47:
376:
558:
485:
572:
586:
444:. In the United Kingdom, the business employed a large percentage of Chinese immigrants in the 1980s (90% in 1985). Opening a restaurant or takeaway gave a relatively low capital cost entry for Chinese families into self-employment. Many takeaways served a pseudo-Chinese cuisine based around western tastes, and the limited cooking skills and experience of the shop owners.
600:
207:
614:
518:
allowed merchants to enter the country, and in 1915 restaurant owners became eligible for merchant visas. This fueled the opening of
Chinese restaurants as an immigration vehicle. The Chinese Exclusion Act forced Chinese immigrants to move away from wage work to self-employment through laundries and
243:
at the time, many
Chinese immigrants were unable to work in businesses that were not restaurants or laundromats, leading to the common establishment of the former. The number of Chinese restaurants in Canada grew due to increased immigration to Canada in the mid-20th century following the repeal of
333:
In 2019, it was reported that the previous decade had seen a 22% decline in the number of
Chinese-Indonesian restaurants in the Netherlands, whereas the number of other restaurants increased by 15%. Researchers attributed this to Chinese restaurants not meeting "modern" desires of consumers,
542:, specifically destined to work in Chinese restaurants in New York City, beginning in the 1980s. Adapting Chinese cooking techniques to local produce and tastes has led to the development of American Chinese cuisine. Many of the Chinese restaurant menus in the U.S. are printed in
308:
Today, Chinese restaurants can be found throughout
Germany to the extent that, in 2016, almost every German city with a population of over 15,000 has at least a single Chinese restaurant. The largest concentration is found in
325:
There are many
Chinese restaurants in the Netherlands, although the number has fallen in the decade preceding 2019. The first Chinese restaurant opened in the 1920s. Chinese food in the Netherlands is often inspired by
1864:
174:
At the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese restaurants had been present in a significant majority of
Australian cities and towns for over fifty years, and in many places for over one hundred and fifty years.
808:
1460:
361:
in
Chinese restaurants in the country, due to the migrants' "vulnerability to exploitation" and urged protection for migrants against "extreme forms of labour exploitation" seen across Europe.
725:
1151:
507:. Soon after, significant amounts of food were being imported from China to America's west coast. The trend spread eastward with the growth of the American railways, particularly to
1868:
1701:
151:, as opposed to traditional eat-in restaurants which typically offer take-out as an option; such take-out restaurants are often simplistic and lack tables or seats.
46:
503:(Kwangtung or Guangdong) region of China. The first documented Chinese restaurant opened in 1849 as the Canton Restaurant. By 1850, there were five restaurants in
1058:
860:
305:
region of Berlin, known for its large
Chinese community. By 1966, there were 100 Chinese restaurants across Germany; in 1992 this had increased to over 3,000.
189:
in southern China, heavily influencing the style of food, consisting of fresh vegetables and fruit, with fish, poultry, and pork, with rice, herbs and spices.
1399:
1286:"Labour trafficking in Chinese restaurants in the Netherlands and the role of Dutch immigration policies. A qualitative analysis of investigative case files"
339:
433:. The restaurants were operated by Hong Kongers who moved to the UK. One restaurant that stands out in the history of Chinese restaurants in the UK is the
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1574:
1468:
915:
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693:
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including outdated décor and fatty food considered unappealing to an increasingly health-conscious population. For the
Netherlands, the typical
1684:
1159:
983:
941:
833:
1728:
Carter, Susan B. (28 January 2011), "America's First
Culinary Revolution, or How a Girl from Gopher Prairie Came to Dine on Eggs Fooyung",
1092:
885:
31:
317:- and Shanghai-inspired dishes with German wines. Many students from China and Hong Kong studying in Germany open Chinese restaurants.
289:
In 2020, Egypt's Health Ministry launched a campaign aimed at inspecting Chinese restaurants over food safety concerns in light of the
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375:
245:
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642:
514:
At the ratification of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 there were only 14 restaurants in San Francisco. However, the
458:
The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted many Chinese restaurants in the UK, with a number of restaurants in London's
286:
recorded between 7 and 8 restaurants in Cairo and around "a dozen" in the country, although the number was increasing.
782:
637:
251:
Many towns and cities across Canada have Chinese restaurants, most prominently in areas with large concentrations of
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448:
217:
169:
1258:
1181:
632:
1911:
1348:
479:
236:
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102:
82:
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455:, aimed at exploring and tracking the changes in Chinese food throughout its history in the United Kingdom.
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1341:"British Chinese Food - - 英國中餐 - British Chinese Heritage Centre - British Chinese Heritage Centre"
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118:
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In 1884, Chinese food was made available as part of an exhibition featuring a restaurant in the
338:– where three cultures come together (Chinese, Indonesian and Dutch) – has been acknowledged as
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There has been a consequential component of Chinese immigration of illegal origin, including
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cuisines, though their selection is often limited and minimal compared to Chinese dishes.
86:
70:
38:
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From Canton Restaurant to Panda Express: A History of Chinese Food in the United States
1638:
1406:
783:"An ode to ginger beef: the hidden history of Chinese Canadian cuisine | Globalnews.ca"
539:
228:
140:
114:
94:
809:"Why Ann Hui documented the history of Chinese restaurant owners in small-town Canada"
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106:
90:
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122:
17:
1768:
Chen, Wei; Tajeddini, Kayhan; Ratten, Vanessa; Tabari, Saloomeh (1 January 2019).
1548:
1521:
1491:
1182:"De 'traditionele Chinees' verliest het van de nieuwe, gezonde Aziatische keuken"
605:
531:
1302:
1285:
421:. The rise in the number of Chinese restaurants in the UK only began after the
553:
354:
66:
1793:
1785:
1770:"Educational immigrants: evidence from Chinese young entrepreneurs in the UK"
1702:"Lo Mein Loophole: How U.S. Immigration Law Fueled A Chinese Restaurant Boom"
1321:
1774:
Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy
1659:
627:
462:
in particular facing financial difficulty, due to lockdown restrictions and
400:
277:
in 2015 as "Shanghai on the Nile" due to its burgeoning Chinese food scene.
55:
1769:
147:) are terms used to describe Chinese restaurants specifically designed for
916:"Health Ministry launches campaigns to check Chinese restaurants in Egypt"
206:
667:"Chinese restaurants in Australia documented for posterity by historians"
434:
148:
37:"Chinese takeout" redirects here. For the novel by Arthur Nersesian, see
1817:"Meet the Pilot Who Doubles as Block Island's Chinese-Food Delivery Guy"
451:
launched the British Chinese Food Culture project with a grant from the
1608:
350:
221:
51:
1312:
599:
499:, which brought twenty to thirty thousand immigrants across from the
418:
417:
In 1907 or 1908, the first recorded Chinese restaurant was opened in
396:
395:
In the early 1880s, Chinese food items and eating houses appeared in
310:
210:
1550:
Chinese older people: a need for social inclusion in two communities
345:
In 2020, a number of Chinese restaurants began trialling the use of
1676:
Eating history: 30 turning points in the making of American cuisine
1335:
1333:
1331:
519:
restaurants. As of 2015, the U.S. had 46,700 Chinese restaurants.
483:
374:
301:
In 1923, one of Germany's first Chinese restaurants opened in the
268:
205:
45:
1233:"Restaurant in the Netherlands to use robots to help out waiters"
293:; however, Egypt denied reports that premises were being raided.
185:
The significant majority of original Chinese migration came from
942:"Egypt denies raiding Chinese restaurants to tackle coronavirus"
1126:"Off the menu. Old-style Chinese restaurants no longer popular"
694:"Sweet and sour history: Melbourne's early Chinese restaurants"
1706:
467:
1607:
Gillett, Victoria Lindrea & Francesca (3 February 2020).
437:
which in 1963 was the first restaurant to serve Peking duck.
227:
The first Chinese restaurants in Canada were established in
1059:"Recruitment costs for Chinese workers in EU Member States"
495:
Chinese restaurants in the United States began during the
466:
as well as prejudice against Chinese takeaways, which the
192:
One third of all cooks in Australia were Chinese by 1890.
1259:"Robots dish out the drinks at reopened Dutch restaurant"
440:
In 2003, the first British Chinese restaurant achieved a
267:
The majority of Egypt's Chinese restaurants are found in
861:"A Tour of Cairo's Surprisingly Rich Chinese Food Scene"
1375:"How Long Have Londoners Been Eating Chinese Food For?"
1296:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 107–124.
1120:
1118:
357:. A study published in 2019 raised concerns regarding
313:
where restaurants have been known to pair traditional
330:
owing to the Netherlands' colonisation of Indonesia.
1730:
Economic Evolution and Revolution in Historical Time
1637:
1007:"Authentic Chinese Food Is Easy to Find in Berlin"
1843:"Chinese Immigrants Chase Opportunity in America"
834:"A Brief History of Chinese Food on the Prairies"
403:, mainly visited by Chinese seamen and students.
1865:"20 Secrets of Your Local Chinese Takeout Joint"
1602:
1600:
1547:Wai Kam Yu (Joseph Rowntree Foundation) (2000).
1087:
1085:
699:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from
105:. Some Chinese restaurants may also serve other
1732:, Stanford University Press, pp. 419–446,
178:They emerged as commercial enterprises on the
93:are also common. Many Chinese restaurants may
1461:"Chinese restaurant takes away Michelin star"
660:
658:
8:
1523:China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West
1368:
1366:
1284:van Meeteren, Masja; Wiering, Ellen (2019).
726:"Australia's first Chinese restaurant, 1854"
1631:
1629:
1496:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 429.
1208:"The Chinese-Indonesian restaurant culture"
1033:"In Berlin, Chinese Food Meets German Wine"
978:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 198–200.
732:. National Museum Australia. Archived from
1609:"Coronavirus fear hits London's Chinatown"
1679:. Columbia University Press. p. 47.
1493:The last half century of Chinese overseas
1311:
1301:
967:
965:
963:
27:Establishment that serves Chinese cuisine
1738:10.11126/stanford/9780804771856.003.0016
1067:International Organization for Migration
50:The interior of a Chinese restaurant in
1845:. NPR Morning Edition. 19 November 2007
1156:Faculteit der Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen
654:
488:The front desk of a Chinese takeout in
425:, and has been attributed to returning
1515:
1513:
730:Defining Moments in Australian History
97:to fit local taste preferences, as in
673:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
336:Chinese-Indonesian restaurant culture
7:
1526:. Reaktion Books. pp. 175–181.
665:Heanue, Siobhan (21 February 2016).
235:by Chinese labourers working on the
1636:LIU, HAIMING; Ling, Huping (2015).
1373:Sukhadwala, Sejal (12 April 2017).
239:in the 19th century. Due to common
32:Chinese restaurant (disambiguation)
1553:. The Policy Press. pp. 6–7.
859:Berger, Miriam (16 January 2015).
340:Dutch intangible cultural heritage
25:
1815:Passy, Charles (26 August 2015).
1700:Godoy, Maria (23 February 2016).
1867:. The Daily Meal. Archived from
1459:Milmo, Cahal (17 January 2003).
1449:. Retrieved on 26 November 2016.
972:Benton, G.; Pieke, F.N. (2016).
807:Rogers, Shelagh (5 April 2019).
612:
598:
584:
570:
556:
166:Chinese restaurants in Australia
1345:British Chinese Heritage Centre
781:Tran, Paula (22 October 2022).
762:. National Library of Australia
408:International Health Exhibition
1575:"BRITISH CHINESE FOOD CULTURE"
1:
1400:"Chinese diaspora in Britain"
1188:(in Dutch). 30 September 2019
246:Chinese Immigration Act, 1885
1644:. Rutgers University Press.
1347:(in Chinese). Archived from
1290:Crime, Law and Social Change
643:List of restaurants in China
77:, due to the history of the
638:List of Chinese restaurants
379:The Feng Shang Princess, a
1928:
1303:10.1007/s10611-019-09853-6
477:
470:described as "unfounded".
449:Ming-Ai (London) Institute
368:
199:
170:Australian Chinese cuisine
163:
73:. Most of them are in the
36:
29:
1673:Smith, Andrew F. (2009).
1093:"Chinese Food in Holland"
633:Chinese takeout container
1907:Canadian Chinese cuisine
1902:American Chinese cuisine
1786:10.1108/JEC-11-2018-0093
1490:Sinn, Elizabeth (1998).
1467:. London. Archived from
1436:Chinese restaurants 1950
480:American Chinese cuisine
237:Canadian Pacific Railway
202:Canadian Chinese cuisine
109:in their menus, such as
103:American Chinese cuisine
1821:The Wall Street Journal
1520:J.A.G. Roberts (2004).
1441:8 December 2016 at the
371:British Chinese cuisine
99:British Chinese cuisine
756:"CHINESE FOOD CULTURE"
492:
392:
383:Chinese restaurant in
241:anti-Chinese sentiment
224:
220:Chinese restaurant in
58:
1152:"Chinese restaurants"
975:The Chinese in Europe
516:Chinese Exclusion Act
487:
453:Heritage Lottery Fund
378:
213:-style servings at a
209:
180:Victorian gold fields
49:
1871:on 24 September 2017
886:"On Menus: In Egypt"
838:MountainviewToday.ca
592:New York City portal
544:Chinatown, Manhattan
497:California Gold Rush
280:In 2000, periodical
30:For other uses, see
1897:Chinese restaurants
1471:on 11 November 2012
1212:Immaterieel Erfgoed
946:Middle East Monitor
95:adapt their cuisine
18:Chinese restaurants
1162:on 17 January 2022
1039:. 9 September 2010
1037:The New York Times
896:on 26 October 2013
736:on 13 October 2018
493:
393:
359:labour trafficking
328:Indonesian cuisine
283:Flavor and Fortune
225:
187:Guangdong Province
63:Chinese restaurant
59:
1686:978-0-231-14092-8
1351:on 1 October 2020
985:978-1-349-26096-6
948:. 30 January 2020
692:Nichol, Barbara.
536:Zhejiang Province
464:social distancing
427:service personnel
291:COVID-19 pandemic
233:Canadian Prairies
137:Chinese takeaways
83:regional cuisines
16:(Redirected from
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79:Chinese diaspora
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271:, described by
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253:Asian Canadians
218:all-you-can-eat
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87:Sichuan cuisine
81:, though other
75:Cantonese style
71:Chinese cuisine
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39:Chinese Takeout
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1823:. pp. A1
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