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397:女士 (Ms., Mrs.): In proper usage, this title follows a married woman's maiden name only. (For example, Hillary Rodham 女士, not Hillary Clinton 女士.) However, it is loosely used by those looking for a Chinese equivalent of "Ms." An older single woman is often addressed as 女士, but this term presumes the woman is married.
440:
Chinese people often address professionals in formal situations by their occupational titles. These titles can either follow the surname (or full name) of the person in reference, or it can stand alone either as a form of address or if the person being referred to is unambiguous without the added
391:太太 (Madam): This honorific is used to refer to a married woman. It is added after the surname of the husband or can be used alone as a title of address. It is used in familial and personal relations, but completely absent in formal business contexts since it emphasizes age and marital bond.
274:先生 (born first, Mr., Sir.): This is a term commonly used as a respectful form of address for male law enforcement officials and other men. Originally it was reserved for teachers and other professionals such as doctors and lawyers, but its use widened during the
377:小姐 (young woman), Miss: This honorific was originally used to refer to a young and unmarried woman. It follows the surname of the woman or can be used alone as a title of address. Today, however, it could in the northern regions of the
629:醫師 (medical master), is a more formal title when addressing a practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine, but is also used for doctors and for practitioners of both Western and traditional Chinese medicine in
509:
is used both as an honorific title and a name for the degree. Like in
English, holders of a doctorate can have the title added to their names (but at the end instead of before), but use of the undistinguishing
262:
The most common honorific titles are similar to the
English Mr, Sir, Mrs, Ms, Miss, Madam, etc. The Chinese titles, unlike in English, always follow the name of the person and can stand alone.
278:
era to include all male members of society. It can either follow the surname or the given names (or courtesy name). In common speech, the former is more common (e.g. Mister Jiang is 蔣先生,
248:
of an individual when addressing that person. Aside from addressing colleagues or family of equal or lesser rank, it is considered impolite to refer to others by their name only.
403:夫人 (Madame; Mrs.): Traditionally used to refer to a lady of high rank, the term has fallen into disuse since the late 20th century except in formal contexts: President
539:
294:). This can be combined with formal titles to indicate even more respect (e.g. Chiang Ching-kuo can also be referred to as President Chiang, Mister Ching-kuo 蔣總統經國先生,
562:委员 (delegate): This term can be used to refer to any member of a committee or council. This was especially prevalent in the system of party and state committees the
566:
used to govern China in the 1930s and 1940s. The
Chinese Communist Party also operates under a system of parallel committees, but prefer the more proletarian term
592:同志 (comrade): This term is commonly used by political party members to address each other. Its use expanded to all segments of society during the rule of
86:
553:
465:校長 (school senior), when addressing the school headmaster or principal. Chinese does not have specific titles for heads of universities (e.g.
623:) 醫生 (medical scholar), most commonly used when addressing a doctor; used for practitioners of both Western and traditional Chinese medicine.
697:) 師父 (teacher father), used when addressing one's own martial arts instructor. But can also be used for teacher/instructors of other kind.
314:公 (lord, literally duke): Today, this respectful honorific is mainly applied to deceased male relatives. In imperial times, it was a
275:
223:
205:
62:
190:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
657:大夫 (great man), an older title used to address high officials in ancient times, now used colloquially when addressing a doctor.
48:
596:. It is still used by leaders of the Chinese Communist Party on formal occasions, and to a much lesser degree, leaders of the
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548:主席 (chairman): Leaders of certain organizations such as political parties use this title. Notably, it applied to Chairman
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184:
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534:书记 (secretary): Leaders and representatives of the communist committees or organizations. Currently, the Head of the
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723:宗師 (ancestral teacher), technically the founder of a discipline or branch (宗派), used when addressing a great master.
344:子 (Great Master), the highest title for an intellectual especially philosopher in ancient China, such as Lǎo Zǐ (老子
682:
pronunciation which is the national language in China. In the West, the titles are more commonly known by their
130:
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112:
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385:" or in restaurants addressing waitresses, by means of verbal inflections of tone or other indications.
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497:先生 (born before), when addressing a teacher, currently less used but still remains legitimate
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330:). Whenever it is used, it always follows the surname of the person being referred to (e.g.
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282:), but in formal contexts, the given names are often used as if they were the two character
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A list of titles when addressing a martial arts master. The titles below are listed by the
331:
648:
415:), or to translate a woman's name that is derived from the surname of their husbands:
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would be used in
Japanese. It is also used as a title for a man of respected stature.
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481:(長) is added to an institutional name to refer to the leader of that institution.
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411:(but contemporary custom dictates that Mrs. Hu is never Madame Hu Jintao 胡锦涛夫人
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707:) 師公 (teacher grandfather), used when addressing the teacher of one's Shifu.
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477:), so this term is applied in higher education as well. Generally, the word
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505:" (博士, bóshì) is less common in Chinese as it is in English. The term
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in
Japanese, though its use is much less restrictive, more like how
431:). It can also be used to address female law enforcement officials.
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717:) 師母 (teacher mother), used when addressing the wife of Shifu.
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795:"Who's Your Daddy? Master vs. Sifu in Chinese Martial Arts"
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is posthumously known in Taiwan as the Lord Chiang 蔣公,
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578:, legislative delegates, and individually as surname+
797:. Traditional Asian Health Center. Archived from
552:who was referred to as Máo Zhǔxí (毛主席) as the
8:
663:先生 (born before) historical, no longer used.
102:introducing citations to additional sources
686:pronunciation which are given in brackets.
459:老師 (old master), when addressing a teacher.
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
326:was normally appointed the Duke Kung 孔公,
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
206:Learn how and when to remove this message
92:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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554:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
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765:Surnames by country § East Asia
501:The use of the term equivalent of "
381:be associated as a slang term for "
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296:Jiǎng zǒngtǒng, Jīngguó xiānshēng
44:This article has multiple issues.
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518:(or professional titles such as
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85:relies largely or entirely on a
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491:), when addressing a professor.
240:societies around the world, an
52:or discuss these issues on the
643:term for Doctor influenced by
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586:+given name+nushi/xiansheng).
322:(e.g. the head descendant of
611:Traditional Chinese medicine
244:title is attached after the
651:but can also mean wise man.
639:老君 (old lord), is a common
290:is Mister Ching-kuo: 經國先生,
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522:) is much more prevalent.
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407:and Mrs. Hu are 胡锦涛主席和夫人,
379:People's Republic of China
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582:or more formally surname+
409:Hú Jǐntāo zhǔxí hé fūrén
536:Chinese Communist Party
526:Government and politics
178:Some of this article's
647:and is mainly used in
570:(e.g. members of the
574:are all addressed as
487:教授 (instruct confer;
298:). It is the same as
674:Chinese martial arts
98:improve this article
760:Japanese honorifics
436:Occupational titles
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503:Doctorate / doctor
489:confer instruction
451:Education in China
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542:(Zǒngshūjì, 总书记).
540:General Secretary
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83:This article
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803:. Retrieved
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429:Jiǎng fūrén
246:family name
183:may not be
805:2006-07-17
781:References
598:Kuomintang
594:Mao Zedong
564:Kuomintang
550:Mao Zedong
538:is called
467:Chancellor
419:is 撒切爾夫人,
383:prostitute
336:Jiǎng gōng
124:newspapers
49:improve it
684:Cantonese
661:Xiānshēng
512:xiānshēng
495:Xiānshēng
475:President
463:Xiàozhǎng
441:surname.
405:Hu Jintao
350:Confucius
328:Kǒng gōng
324:Confucius
272:Xiānshēng
242:honorific
94:talk page
55:talk page
820:Category
728:See also
680:Mandarin
605:Medicine
520:jiàoshòu
485:Jiàoshòu
445:Academia
427:is 蔣夫人,
185:reliable
721:Zōngshī
701:Shīgōng
641:Hokkien
617:Yīshēng
590:Tóngzhì
584:wěiyuán
580:weiyuan
568:tóngzhì
560:Wěiyuán
375:Xiǎojiě
362:Sun Tzu
354:Mencius
138:scholar
705:Sigung
645:Taoism
637:Láukun
631:Taiwan
621:i-seng
471:Rector
457:Lǎoshī
389:Tàitai
301:sensei
286:(e.g.
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711:Shīmǔ
691:Shīfu
627:Yīshī
546:Zhǔxí
532:Shūjì
516:nǚshì
507:boshi
479:zhǎng
473:, or
401:Fūrén
395:Nǚshì
369:Women
346:Laozi
145:JSTOR
131:books
715:Simo
695:Sifu
655:Dàfū
358:Mozi
320:duke
312:Gōng
117:news
514:or
306:san
266:Men
236:In
100:by
822::
469:,
364:).
342:Zǐ
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