken between 1905 and 1915 by
3955:
2255:
1874:
1461:
Breidenbach, Joana (2005), Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach (ed.),
225:. The Russian trans-Ural expansion into the area resulted in a
1444:"The Chinese Diaspora, Mongolia and the Sino-Russian Frontier"
1605:
Nyíri, Pál (2007), "Chinese in the Soviet Union, 1922-1989",
1510:, New York: United Nations University Press, pp. 47–67,
1387:"Vladivostok Lures Chinese Tourists (Many Think It's Theirs)"
1703:(reprint, illustrated ed.), Stanford University Press,
347:. Later, Tifontai was to play an important part in Russia's
1855:, Federal Service of State Statistics, 2002, archived from
1465:(illustrated ed.), Central European University Press,
362:
to work on the construction of fortifications. After the
1481:
Globalizing Chinese Migration: Trends in Europe and Asia
561:, the major urban centres of Chinese settlement include
549:
The two main Chinese communities of Russia are those in
842:""红茶大王"刘峻周与宁波/The "King of Tea" Liu Junzhou and Ningbo"
1009:
Aleksandr Ivanovich Petrov/Александр Иванович ПЕТРОВ,
784:
782:
416:, they spread out into other urban centres, including
937:
1563:"Korean-Chinese Migration into the Russian Far East"
4898:
4853:
4827:
4760:
4734:
4727:
4692:
4661:
4489:
4463:
4442:
4435:
4380:
4354:
4274:
4216:
4209:
4120:
4094:
4063:
4027:
3996:
3989:
3893:
3818:
3304:
3277:
3080:
2979:
2907:
2869:
2726:
2715:
2289:
2233:
2073:
1915:
1524:Larin, Alexander (29 September – 12 October 2008),
112:
80:
64:
48:
38:
1719:"Does Chinese Migration Endanger Russian Security"
1257:
1255:
1105:
1103:
951:; the 1897 census did not distinguish speakers of
877:
875:
873:
247:Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River
963:
584:Most Chinese workers in the region come from the
388:A 1930s Soviet Chinese-language newspaper in the
1483:, London: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 100–107,
1090:
1088:
948:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
788:
644:negotiations about regularization of the border
1766:, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 98–124,
1672:Saveliev, Igor R.; Pestushko, Yuri S. (2001),
1448:Japan Policy Research Institute Working Papers
773:
761:"Russian Census 2021: Population by ethnicity"
296:, fleeing persecution in the aftermath of the
133:. However, this figure is contested, with the
3967:
2267:
1886:
1723:Briefing Papers of the Carnegie Moscow Centre
461:Also starting from the time of Russia's 1917
8:
1067:have also invented surnames in this fashion.
129:officially numbered 39,483 according to the
33:
1501:, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University
1235:
989:
987:
921:
905:
475:President of the People's Republic of China
4731:
4439:
4213:
3993:
3974:
3960:
3952:
2723:
2274:
2260:
2252:
1893:
1879:
1871:
1306:, archived from the original on 2006-05-27
1175:
1173:
489:as a result of their foreign connections.
445:writing system based on the Latin alphabet
398:First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union
380:Deportation of Chinese in the Soviet Union
366:of 1917, a large number of ethnic Chinese
181:was invited to set up a tea plantation in
32:
4551:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
1547:, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,
404:origin, who ran laundries, bakeries, and
1812:The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population
1623:Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer, Svetlana (1992),
1372:
1360:
1109:
881:
465:and continuing up until the 1950s-1960s
4998:Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
4962:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
1348:
1336:
1261:
1246:
1179:
1075:
1073:
974:
893:
864:
828:
812:"Indicators of International Migration"
751:
689:patches, and seek to reclaim them. The
1315:
1300:"The Chinese are coming ... to Russia"
1231:
1229:
1227:
1133:
667:aim of permanent settlement, and even
1285:
1190:
1164:
1145:
1094:
1056:
1044:
1032:
993:
816:Current statistical survey, No. 2(97)
799:
368:participated in the Russian Civil War
7:
1079:
642:reached its peak and Beijing-Moscow
191:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii
49:Regions with significant populations
1273:
1121:
579:Chinese citizens of Korean descent
135:Overseas Community Affairs Council
25:
4993:Russian people of Chinese descent
1442:Bedeski, Robert (November 1999),
456:deported to other areas of Russia
1902:
1780:Zayonchkovskaya, Zhanna (2004),
205:of China ruled the territory of
1701:The Russian Far East: A History
697:is actually occurring, than in
436:; some retained their fathers'
241:basin. However, under the 1860
2422:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
1590:, in Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.),
1583:Maxwell, Neville (June 2007),
1568:, in Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.),
1428:, Cambridge University Press,
1385:Higgins, Andrew (2016-07-23).
1298:Lintner, Bertil (2006-05-27),
1:
1748:, Stanford University Press,
1609:, Routledge, pp. 41–48,
1207:Asia Africa Intelligence Wire
964:Saveliev & Pestushko 2001
44:19,644 (official census 2021)
4107:Democratic Republic of Congo
1717:Vitkovskaya, Galina (1999),
1209:. 2003-09-23. Archived from
614:Far Eastern Federal District
432:children tended to be given
144:Far Eastern Federal District
5008:Chinese diaspora by country
1592:Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia
736:Vietnamese people in Russia
638:During the 1960s, when the
526:Russian Academy of Sciences
508:Demography and distribution
300:; they became known as the
227:low level of armed conflict
5029:
5013:Chinese diaspora in Europe
938:Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer 1992
627:
624:Allegations of irredentism
377:
327:Few of the Chinese in the
162:
4956:
1699:Stephan, John J. (1996),
1322:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
716:Japanese people in Russia
329:Russian Empire's Far East
117:
85:
69:
53:
43:
4988:Asian diaspora in Russia
1499:China's Language Reforms
662:-style fears of Chinese
653:People's Liberation Army
127:Ethnic Chinese in Russia
34:Chinese people in Russia
18:Chinese people in Russia
5003:Ethnic groups in Russia
2283:Ethnic groups in Russia
1561:Lee, Jeanyoung (2005),
1543:Ladany, Laszlo (1992),
721:North Koreans in Russia
412:cultivation. Under the
99:Chinese Orthodox Church
1786:Otechestvennye Zapiski
1632:Asian Folklore Studies
1203:"A Chinese 'Invasion'"
630:Sino-Russian relations
517:
487:Anti-Rightist Movement
393:
194:
27:Ethnic group in Russia
1909:Immigration to Russia
1744:Wolff, David (1999),
1681:Acta Slavica Iaponica
949:Demoscope Weekly 2005
515:
387:
313:Russian Empire Census
173:Liu Junzhou (劉峻周) of
172:
113:Related ethnic groups
4715:United Arab Emirates
4607:Straits-Born Chinese
3819:Unrecognized peoples
3305:Other ethnic peoples
2615:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
1819:on November 23, 2013
789:Zayonchkovskaya 2004
258:Peter the Great Gulf
223:Convention of Peking
4960:overseas department
4266:Trinidad and Tobago
3894:Assimilated peoples
2510:Meadow-Eastern Mari
1729:(8), archived from
774:Russian Census 2002
634:Chinese irredentism
542:(7.2 million), and
414:New Economic Policy
298:Hui Minorities' War
231:Treaty of Nerchinsk
35:
4968:Hong Kong Diaspora
4236:Dominican Republic
3941:Siberian Bukharans
3100:Aukhovite Chechens
3052:Siberian Bukharans
2378:Aukhovite Chechens
1392:The New York Times
1082:, pp. 108–110
1015:Энциклопедия Китая
996:, pp. 15–16,
831:, pp. 104–106
586:northeast of China
518:
463:October Revolution
394:
364:October Revolution
349:economic expansion
345:baptized Christian
195:
185:(then part of the
4975:
4974:
4914:
4894:
4893:
4813:
4723:
4722:
4602:Chinese nationals
4529:Peranakan Chinese
4431:
4430:
4344:by city and state
4340:
4333:
4299:
4292:
4205:
4204:
4112:Republic of Congo
3949:
3948:
3578:
3576:Astrakhan Kazakhs
3300:
3299:
3059:Zabolotnie Tatars
2538:Northwestern Mari
2249:
2248:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2143:
2124:
1986:
1616:978-0-415-44686-0
1497:Hsia, T. (1956),
1304:Asia Times Online
1065:Chinese Filipinos
640:Sino-Soviet split
538:(104.1 million),
467:Sino-Soviet split
434:Russian forenames
392:alphabetic script
390:Latinxua Sin Wenz
211:Russian Manchuria
124:
123:
95:Eastern Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
5020:
4938:Papua New Guinea
4908:
4809:
4732:
4440:
4336:
4329:
4303:British Columbia
4295:
4288:
4214:
3994:
3983:Overseas Chinese
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3865:Crimean Italians
3834:
3764:
3720:
3686:
3653:Meskhetian Turks
3637:
3618:
3599:
3597:Sakhalin Koreans
3592:
3574:
3529:
3515:
3508:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3409:
3381:Crimean Karaites
3340:
3243:
3236:
3207:
3206:
3193:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3007:
2925:
2835:
2811:
2804:
2724:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2678:Astrakhan Tatars
2673:
2654:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2589:
2575:
2561:
2554:
2540:
2533:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2488:
2467:
2460:
2411:
2404:
2380:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2139:
2120:
1980:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1835:Demoscope Weekly
1826:
1825:
1824:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1776:
1758:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1654:, archived from
1629:
1619:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1530:Demoscope Weekly
1520:
1502:
1493:
1475:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1438:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:, pp. 61–63
1334:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1236:Vitkovskaya 1999
1233:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1149:
1148:, pp. 42–43
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1006:
1000:
991:
982:
972:
966:
961:
955:
946:
940:
935:
929:
922:Breidenbach 2005
919:
913:
906:Breidenbach 2005
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
868:
867:, pp. 48–49
862:
856:
855:
854:
853:
838:
832:
826:
820:
819:
808:
802:
797:
791:
786:
777:
771:
765:
764:
756:
731:Sakhalin Koreans
559:Russian Far East
479:Chiang Ching-kuo
438:Chinese surnames
351:into Manchuria.
309:Russian Far East
243:Treaty of Peking
215:Russian Far East
119:Overseas Chinese
59:Russian Far East
39:Total population
36:
21:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5017:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4952:
4890:
4849:
4823:
4756:
4719:
4688:
4657:
4534:Bangka-Belitung
4524:Benteng Chinese
4485:
4459:
4427:
4376:
4350:
4270:
4201:
4116:
4090:
4059:
4023:
3985:
3980:
3950:
3945:
3889:
3860:Caucasus Greeks
3832:Afro-Abkhazians
3830:
3814:
3760:
3716:
3684:Kola Norwegians
3682:
3633:
3614:
3595:
3588:
3525:
3511:
3504:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3405:
3336:
3296:
3273:
3239:
3232:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3076:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3018:Siberian Tatars
3003:
2975:
2921:
2903:
2865:
2831:
2807:
2800:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2650:
2636:
2627:
2622:Baikal Cossacks
2620:
2613:
2606:
2592:
2585:
2571:
2557:
2550:
2536:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2484:
2463:
2456:
2407:
2400:
2376:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2250:
2245:
2229:
2069:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1795:
1793:
1779:
1774:
1761:
1756:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1716:
1711:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1644:10.2307/1178334
1627:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1518:
1505:
1496:
1491:
1478:
1473:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1061:Sino-Mauritians
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1003:
992:
985:
973:
969:
962:
958:
953:Dungan language
947:
943:
936:
932:
920:
916:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
871:
863:
859:
851:
849:
846:Zhejiang Online
840:
839:
835:
827:
823:
810:
809:
805:
798:
794:
787:
780:
772:
768:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
707:
699:European Russia
636:
626:
610:Northeast China
546:(5.1 million).
510:
483:Chiang Kai-shek
449:for the Dungans
382:
376:
360:European Russia
319:alone. Chinese
317:Primorye region
251:Boxer Rebellion
219:Treaty of Aigun
167:
161:
156:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4911:from Hong Kong
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Czech Republic
4863:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4811:from Hong Kong
4805:United Kingdom
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4331:from Hong Kong
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4293:
4290:from Hong Kong
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Astrakhan Jews
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:Siberian Finns
3431:
3428:Murmansk Finns
3424:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3292:Tver Karelians
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3194:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:Kuban Cossacks
2625:
2618:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Crimean Tatars
2414:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2241:Black Africans
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1853:Russian Census
1845:
1827:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1777:
1772:
1759:
1754:
1741:
1714:
1709:
1696:
1669:
1638:(2): 243–279,
1620:
1615:
1602:
1580:
1558:
1553:
1540:
1521:
1516:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1476:
1471:
1458:
1439:
1434:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1251:
1239:
1223:
1194:
1183:
1169:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1099:
1084:
1069:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1001:
983:
967:
956:
941:
930:
914:
898:
886:
869:
857:
833:
821:
803:
792:
778:
766:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
706:
703:
672:Vladimir Putin
649:Zhenbao Island
625:
622:
509:
506:
375:
372:
333:naturalization
270:Russian Empire
187:Russian Empire
160:
159:Russian Empire
157:
155:
152:
122:
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
83:
82:
78:
77:
67:
66:
62:
61:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5025:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:United States
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Pontic Greeks
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Mountain Jews
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:North Koreans
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3513:Volga Germans
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Georgian Jews
3493:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:Ingrian Finns
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Bukharan Jews
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:Kalmak Tatars
3042:
3039:
3038:Eushta Tatars
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:Baraba Tatars
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:Mishar Tatars
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:Mountain Mari
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:nationalities
2288:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2182:North Koreans
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1859:on 2009-02-01
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1773:0-7007-1690-4
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1755:0-8047-3266-3
1751:
1747:
1742:
1733:on 2007-04-16
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:0-8047-2701-5
1706:
1702:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1661:on 2007-06-30
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1554:962-209-305-1
1550:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1517:92-808-1117-7
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1490:0-7546-1793-9
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1472:963-7326-14-6
1468:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1435:0-521-84988-8
1431:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:Alekseev 2006
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:Alekseev 2006
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1264:, p. 104
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:, p. 106
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1213:on 2006-03-15
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:, p. 156
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 112
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:Alekseev 2006
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
965:
960:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
939:
934:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
884:, p. 111
883:
882:Alekseev 2006
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
858:
847:
843:
837:
834:
830:
825:
822:
817:
813:
807:
804:
801:
796:
793:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:(in Russian).
762:
755:
752:
746:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:Dungan people
709:
708:
704:
702:
700:
696:
695:shuttle trade
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
670:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
641:
635:
631:
623:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:, especially
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
514:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
481:, the son of
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
386:
381:
374:Soviet Russia
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
292:Mountains to
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:escaped from
275:
271:
266:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
166:
158:
153:
151:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
19:
4963:
4875:
4185:Johannesburg
4180:South Africa
4167:
3663:Montenegrins
3534:
3351:Azerbaijanis
3180:Azerbaijanis
2665:Volga Tatars
2652:Tozhu Tuvans
2494:Komi-Permyak
2115:
2106:Bangladeshis
2101:Azerbaijanis
1861:, retrieved
1857:the original
1852:
1839:, retrieved
1837:, 2005-04-24
1834:
1821:, retrieved
1817:the original
1811:
1794:, retrieved
1789:
1785:
1763:
1745:
1735:, retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1722:
1700:
1689:, retrieved
1684:
1680:
1663:, retrieved
1656:the original
1635:
1631:
1606:
1596:, retrieved
1591:
1574:, retrieved
1569:
1544:
1533:, retrieved
1529:
1507:
1498:
1480:
1462:
1452:, retrieved
1447:
1425:
1404:. Retrieved
1390:
1380:
1375:, p. 95
1368:
1363:, p. 98
1356:
1351:, p. 67
1349:Maxwell 2007
1344:
1337:Maxwell 2007
1332:
1308:, retrieved
1303:
1293:
1288:, p. 50
1281:
1276:, p. 81
1269:
1262:Gelbras 2002
1247:Gelbras 2002
1242:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1206:
1197:
1186:
1180:Bedeski 1999
1167:, p. 49
1141:
1129:
1117:
1112:, p. 97
1097:, p. 44
1052:
1047:, p. 42
1040:
1035:, p. 41
1028:
1018:, retrieved
1014:
1004:
975:Stephan 1996
970:
959:
944:
933:
917:
901:
896:, p. 56
894:Maxwell 2007
889:
865:Maxwell 2007
860:
850:, retrieved
848:, 2006-04-07
845:
836:
829:Gelbras 2002
824:
815:
806:
795:
776:, Table 4.01
769:
754:
691:identitarian
678:
676:
660:yellow peril
657:
637:
618:
590:Heilongjiang
583:
574:
556:
548:
529:
519:
502:Soviet Union
491:
460:
453:
442:
426:
395:
353:
326:
306:
294:Central Asia
267:
255:
207:East Tartary
203:Qing dynasty
196:
126:
125:
91:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
4933:New Zealand
4800:Netherlands
4624:Phuket Baba
4585:Philippines
4556:Sino-Native
4338:from Taiwan
4297:from Taiwan
4256:Puerto Rico
3845:Armeno-Tats
3762:Ural Swedes
3648:Macedonians
3643:Lithuanians
3480:Mingrelians
3356:Belarusians
3338:Cherkesogai
3201: [
3031:Chat Tatars
2527: [
2513: [
2234:From Africa
2168:Koryo-saram
2015:Lithuanians
1943:Belarusians
1916:From Europe
1804:Data tables
1134:Ladany 1992
726:Koryo-saram
683:Vladivostok
664:irredentism
606:South Korea
567:Vladivostok
522:2002 Census
418:Novosibirsk
356:World War I
274:Hui Chinese
262:Vladivostok
131:2002 census
4982:Categories
4669:Bangladesh
4636:Minh Hương
4514:East Timor
4455:Kyrgyzstan
4450:Kazakhstan
4362:Costa Rica
4175:Seychelles
4158:Mozambique
4143:Madagascar
4035:Cape Verde
3805:Vietnamese
3790:Ukrainians
3718:Ruska Roma
3692:Pakistanis
3678:Norwegians
3635:Latgalians
3545:Hungarians
3506:Mennonites
3371:Bulgarians
3254:Tabasarans
2771:Kamchadals
2717:Indigenous
2486:Izhma Komi
2432:Kabardians
2225:Vietnamese
2200:Mongolians
2111:Cambodians
2065:Ukrainians
2020:Norwegians
1990:Hungarians
1948:Bulgarians
1863:2009-01-18
1841:2009-01-18
1823:2009-01-18
1796:2009-01-20
1737:2007-05-01
1691:2009-01-18
1665:2007-05-01
1598:2009-01-18
1576:2010-01-03
1535:2009-01-18
1454:2009-01-18
1406:2021-02-11
1310:2009-01-18
1286:Larin 2006
1217:2009-01-18
1191:Larin 2008
1165:Larin 2006
1146:Nyíri 2007
1095:Nyíri 2007
1057:Nyíri 2007
1045:Nyíri 2007
1033:Nyíri 2007
1020:2012-11-04
994:Wolff 1999
977:, p.
924:, p.
908:, p.
852:2009-04-16
800:Larin 2008
742:References
679:Hǎishēnwǎi
628:See also:
563:Khabarovsk
544:Ukrainians
494:Hu Yaobang
471:Liu Shaoqi
430:mixed-race
378:See also:
337:A.N. Korff
239:Amur River
235:Lena River
163:See also:
4906:Australia
4684:Sri Lanka
4597:Singapore
4519:Indonesia
4490:Southeast
4423:Venezuela
4388:Argentina
4367:Nicaragua
4307:Vancouver
4218:Caribbean
4153:Mauritius
3936:Pumpokols
3931:Meshchera
3751:Spaniards
3726:Romanians
3658:Moldovans
3605:Krymchaks
3540:Hamshenis
3459:Adjarians
3453:Georgians
3401:Estonians
3346:Assyrians
3332:Armenians
3322:Americans
3287:Besermyan
3198:Kubachins
3140:Chamalals
3125:Bagvalals
2994:Kumandins
2923:Hamnigans
2879:Izhorians
2871:Northwest
2841:Nganasans
2833:Khandeyar
2728:Far North
2699:Nağaybäks
2685:Kryashens
2581:Ossetians
2573:Khandeyar
2447:Karelians
2442:Karachays
2342:Telengits
2314:Natukhajs
2096:Assyrians
2091:Armenians
2074:From Asia
2050:Spaniards
2030:Romanians
1968:Georgians
1958:Estonians
1923:Albanians
1401:0362-4331
1080:Hsia 1956
669:president
575:joseonjok
571:Ussuriysk
531:Izvestiya
473:, future
370:as well.
290:Tian Shan
288:over the
165:Millionka
65:Languages
4964:See also
4861:Bulgaria
4840:Portugal
4828:Southern
4735:Northern
4679:Pakistan
4619:Chin Haw
4614:Thailand
4546:Malaysia
4502:Cambodia
4481:Mongolia
4413:Suriname
4261:Suriname
4210:Americas
4197:Zimbabwe
4133:Botswana
4121:Southern
4102:Cameroon
4081:Tanzania
4071:Ethiopia
3885:Sireniki
3826:Africans
3775:Turkmens
3746:Slovenes
3702:Persians
3629:Latvians
3560:Japanese
3555:Italians
3361:Bosniaks
3269:Tsakhurs
3241:Karagash
3234:Ak Nogai
3165:Khwarshi
3145:Godoberi
3135:Botlikhs
3110:Akhvakhs
3082:Dagestan
3072:Tofalars
2989:Kamasins
2941:Negidals
2909:Far East
2894:Vepsians
2856:Yukaghir
2796:Alyutors
2766:Itelmens
2741:Chukchis
2608:Cossacks
2602:Russians
2546:Mordvins
2402:Besleney
2396:Cherkess
2372:Chechens
2362:Bashkirs
2349:Tubalars
2335:Chelkans
2329:Altaians
2321:Shapsugs
2307:Bzhedugs
2215:Turkmens
2175:Sakhalin
2163:Koreans
2149:Japanese
2135:Iranians
2045:Slovenes
2010:Latvians
2005:Italians
1936:Scottish
1927:British
1318:citation
1274:Lee 2005
705:See also
536:Russians
496:visited
406:knitwear
402:Shandong
321:Honghuzi
278:Xinjiang
179:Zhejiang
87:Buddhism
81:Religion
4899:Oceania
4871:Romania
4854:Eastern
4795:Ireland
4790:Hungary
4785:Germany
4768:Belgium
4761:Western
4747:Finland
4742:Denmark
4651:San Diu
4631:Vietnam
4590:Sangley
4573:Panthay
4563:Myanmar
4507:Hokkien
4443:Central
4418:Uruguay
4355:Central
4313:Toronto
4251:Jamaica
4169:Réunion
4163:Namibia
4138:Lesotho
4095:Central
4055:Senegal
4050:Nigeria
4019:Morocco
4004:Algeria
3901:Agrzhan
3880:Qaratay
3870:Korlaks
3810:Yazidis
3800:Uyghurs
3741:Slovaks
3697:Pamiris
3616:Kurmanj
3584:Koreans
3570:Kazakhs
3550:Indians
3500:Germans
3466:Ingiloy
3396:Dungans
3366:Britons
3317:Afghans
3223:Lezgins
3191:Kaitags
3185:Dargins
3160:Karatas
3155:Hunzibs
3150:Hinukhs
3130:Bezhtas
3090:Abazins
3067:Teleuts
2981:Siberia
2899:Votians
2846:Selkups
2791:Koryaks
2756:Dolgans
2751:Chuvans
2746:Chulyms
2719:peoples
2660:Udmurts
2552:Mokshas
2465:Abugach
2458:Koibals
2437:Kalmyks
2391:Chuvash
2386:Chukchi
2367:Buryats
2357:Balkars
2291:Titular
2205:Nepalis
2159:Kazakhs
2130:Indians
2122:Dungans
2116:Chinese
2081:Afghans
2040:Slovaks
1973:Germans
1931:English
1687:: 19–41
1652:1178334
1417:Sources
1122:Yu 2002
818:. 2016.
687:ginseng
557:In the
422:Barnaul
396:In the
354:During
302:Dungans
286:Ningxia
183:Georgia
154:History
75:Russian
71:Chinese
4923:Hawaii
4886:Turkey
4881:Serbia
4876:Russia
4817:London
4773:France
4752:Sweden
4728:Europe
4710:Turkey
4705:Israel
4568:Kokang
4497:Brunei
4403:Guyana
4393:Brazil
4372:Panama
4320:Mexico
4284:Canada
4241:Guyana
4226:Belize
4192:Zambia
4148:Malawi
4128:Angola
4086:Uganda
3990:Africa
3921:Muroma
3855:Buzava
3795:Uzbeks
3770:Tajiks
3756:Swedes
3731:Rusyns
3624:Kyrgyz
3521:Greeks
3448:Gagauz
3443:French
3391:Czechs
3386:Cubans
3312:Abkhaz
3259:Talysh
3249:Rutuls
3228:Nogais
3213:Kumyks
3170:Tindis
3120:Archis
3095:Aghuls
3013:Soyots
2951:Orochs
2946:Nivkhs
2917:Evenks
2861:Yupiks
2827:Nenets
2822:Naukan
2809:Karaga
2786:Khanty
2776:Kereks
2736:Aleuts
2707:Yakuts
2670:Tatars
2646:Tuvans
2638:Pomors
2587:Digors
2567:Nenets
2559:Erzyas
2475:Khanty
2452:Khakas
2427:Ingush
2409:Ademey
2301:Adyghe
2220:Uzbeks
2195:Kyrgyz
2141:Tajiks
2055:Swedes
1983:Pontic
1978:Greeks
1963:French
1770:
1752:
1707:
1650:
1613:
1551:
1514:
1487:
1469:
1432:
1399:
569:, and
551:Moscow
540:Tatars
498:Harbin
477:, and
311:; the
284:, and
199:Manchu
175:Ningbo
148:Moscow
139:Taiwan
107:Taoism
55:Moscow
4948:Tonga
4943:Samoa
4928:Palau
4845:Spain
4835:Italy
4778:Paris
4674:India
4662:South
4578:Pashu
4476:Korea
4471:Japan
4398:Chile
4381:South
4276:North
4246:Haiti
4076:Kenya
4040:Ghana
4014:Libya
4009:Egypt
3997:North
3926:Merya
3916:Kotts
3906:Asans
3840:Ainus
3780:Turks
3736:Serbs
3707:Poles
3673:Mugat
3610:Kurds
3527:Urums
3487:Svans
3415:Finns
3407:Setos
3327:Arabs
3279:Other
3205:]
3115:Andis
3105:Avars
2999:Shors
2971:Ulchs
2966:Udege
2956:Oroks
2936:Nanai
2931:Evens
2889:Setos
2851:Yughs
2817:Mansi
2802:Apuka
2761:Enets
2594:Irons
2531:]
2517:]
2499:Mansi
2210:Turks
2190:Kurds
2086:Arabs
2060:Swiss
2035:Serbs
2025:Poles
1995:Irish
1953:Danes
1677:(PDF)
1659:(PDF)
1648:JSTOR
1628:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
747:Notes
602:North
598:Japan
594:Jilin
410:opium
341:queue
282:Gansu
260:, in
201:-led
103:Islam
4918:Fiji
4700:Iran
4693:West
4646:Nùng
4641:Ngái
4541:Laos
4464:East
4436:Asia
4408:Peru
4231:Cuba
4064:East
4045:Mali
4028:West
3911:Chud
3785:Udis
3712:Roma
3565:Jews
3264:Tats
3218:Laks
3175:Tsez
2884:Sámi
2781:Kets
2668:(as
2504:Mari
2480:Komi
2154:Jews
2000:Jews
1792:(19)
1768:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1450:(62)
1430:ISBN
1397:ISSN
1324:link
1063:and
681:for
632:and
604:and
600:and
420:and
221:and
197:The
4958:An
3535:Han
3473:Laz
3005:Aba
2961:Taz
1640:doi
998:199
213:in
209:or
137:of
4984::
4966::
3203:ru
2529:ru
2515:ru
1851:,
1833:,
1788:,
1784:,
1725:,
1721:,
1685:18
1683:,
1679:,
1646:,
1636:51
1634:,
1630:,
1528:,
1446:,
1395:.
1389:.
1320:}}
1316:{{
1302:,
1254:^
1226:^
1205:.
1172:^
1153:^
1102:^
1087:^
1072:^
1013:,
986:^
979:65
926:90
910:89
872:^
844:,
814:.
781:^
701:.
565:,
304:.
280:,
253:.
177:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
73:,
57:,
4913:)
4909:(
4309:)
4305:(
3975:e
3968:t
3961:v
2672:)
2275:e
2268:t
2261:v
1985:)
1981:(
1894:e
1887:t
1880:v
1790:4
1727:1
1642::
1409:.
1326:)
1220:.
758:[
577:(
193:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
